Livable cities beyond housing - paper

8/8/2019 Livable cities beyond housing - paper

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oakg dl do}ufxdln {ig }itzdjab glxduflogl{z hfu kdzakxal{angk alk oaundlab nufw}z" zfjdab alk

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glxduflogl{z dl {ig jfodln tgauz,

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}gu kat;,

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juga{g kdz{dlj{ nufw}z fh wueal }ffu ~d{idl Jidlgzg jd{dgz {fkat,

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}azz 7=' et 5=174, Eg{~ggl 14>9 alk 5==9" {ig lwoegu fh jd{dgz nug~ hufo 14: {f 877" alk hfugjaz{z

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[ig Odldz{ut fh Ifwzdln alk Wueal/Uwuab Kgxgbf}ogl{ lf{gz {ia{" {ig ewdb{ w} auga hfu wueal

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ua{gz dl jfaz{ab augaz iaxg baungbt eggl {ig ugzwb{ fh dljugazgk odnua{dfl0 ew{ dl {ig dlbalk augaz" udzdln

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kgjugazg dl {ig uwuab }f}wba{dfl1:, A{ {ig zfjdab bgxgb" {ig }udfud{dza{dfl fh gjflfodj nuf~{i aefxg

zfjdab gqwd{t iaz bgk {f nuf~dln kdhhdjwb{dgz azzfjda{gk ~d{i {ig udzg fh lg~ wueal }fxgu{t dl oalt

Jidlgzg jd{dgz,

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zwhhdjdgl{ jfljgl{ua{dfl fh z}gjdabdzgk dlkwz{udgz alk iaxg bdod{gk ja}d{ab hfu lg~ dlxgz{ogl{z, [igzg

kdhhdjwb{dgz aug gyajguea{gk et {ig }udxdbgngk ajjgzz {f oau`g{z alk ugzfwujgz glcftgk et Jidlaz

baungz{ jd{dgz a{ {ig {f} fh {ig akodldz{ua{dxg idguaujit,

4 Ydliwa" Jidla.z ]f}wba{dfl {f Lgau 1,; Edbbdfl et 5=17,1= Oj@dlzgt Nbfeab Dlz{d{w{g"]ug}audln hfu Jidla.z Wueal Edbbdfl,11 Bd" Wueal Kgxgbf}ogl{ Z{ua{gnt dl {ig ]gf}bg.z Ug}webdj fh Jidla,15 Cwl" Ial )5=1=$, Z{wkt fl Zfjdab Zguxdjg Kgbdxgut dl Ua}dk Wuealdsa{dfl fh {ig ]gf}bgz Ug}webdj fh Jidla,1: Dedk,

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ugjgl{ tgauz {ia{ }iuazgz zwji az bf~/dljfog nufw}" ~ga` zfjdab alk gjflfodj nufw}z )uwfzid

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}webdja{dflz,

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nfxgulogl{ {f }udxa{g gl{gu}udzg glzwugk {ia{ {ig hfwu odbbdfl wlgo}bftgk wueal ugzdkgl{z zffl hfwlk

~fu` dl haj{fudgz alk zguxdjgz" ~idji abzf a{{uaj{gk oalt uwuab baefwuguz 1;, Kwudln {ig gjflfodj

kdhhdjwb{dgz fh {ig gaubt 148=z" wueal go}bftogl{ hgbb kuaoa{djabbt alk oalt ~fu`guz bgh{ {ig jd{dgz,

îdbg gy}alzdfl fh {ig jfbbgj{dxg zgj{fu igb}gk {f zfa` w} zfog fh {ig gyjgzz baefwu zw}}bt dl jd{dgz"

xgut hg~ fh {ifzg wlgo}bftgk zwhhgugk zgudfwz iaukzid}, Ab{ifwni ifwzdln jflkd{dflz ~gug bgzz {ialdkgab" hffk alk jbf{idln ~gug lgxgu dl zifu{ zw}}bt,

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{ifzg ~if zwhhgugk {ig {iugg lfz3 {ifzg ~if bfz{ cfez ah{gu {ig Nuga{ Bga} Hfu~auk0 wlgo}bftgk

tfw{iz ug{wuldln hufo {ig jfwl{utzdkg0 alk {ifzg ~if iak zwhhgugk kwudln {ig Jwb{wuab Ugxfbw{dfl, Et

1497" :,9o wueal jd{dsglz ugjgdxgk zw}}fu{ hufo {ig nfxgulogl{ ugbdgh hwlk" {fng{igu ~d{i alf{igu

7:;"=== ~if jfwbk lf{ ~fu` kwg {f dbblgzz fu kdzaedbd{t,

[ig 144=z wzigugk dl lg~ hfuoz fh wueal }fxgu{t" ~idji }guzdz{ dl wueal Jidla {fkat, Hduz{bt"

ab{ifwni {ig wlgo}bftogl{ ua{g ugoadlgk z{gakt a{ aufwlk :'" {ig aj{wab lwoegu fh }gf}bg bdz{gk az

wlgo}bftgk kfwebgk {f 8o, Zgjflkbt" d{ egjaog }fzzdebg {f bfzg tfwu cfe, ]ugxdfwzbt" go}bftogl{ dl{ig }webdj zgj{fu nwaual{ggk al dufl udjg ef~b alk a cfe hfu bdhg, Ugz{uwj{wudln ajufzz {ig z{a{g alk

jfbbgj{dxg zgj{fuz ~az kgzdnlgk {f do}ufxg ghhdjdgljt {iufwni a ugkwj{dfl dl {ig ~fu`hfujg" ab{ifwni

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~fu`guz ~gug badk fhh gaji tgau alk {idz egjaog {ig oadl jawzg fh }fxgu{t dl wueal Jidla,

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baz{ {~gl{t tgauz, ]guia}z ofz{ zdnldhdjal{ iaz eggl {ig gy}bfzdxg nuf~{i dl {ig lwoegu fh ugndz{gugk

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fh {ig ugndz{gugk wueal }ffu18,

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lwoeguz iak dljugazgk {idu{ggl/hfbk hufo 14>9 {f ;5o dl 5==50 ):$ balkbgzz hauoguz0 );$ zoabbgu

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odnual{ baefwuguz, Dl {ig jfl{gy{ fh Jidlgzg wuealdza{dfl" ef{i balkbgzz hauoguz alk uwuab odnual{z

ugqwdug z}gjdab a{{gl{dfl,

1; âln" Wueal ]fxgu{t" Ifwzdln" alk Zfjdab Jialng dl Jidla" 78,17 Ziwlhgln Zfln" Guqdal Siw" alk Owìf}akitat" Wueal ]ffu dl Jidla,18 Dedk,

Jflhgugljg kuah{ }bgazg kf lf{ jd{g fu jdujwba{g, 1;


15/26



Balkbgzz Hauoguz

Az jd{dgz nuf~ alk {a`g jfl{ufb fh ofug balk" xdbbangz aug ng{{dln aezfuegk dl{f {ig wueal hudlngz ~d{i

{ig gy}alzdfl fh jd{t efwlkaudgz, [idz }ufjgzz dz nuakwabbt {ualzhfuodln {ig uwuab hauoguz dl{f wueal

k~gbbguz, Lg~ gjflfodj kgxgbf}ogl{ sflgz alk dlkwz{udab }au`z juga{g ofug cfe f}}fu{wld{dgz ew{iaxg bgak {f gy}uf}uda{dfl fh baung aofwl{z fh hauobalk, Jflz{uwj{dfl fh kaoz alk itkuf}f~gu {f

zw}}bt ~a{gu alk gbgj{udjd{t {f {igzg lg~bt kgxgbf}gk wueal augaz iaz abzf kdz}bajgk a baung

}f}wba{dfl, Fxgu {ig baz{ hg~ kgjakgz" Jidla iaz {aj`bgk {idz oazzdxg effo dl dlhuaz{uwj{wug alk

zwezgqwgl{ baung zjabg kdz}bajgogl{ et hfuowba{dln }uf/aj{dxg ugnwba{dflz {f zahgnwauk {ig udni{z fh

{ig }gf}bg, [ig ugnwba{dflz goefkt {ig }udljd}bg fh zwhhdjdgl{ jfo}glza{dfl hfu bfz{ azzg{z" }ufxdzdflz

fh ifwzdln alk dljfog gauldln f}}fu{wld{dgz {f ugz{fug fu do}ufxg {ig bdxgbdiffkz fh {ig kdz}bajgk

}gf}bg,

Balk dl {ig uwuab auga dz z{a{g/f~lgk" abbfja{gk {f uwuab hauoguz alk oalangk et {ig xdbbang jfbbgj{dxg,

[idz ztz{go abbf~z {ig bfjab nfxgulogl{ {f ajqwdug balk hufo hauoguz gazdbt alk a{ bf~gu }udjgz, [ig

bfjab nfxgulogl{z iaxg {f nglgua{g {igdu f~l ugxglwgz alk eglghd{ hufo bgxtdln {aygz1> fl balk

ajqwdzd{dfl alk zgbb d{ a{ idnigu }udjgz {f }uf}gu{t kgxgbf}guz, [ig }ufhd{z aug {igl ug/dlxgz{gk dl

dlhuaz{uwj{wug {f }wzi wuealdsa{dfl alk {ig gjflfot hfu~auk, [idz }ufjgzz iaz ugzwb{gk dl dljugazgk

zfjdab jflhbdj{z ~d{i }uf{gz{z hufo hauoguz kgoalkdln }udxa{dsa{dfl fh uwuab balk, Dl {igfut ~d{i {ig

jwuugl{ ztz{go fh balk f~lguzid} {igug zifwbk lf{ eg alt balkbgzz hauogu dl Jidla, If~gxgu" {ig

fhhdjdab gz{doa{g hfu balkbgzz hauoguz dl 5==8 ~az >= odbbdfl19 ~d{i dljugogl{ab nuf~{i fh : odbbdfl

}gu tgau, Jidla iaz ughwzgk {f }udxa{dsg uwuab hauobalkz ew{ {igug dz kdzjwzzdfl fh }guod{{dln hauoguz

{f zgbb {igdu balk wzg udni{z {f f{igu hauoguz,

Jidla iaz nffk balk ajqwdzd{dfl ugnwba{dflz" }ufjgkwugz alk dlz{d{w{dflab ogjialdzoz dl }bajg, Fl

flg ialk" {igug aug oalt zwjjgzzhwb gyao}bgz ~igug {ig bfjab nfxgulogl{z iaxg hfuowba{gk }ughgugl{dab }fbdjdgz hfu kdz}bajgk }gf}bg" jflzwb{gk alk lgnf{da{gk ~d{i {igo" }adk idnigu

jfo}glza{dflz ua{gz alk }ufxdkgk zwhhdjdgl{ zw}}fu{ hfu dljfog ugz{fua{dfl, Fl {ig f{igu ialk" {igug

aug zd{wa{dflz ~igug }gf}bg ugjgdxg dlakgqwa{g jazi jfo}glza{dfl" zwhhgu zgxgug bdxgbdiffk do}aj{z

alk aug hfujgk {f bgaxg {igdu ifog{f~lz {f hdlk odnual{ ~fu`, [iwz a baung lwoegu fh {igo aug bgh{

fw{ hufo uga}dln {ig eglghd{z fh {ig wuealdsa{dfl }ufjgzz az {igt ofxg {f jd{dgz az odnual{z, Az a uwuab

odnual{ {f a jd{t" {ig iw`fw ugndz{ua{dfl ztz{go }ugxgl{z {igo hufo ajjgzzdln xaudfwz zfjdab eglghd{z

fhhgugk {f f{igu ugzdkgl{z dl {ig jd{t" dljugazdln ef{i gjflfodj alk zfjdab xwblguaedbd{t,

1> Nbfeab [dogz" Jidla ]balz {f Oa`g Ba~ fl Jfbbgj{dxg Balk Ajqwdzd{dfl,19 Eacfuda" Jidlaz Balk Ughfuo Jiabbglng,



16/26



Uwuab Odnual{ Baefwuguz

[ig ja{gnfut fh uwuab odnual{ baefwuguz dz gyjbwkgk hufo fhhdjdab wueal }fxgu{t z{a{dz{djz" ew{ oat

ug}ugzgl{ az oalt az 5==o fh Jidlaz jd{dsglz14, [ig iw`fw ifwzgifbk ugndz{ua{dfl ztz{go ~az

kgzdnlgk" dl }au{" {f }ugxgl{ {ig oazz uwuab/wueal odnua{dfl ~idji iaz bgk {f zbwo hfuoa{dfl dl oalt

kgxgbf}dln jfwl{udgz" ew{ ugzwb{gk dl a kfwebg kdzakxal{ang hfu uwuab jd{dsglz ~ifzg ofedbd{t alk

ajjgzz {f f}}fu{wld{dgz ~gug ugz{udj{gk ~idbg wueal ugzdkgl{z glcftgk gy{glzdxg }udxdbgngz alkfjjw}a{dflab zgjwud{t, Odnual{z {fkat oat eg aebg {f zgjwug wueal go}bftogl{ alk {uaxgb ofug

huggbt" ew{ {igt jfl{dlwg {f hajg kdzjudodla{fut }uaj{djgz dl ifwzdln" go}bftogl{ alk ajjgzz {f eazdj

zfjdab zguxdjgz ugzwb{dln dl jflzdkguaebg dlzgjwud{t az zgjflk/jbazz jd{dsglz, Az ogoeguz fh a

{go}fuaut fu hbfa{dln }f}wba{dfl ~ifzg flbt xabwg {f {ig jd{t dz gy}ugzzgk dl {guoz fh {igdu

ogoeguzid} fh a jiga} alk kdz}fzaebg baefwu hfujg5=" oalt uwuab odnual{z aug dlgbdndebg hfu {uadldln

alk zfjdab dlzwualjg }ufnuaoogz )zwji az ajjgzz {f }webdj alk bf~ jfz{ ifwzdln" igab{i dlzwualjg"

gkwja{dfl" zfjdab azzdz{aljg fu wlgo}bftogl{ }uf{gj{dfl$ alk ~fu` dl bf~gu/}adk cfez hfu bflngu

ifwuz ~d{i bd{{bg if}g fh }ufof{dfl,

Gaji fh {ig zfjdab nufw}z {ia{ jfo}udzg {ig jfl{go}fuaut wueal }ffu dl Jidla ugxgab {ig kgnugg {f

~idji lg~ wueal }fxgu{t ugzwb{z hufo a jfoedla{dfl fh z}a{dab" dlz{d{w{dflab" alk oau`g{/eazgk

zfjdab gyjbwzdfl, Flg fh {ig ofz{ {alndebg oaldhgz{a{dflz fh {idz zfjdab gyjbwzdfl dz hfwlk dl {ig bdxgk

glxduflogl{z fh {ig Jidlgzg wueal }ffu

14 Jabjwba{dfl fh {ig {f{ab lwoeguz dl {ig odnual{ hbfa{dln }f}wba{dfl dz flg fh {ig fecgj{dxgz fh {ig 5=1=jglzwz dl ]UJ ~idji ~dbb" hfu {ig hduz{ {dog" jfbbgj{ dlhfuoa{dfl fl }bajg fh ugzdkgljg ua{igu {ia{ }bajg fh

ugndz{ua{dfl alk zifwbk }ufxdkg a jbgaugu }dj{wug fh {ig odnual{ }f}wba{dfl,5= Hal" [ig Gbd{g" {ig La{dxgz" alk {ig Fw{zdkguz,



17/26



^igug kf {ig Jidlgzg wueal }ffu bdxg6

Dl }ug/ughfuo Jidla" {ig oacfud{t fh wueal ~fu`guz ~gug jfllgj{gk {f ~fu` wld{z )kal~gd$" ~idji

egtflk }ufxdkdln go}bftogl{ fhhgugk ifwzdln" ogkdjab jaug" }glzdflz alk jaug alk gkwja{dfl hfu

jidbkugl, ^d{idl ~fu` wld{z jfwbk eg hfwlk zguxdjgz zwji az eal`z" }fz{ fhhdjgz" zif}z alk f{igu

}webdj zguxdjgz, Dl akkd{dflab {f {igdu ufbg dl funaldzdln alk oalandln {ig wueal }f}wba{dfl" Jidlgzg

~fu` wld{z ~gug abzf zfjdab funaldza{dflz alk {ig eazdj jgbbz fh {ig zfjdabdz{ wueal z{uwj{wug 51,

Idguaujit ~az goegkkgk dl {ig eglghd{z kgudxgk et dlkdxdkwabz hufo {igdu ~fu` wld{3 eglghd{z zwji az

ifwzdln ~gug jbfzgbt ugba{gk {f flgz ual` ~d{idl {ig ~fu` wld{, Az zwji" zfjdab ugba{dflz ~gug

dlgy{udjaebt jfllgj{gk ~d{i {ig }fbd{djab alk gjflfodj z{uwj{wugz fh {ig zfjdabdz{ z{a{g, Jd{dgz ~gug

}ballgk dl ajjfukaljg ~d{i zfjdabdz{ }udljd}bgz ~idji juga{gk wueal kdz{udj{z kgzdnlgk {f eg baungbt

zgbh/zwhhdjdgl{, Zdljg }udxa{g {ualz}fu{a{dfl ~az gy{ugogbt uaug" nffkz alk zguxdjgz ~gug }ufxdkgk

~d{idl {ig lg~bt/gz{aebdzigk ~fu` wld{z,

Kwudln {ig hduz{ z{angz fh {ig ughfuo gua dl {ig 149=z alk gaubt 144=z" ~fu` wld{z ugoadlgk aldo}fu{al{ }au{ fh wueal kgxgbf}ogl{ az }udxa{g alk hfugdnl ewzdlgzzgz egnal {f jfo}g{g ~d{i z{a{g/

f~lgk gl{gu}udzgz, Bdhg hfu ~fu`guz dl Jidlaz jd{dgz egnal a uakdjab {ualzhfuoa{dfl a~at hufo {ig

dufl udjg ef~b z{aedbd{t {f zifu{/{guo jfl{uaj{z" jfo}g{d{dfl eg{~ggl z{a{g alk }udxa{g gl{gu}udzgz alk

al gufzdfl fh {ig jfo}ugiglzdxg eglghd{z glcftgk ~d{idl ~fu` wld{ jfoowld{dgz,

Dl }bajg fh {ig zgbh/zwhhdjdgl{ kdz{udj{z juga{gk et zfjdabdz{ }balldln" jd{dgz dl {ig ughfuo gua iaxg

kgxgbf}gk z}gjdabdzgk kdz{udj{z )zwji az JEKz" ugzdkgl{dab sflgz" idni/{gji }au`z" g{j$ az {ig zfjdf/

gjflfodj funaldsa{dfl alk dlkdxdkwab ofedbd{t fh {ig }f}wba{dfl alk {ualz}fu{a{dfl ugqwdugogl{z iaxg

dljugazgk, Az a ugzwb{" jbwz{guz fh ifwzdln eazgk fl oau`g{ xabwg alk jfoowld{dgz fh ziaugk dljfog

alk z{a{wz iaxg gogungk bgakdln {f lg~ hfuoz fh z}a{dab funaldza{dfl alk balk wzg dl jfl{go}fuaut

wueal Jidla, Jd{t jgl{ugz iaxg eggl {ualzhfuogk hufo lauuf~ abbgtz fh {uakd{dflab ifwzdln alk zoabb

zif}z dl{f idni/udzg ugzdkgl{dab alk jfoogujdab fhhdjg ewdbkdlnz, Dzfba{gk ifwzdln gz{a{gz fl {ig wueal

}gud}igudgz ~d{i hg~ zguxdjgz iaxg gogungk, [ig hfuogu ~fu` wld{z {f~aukz {ig wueal }gud}igut ~gug

ugkgxgbf}gk fu zfbk {f kgxgbf}guz" alk hauobalk a{ {ig idz{fudjab bdod{z fh Jidlgzg jd{dgz dz fh{gl

jflzwogk et wueal alk zwewueal gy}alzdfl bgakdln {f {ig }iglfoglfl fh wueal xdbbangz

)jiglnsiflnjwl$,

[ig ugzwb{ fh {igzg z}a{dab {ualzhfuoa{dflz oat eg zggl dl Guufu3 Ughgugljg zfwujg lf{ hfwlk )}ang

Guufu3 Ughgugljg zfwujg lf{ hfwlk$, [ig {uakd{dflab wueal jfug fh Jidlgzg jd{dgz {t}djabbt ifwzgk ef{i

nfxgulogl{ fhhdjdabz alk }ufhgzzdflab ~fu`guz abflnzdkg {ig wueal ~fu`dln jbazz, Az {igzg augaz iaxg

eggl ugkgxgbf}gk {f }ufxdkg gyjbwzdxg ugzdkgl{dab jfo}fwlkz alk fhhdjgz" ugzdkgl{z ug/bfja{gk kwudln{ig 149=z alk 144=z {f ofkgul a}au{ogl{ jfo}bgygz alk nfxgulogl{/zw}}fu{gk ahhfukaebg ~fu`guz

ifwzdln, Zdljg {ig 144=z" wueal xdbbangz alk odnual{ gljbaxgz iaxg a}}gaugk az jd{dgz gy}alk dl{f

{igdu zwuufwlkdln jfwl{utzdkg alk a{{uaj{ uwuab ~fu`guz {f {igdu dlkwz{udab sflgz alk gy}alkdln zguxdjg

dlkwz{udgz, [igzg }gud/wueal fw{z`du{z aug fh{gl ifog {f gjflfodj kgxgbf}ogl{ sflgz" wldxguzd{dgz

jao}wzgz alk haj{fudgz ugbfja{gk hufo jgl{uab wueal bfja{dflz,

[ig kdxguzg nufw}z ~if jfo}udzg {ig wueal }ffu dl Jidla {fkat aug jfljgl{ua{gk dl{f kdz{dlj{ {t}gz

fh wueal lgdniefwuiffkz3 {uakd{dflab ifwzdln" }ffu/qwabd{t }webdj ifwzdln" wueal xdbbangz alk

odnual{ ifwzdln,

51 ^aln" Wueal ]fxgu{t" Ifwzdln" alk Zfjdab Jialng dl Jidla" :5,

Jflhgugljg kuah{ }bgazg kf lf{ jd{g fu jdujwba{g, 1>


18/26



[uakd{dflab Ifwzdln

Fh {igzg" {ig fbkgz{ aug {ig ugoadldln jbwz{guz fh bf~/qwabd{t {uakd{dflab ifwzdln ~idji iaxg lf{ )tg{$

eggl kgofbdzigk et bfjab aw{ifud{dgz {f oa`g ~at hfu lg~ ugzdkgl{dab alk jfoogujdab }ufcgj{z,

Nglguabbt }f}wba{gk et a ody{wug fh bf~/dljfog wueal haodbdgz alk uwuab odnual{z" {igzg augaz ~gug

lf{ zwez{al{dabbt ugkgxgbf}gk kwudln {ig gaubt zfjdabdz{ }gudfk alk fh{gl zwhhgu hufo }ffu kuadlang alk

hg~ ofkgul jflxgldgljgz zwji az dlkffu `d{jiglz alk {fdbg{z,

]ffu/Qwabd{t ]webdj Ifwzdln

Kwudln {ig gaubdgu tgauz fh zfjdabdz{ wueal }balldln alk {iufwnifw{ {ig ofxgogl{ {f do}ufxg wueal

~fu`guz ifwzdln dl {ig 149=z" {ig z{a{g alk d{z gl{gu}udzgz jflz{uwj{gk ifwzdln dl {ig dllgu zwewuez {f

ajjfoofka{g go}bftggz, [f odldodzg jfz{ alk oaydodzg ajjgzz {f {ig ~fu`}bajg" {idz idni/kglzd{t

ifwzdln fh{gl wzgk }ffu kgzdnlz alk bf~/qwabd{t oa{gudabz, [ig bgnajt fh {idz }webdj ifwzdln ~az a

jfljgl{ua{dfl fh }fxgu{t ~d{idl lgdniefwuiffkz kwudln {ig gjflfodj ughfuoz" az dliaed{al{z ~gug

fh{gl {ifzg ~fuz{/ahhgj{gk kwudln {ig ugkwlkaljdgz alk jbfzwugz fh ZFGz dl {ig 144=z, Kwg {f }ffu



19/26



qwabd{t alk baj` fh oadl{glaljg" {igzg ~fu`guz jfoowld{dgz aug lf~ kg{gudfua{dln dl{f kgnuakgk

ugzdkgl{dab augaz55,

Wueal XdbbangzAz a jflzgqwgljg fh wueal z}ua~b dl jd{dgz ajufzz Jidla" wueal augaz iaxg gy}alkgk {f dljfu}fua{g

zwuufwlkdln hauobalk, îdbg z{a{g/bgk kgxgbf}ogl{ oat }ufxdkg jfo}glza{dfl alk ugzg{{bgogl{ {f

{ifzg kg}udxgk fh {igdu balk alk d{z }ufkwjg az a zfwujg fh dljfog" oalt uwuab xdbbangz ugoadl dl {ig

ialkz fh bfjab xdbbanguz {f odldodzg ugbfja{dfl jfz{z hfu wueal aw{ifud{dgz, [ig jf/gydz{gljg fh {~f

ztz{goz fh balk wzg {ig wueal bgazdln ztz{go alk uwuab jfbbgj{dxg f~lguzid} iaz ugzwb{gk dl {ig

}iglfoglfl fh wueal xdbbangz )jiglnsiflnjwl$ ajufzz Jidla {fkat,

Dl {igzg xdbbangz" hfuogu xdbbanguz oadl{adl f~lguzid} fh {igdu ifwzgz alk oat zgg` {f ewdbk

gy{glzdflz alk bgazg uffoz {f odnual{ ~fu`guz zgg`dln }ufydod{t {f wueal cfez, îdbg bdeguabdza{dfl

fh {ig wueal ifwzdln oau`g{ abbf~z odnual{z {f ewt {igdu f~l ifwzdln" {idz dz fh{gl fw{zdkg {ig ugajifh {ifzg ~fu`dln dl bf~/}adk zgj{fuz, Zdljg odnual{z aug gyjbwkgk hufo {ig wueal ifwzdln abbfja{dfl

ztz{go" wueal xdbbangz }ufxdkg ef{i ugba{dxgbt ahhfukaebg ifwzdln {f uwuab baefwuguz alk al dljfog {f

{ifzg hauoguz ~if iaxg bfz{ {igdu balk kwg {f wueal gy}alzdfl, Dl Nwalnsifw Jd{t" ugzgaujiguz hfwlk

{ia{ {ig axguang ofl{ibt ugl{ab }udjg ~az > twal hfu 1 zqwaug og{gu" ~idji ~az flg/hdh{i {f flg {gl{i

{ig }udjg hfu ugnwbau jfoogujdab ifwzdln, Zwji auualngogl{z oat eg zggl dl jd{dgz ajufzz Jidla

~d{idl {ig 14=ò5 fh Ydal" {igug aug 19> zwji xdbbangz5:" alk dl Nwalnsifw {igzg xdbbangz ifwzg

ofz{ fh {ig jd{tz :o odnual{ ~fu`guz5;, Sigcdaln Xdbbang )Sigcdalnjwl$ dl Egdcdln ~az flg fh {ig

egz{/`lf~l wueal xdbbangz" ifwzdln fxgu 1=="=== odnual{z hufo {ig jfaz{ab }ufxdljg dl {ig la{dflz

ja}d{ab dl 1447, Qwabd{t fh ifwzdln dz nglguabbt }ffu" ugl{z bf~" alk uffoz fh{gl ziaugk eg{~ggl

haodbdgz fu tfwln jfw}bgz ~d{i z{ualnguz, ]udxajt dz bdod{gk alk eazdj aogld{dgz zwji az iga{dln alk

uwlldln ~a{gu oat eg bdod{gk fu lfl/gydz{gl{, [ig }f{gl{dab hfu funaldzgk judog alk zfjdab wlugz{

aofln {igzg jfljgl{ua{dflz fh fw{zdkguz dz xdg~gk ~d{i jflzdkguaebg jaw{dfl et owldjd}ab

aw{ifud{dgz,

Odnual{ Ifwzdln

Dl akkd{dfl {f {ig wueal xdbbangz ~idji }ufxdkg ajjfoofka{dfl hfu odnual{ ~fu`guz" oalt uwuab

odnual{z abzf hdlk zigb{gu fl {ig jflz{uwj{dfl zd{gz a{ ~idji {igt ~fu`, ]ugkfodlal{bt tfwlngu ogl

fh{gl ~d{i haodbdgz bdxdln dl {igdu uwuab ifog{f~lz zfog ;7 odbbdfl uwuab baefwuguz ~fu` fl Jidlaz

wueal jflz{uwj{dfl }ufcgj{z alk wzwabbt bdxg dl {go}fuaut flzd{g kfuod{fudgz,

^d{ifw{ wueal iw`fw ugndz{ua{dflz" odnual{z kf lf{ iaxg ajjgzz {f zwezdkdgz alk azzdz{aljg {f

}wujiazg ifwzdln, [ig Hdh{i ]f}wba{dfl Zwuxgt fl {ig ifwzdln z{a{wz fh odnual{z dl ]wkfln Lg~

Kdz{udj{ hfwlk {ia{ ~igugaz 84' fh {ig ugndz{gugk bfjab }f}wba{dfl efwni{ {igdu f~l ifogz" 84' fh

odnual{z ugl{gk, Zdljg ugl{z dl wueal jgl{ugz aug {ff gy}glzdxg hfu odnual{ baefwuguz" {igt {glk {f bdxg

fl {ig zwewueal hudlngz fh jd{dgz3 dl 5==:" aofln odnual{z ~if jaog {f Egdcdln hufo f{igu

}ufxdljgz" 77,4' bdxgk dl {ig lgauet zwewuez alk :7' dl ofug kdz{al{ kdz{udj{z alk jfwl{dgz57,

55 Bdw alk ^w" Wueal }fxgu{t lgdniefwuiffkz" 81;,5: âln" Wueal ]fxgu{t" Ifwzdln" alk Zfjdab Jialng dl Jidla" 84,5; Bdw g{ ab," Wueal xdbbangz wlkgu Jidla.z ua}dk wuealdsa{dfl" 1:>,57 AKE [A ;84; Wueal ]fxgu{t Z{ua{gnt DD" 5==9" [A hdlab Ug}fu{ )} 1==$,



20/26



[ig qwabd{t fh ifwzdln alk dl{gulab z}ajg aug abzf `gt dzzwgz, Uffoz {glk {f eg zoabb );7' aug wlkgu

9/15o5$ alk ziaugk eg{~ggl oalt odnual{z, A ugjgl{ AKE z{wkt fh hfwu jd{dgz58hfwlk {ia{ 4=' fh

odnual{z kdk lf{ iaxg }udxa{g uffoz3 :=,;' ziaugk ~d{i 5/; }gf}bg0 :1' ziaugk ~d{i 7/9 }gf}bg alk

5=' ziaugk a zdlnbg uffo ~d{i 4 fu ofug }gf}bg, Ajjgzz {f {fdbg{z dz nglguabbt ziaugk alk gxgl eazdjzguxdjgz zwji az iga{dln jal eg zjaujg3 8=' fh odnual{z zwuxgtgk dl Balsifw iak lf iga{dln,

Ghhfu{z aug egdln oakg {f akkugzz {igzg ifwzdln dzzwgz hfu bf~/dljfog alk odnual{ }f}wba{dflz, Dl

Jiflnqdln ~idji adoz {f dljugazg wuealdza{dfl {f >=' et 5=5= akodldz{ua{fuz aug aj{dxgbt

~fu`dln {f }ugxgl{ zbwo kgxgbf}ogl{ et juga{dln a z}gjdab }ufnuaoog fh bf~/dljfog ifwzdln

kgxgbf}ogl{z ~d{i nfxgulogl{ dlxgz{ogl{ alk jfoowld{t oalangogl{, [igzg wld{z aug

ajjfo}aldgk et {ig jflz{uwj{dfl fh }webdj z}ajg" bdeuaudgz" zfjdab lg{~fu`z dl z}fu{z alk au{z alk a

jwb{wuab ~gezd{g, Axguang bdxdln z}ajg dz 9o5 }gu }guzfl" alk ugl{z aug ahhfukaebg a{ ;8 twal )|+>$ }gu

ofl{i5>, Zdodbaubt" {ig jd{t fh Iaguedl iaz abzf z{au{gk gy}gudogl{ab odnual{ ifwzdln zjigogz

dljbwkdln {ig jflz{uwj{dfl fh a}au{ogl{z" {ig gz{aebdziogl{ fh ewdbkdln z{alkaukz hfu odnual{ alk

{go}fuaut ifwzdln" alk {ig juga{dfl fh a ifwzdln }ufxdkgl{ hwlk hfu odnual{ ~fu`guz, [igzgdld{da{dxgz aug ~gbjfog" ew{ aug fh{gl z{todgk et baj` fh zwhhdjdgl{ hwlkz egtflk bfjab ugzfwujgz,

^idbg {ig z}a{dab kdz{udew{dfl alk jfo}fzd{dfl fh }fxgu{t lgdniefwuiffkz dl wueal Jidla oat iaxg

jialngk dl ugz}flzg {f {ig ua}dk wuealdza{dfl" oau`g{ bdeguabdza{dfl alk baung/zjabg uwuab/wueal

odnua{dfl fxgu {ig }az{ {idu{t tgauz" {ig Jidlgzg wueal }ffu jfl{dlwg {f hajg jiabbglngz dl ef{i {igdu

}itzdjab alk zfjdab glxduflogl{z ~idji aug dlgy{udjaebt bdl`gk, [ig jiabbglng hfu bfjab jfoowld{dgz

alk owldjd}ab aw{ifud{dgz ugoadlz {f ugofxg {ig dlz{d{w{dflab" }itzdjab alk hdlaljdab eauudguz {f zfjdab

dljbwzdfl,

^ia{ jiabbglngz aug hajgk dl {ig bdxgk glxduflogl{z fh {ig Jidlgzg wueal }ffu6

[ig zjabg alk }ajg fh wuealdza{dfl dl Jidla dz wl}ugjgkgl{gk, [ig do}bgogl{a{dfl fh {ig iw`fw

ugndz{ua{dfl ztz{go iaz hajdbd{a{gk {ig }itzdjab alk zfjdab oalangogl{ fh {idz }ufjgzz" abbf~dln jd{dgz

{f kgxgbf} ~d{ifw{ {ig kgxgbf}ogl{ fh zbwo augaz az hfwlk dl oalt f{igu }au{z fh {ig ~fubk, [idz dz a

nuga{ ajidgxgogl{" ew{ az zggl aefxg lf{ ~d{ifw{ zfjdab jfz{z, [ig juga{dfl fh lg~ wueal z}ajgz

iaz eggl ajjfo}aldgk et glxduflogl{ab kgnuaka{dfl alk lg~ hfuoz fh zfjdab gyjbwzdfl, [ig

jiabbglngz hajgk et {ig Jidlgzg wueal }ffu gy{glk egtflk {igdu }itzdjab glxduflogl{ {f dljbwkg

ajjgzz {f zguxdjgz" {ig }ufxdzdfl fh ~gbhaug zw}}fu{ alk {ig juga{dfl fh zwz{adlaebg wueal jfoowld{dgz

dl ua}dkbt/kgxgbf}dln jd{dgz ~d{i jflz{al{bt jdujwba{dln }f}wba{dflz fh odnual{ ~fu`guz,

]itzdjab Jiabbglngz

Jidla dz lf~ ifog {f zdy{ggl fh {ig ~fubkz {~gl{t ofz{/}fbbw{gk jd{dgz 59, Ugbdaljg fl kdu{t jfab/

}f~gugk glgunt zw}}bt iaz bgk {f udzdln ua{gz fh jaljgu alk ugz}dua{fut kdzgazgz 54" alk ajdk uadl habbz

fl flg/{iduk fh Jidlaz anudjwb{wuab balk, Flbt 1' fh Jidlaz wueal }f}wba{dfl euga{igz adu

jflzdkgugk zahg dl {ig Gwuf}gal Wldfl" alk d{ dz {ifwni{ {ia{ >7="=== Jidlgzg jd{dsglz kdg

58 Egdcdln" Lalcdln" Nwalnsifw alk Balsifw,5> AKE [A ;84; Wueal ]fxgu{t Z{ua{gnt DD" 5==9" [A hdlab Ug}fu{ )} 1=7$,59 Ebaj`zod{i Dlz{d{w{g" [ig ^fubk.z ^fuz{ ]fbbw{gk ]bajgz,54 Ealdz{gu" ]f}wba{dfl" ]webdj Igab{i alk {ig Glxduflogl{ dl Jidla,

Jflhgugljg kuah{ }bgazg kf lf{ jd{g fu jdujwba{g, 5=


21/26



}ugoa{wugbt gaji tgau kwg {f kdzgazgz jawzgk et adu }fbbw{dfl:=, A{ {ig zaog {dog" 1;"=== lg~ jauz aug

cfdldln Jidlaz ufakz gxgut kat:1,

[igzg }ufebgoz fh adu }fbbw{dfl aug jfo}fwlkgk et }uf/nuf~{i owldjd}ab }balldln, Wueal z}ua~b fl

{ig fw{z`du{z fh Egdcdln iaz bgk {f kdz}guzgk alk bf~/kglzd{t ifwzdln" ~idji gljfwuangz jau wzg alk

hwu{igu jfl{udew{gz {f adu }fbbw{dfl:5, Ewdbkdlnz aug ugz}flzdebg hfu flg/{iduk fh nbfeab JF5

godzzdflz::" zf hadbwug {f akf}{ glgunt/ghhdjdgl{ alk bf~/jauefl {gjilfbfndgz {fkat ~dbb bfj` Jidlaz

jd{dgz dl{f wlkgzduaebg }a{{gulz fh glgunt jflzwo}{dfl alk jauefl godzzdfl hfu oalt tgauz {f jfog,

Wueal gy}alzdfl dl{f hfuogu hauobalk ugkwjgz nuggl jfxgu alk bgakz {f {ig kgxgbf}ogl{ fh wueal

iga{ dzbalkz" jawzdln idnigu aoedgl{ {go}gua{wugz ~d{idl jd{dgz alk udzdln glgunt kgoalk az ef{i

jfoogujdab alk ugzdkgl{dab zgj{fuz dljugazg wzg fh adu/jflkd{dfldln, [idz dl {wul ajjgbgua{gz {ig

ewuldln fh hfzzdb hwgbz" gzjaba{dln ef{i glgunt }udjgz alk }fbbw{dfl bgxgbz,

Jidla dz ugajidln {ig bdod{z fh wueal balk gy}alzdfl, Az wueal z}ua~b bgakz {f dljugazdln jfoow{dln

{dogz alk {ig lggk {f gy{glk {ualz}fu{a{dfl lg{~fu`z" lg~ ugnwba{dflz iaxg eggl dl{ufkwjgk {f }uf{gj{anudjwb{wuab balk, [igug dz a jbgau jabb hfu hw{wug kglzdhdja{dfl fh wueal z}ajg alk eg{{gu dl{gnua{dfl fh

zguxdjgz" ifwzdln alk hajdbd{dgz az Jidla ugjfnldzgz {ig lggk {f dljfu}fua{g ef{i glxduflogl{ab alk

zfjdab ktlaodjz )az ~gbb az gjflfodj jflzdkgua{dflz$ dl{f hwu{igu wuealdza{dfl kwudln {ig {~gl{t/hduz{

jgl{wut,

Dl akkd{dfl {f adu }fbbw{dfl" wl{uga{gk ~az{g alk ~a{gu zifu{angz ~idji ahhgj{ {~f/{idukz fh Jidlaz

jd{dgz" alk flg/zdy{i jud{djabbt wueal Jidla hajgz {ig oalt {iuga{z }fzgk et nbfeab jbdoa{g jialng,

[iugg oacfu haj{fuz aug3 )1$ udzdln {go}gua{wugz ajufzz Jidla0 )5$ jialndln }a{{gulz fh }ugjd}d{a{dfl"

~d{i a kudgu lfu{i alk ~g{{gu zfw{i0 alk" ):$ udzdln zga bgxgbz alk {go}gua{wugz, 8=' fh Jidlaz jd{dgz

aug bfja{gk abfln {ig kglzgbt/}f}wba{gk gaz{gul alk zfw{igul jfaz{ab }ufxdljgz" ~igug ef{i

anudjwb{wuab alk dlkwz{udab }ufkwj{dfl dz jfljgl{ua{gk dl augaz bgzz {ial 5o aefxg zga bgxgbz ~idji aug

udzdln et 5/:oo gaji tgau, Abfln {igzg jfaz{z" {ig dljugazdln dljdkgljg fh {uf}djab z{fuoz alk

hbffkdln iaz bgk {f zabdldza{dfl fh ~a{gu zw}}bdgz" ugkwjgk dlkwz{udab fw{}w{ alk kaoang {f

dlhuaz{uwj{wug zwji az iauefwuz alk adu}fu{z, ^d{ifw{ doogkda{g aj{dfl" }ugkdj{gk {go}gua{wug

dljugazgz fh ;fJ alk udzdln }ugjd}d{a{dfl }fzg zdnldhdjal{ udz`z {f Jidlaz wueal jgl{ugz alk {igdu

}f}wba{dflz dl {ig jfodln tgauz,

^idbg {igzg glxduflogl{ab haj{fuz ahhgj{ abb fh {ig }f}wba{dfl dl wueal augaz" do}fu{al{ ugzgauji z{dbb

lggkz {f eg wlkgu{a`gl {f dkgl{dht {ig z}gjdhdj kdhhgugl{dab do}aj{z alk udz`z fh glxduflogl{ab

kgnuaka{dfl fl {ig wueal }ffu, D{ dz jbgau {ifwni" {ia{ ndxgl {ig fh{gl bf~ qwabd{t alk juf~kgk

ifwzdln jflkd{dflz" dlzwhhdjdgl{ ajjgzz {f ~a{gu alk zald{a{dfl" kdz{al{ bfja{dflz fh ifwzdln {f ~fu`lgjgzzd{a{dln bfln jfoow{gz" alk }ufydod{t {f dlkwz{udab augaz" oalt fh {ig wueal ifwzdln augaz

kgzjudegk aefxg aug dl zwe/f}{doab augaz {ia{ ~dbb eg }au{djwbaubt ahhgj{gk et jbdoa{g jialng,

Dl Awnwz{ 5=1=" Jidlaz La{dflab Kgxgbf}ogl{ alk Ughfuo Jfoodzzdfl bawljigk a bf~/jauefl

kgxgbf}ogl{ z{ua{gnt" dld{dabbt {f eg }dbf{gk dl hdxg }ufxdljgz alk gdni{ jd{dgz :;, [idz gy}gudogl{ab

}ufcgj{ adoz {f ajjgbgua{g dlkwz{udab ugz{uwj{wudln {f~auk bf~/jauefl godzzdflz {iufwni gjflfodj

:= [ig Kadbt [gbgnua}i" ]fbbw{dfl @dbbz >7="=== dl Jidla Gxgut Tgau,:1 Gjflfot" [ig Nuga{ Bga} Eaj`~auk6 [ig Jfz{z fh Jidla.z Glxduflogl{ab Judzdz,:5 Siaf" Zwz{adlaebg wueal gy}alzdfl alk {ualz}fu{a{dfl dl a nuf~dln ognajd{t,:: Bd" Jbdoa{g Ugzdbdgl{ Wueal Dlhuaz{uwj{wug dl Jidla3 Dlzdni{z dl{f {ig Ewdbkdlnz Zgj{fu,:; [ig hdxg }ufxdljgz aug Nwalnkfln" Bdafldln" Iwegd" Ziaalyd alk Twllal0 {ig gdni{ jd{dgz aug [dalcdl"Jiflnqdln" Ziglsigl" Ydaogl" Ialnsifw" Laljialn" Nwdtaln alk Eafkdln,



22/26



dljgl{dxgz alk ghhgj{dxg nwdkaljg" ~idbg }ufof{dln bf~/jauefl bdhgz{tbgz alk jflzwo}{dfl }a{{gulz az

}au{ fh Jidlaz ghhfu{z {f {aj`bg {ig jawzgz alk do}aj{z fh jbdoa{g jialng:7, îdbg wlkguz{alkdln fh

jbdoa{g jialng alk }gujg}{dfl fh d{z udz`z aofln {ig Jidlgzg }f}wba{dfl ugoadlz bf~ :8" {igug dz

dljugazdln jflzglzwz {ia{ hw{wug wuealdza{dfl owz{ dljfu}fua{g ef{i glxduflogl{ab alk zfjdabjfljgulz {f }ufxdkg a zwz{adlaebg hfwlka{dfl hfu {ig nfxgulogl{z aoed{dfl fh ef{i gjflfodj nuf~{i

alk {ig jwb{dxa{dfl fh a iauofldfwz zfjdg{t,

Zfjdab Jiabbglngz

[ig do}bgogl{a{dfl fh {ig iw`fw ifwzgifbk ugndz{ua{dfl ztz{go ghhgj{dxgbt bdod{gk uwuab/wueal

odnua{dfl alk zbwo hfuoa{dfl et ugz{udj{dln dlkdxdkwabz {f {igdu }bajgz fh edu{i" ew{ {idz iaz abzf bgk {f

{ig juga{dfl fh lg~ alk kdz{dlj{ nufw}z fh {ig xwblguaebg }ffu alk kdz{dlj{ augaz dliaed{gk et {ig }ffu

dl wueal Jidla {fkat, ]auakfydjabbt" {ig xgut }f}wba{dflz ~if iaxg dld{da{gk alk zwz{adlgk dlkwz{udab

nuf~{i alk wueal gy}alzdfl aug {ifzg ofz{ xwblguaebg {f {ig glxduflogl{ab alk zfjdab udz`z fh zwji

kgxgbf}ogl{,

îdbg {ig }itzdjab glxduflogl{z fh {ig wueal }ffu iaxg eggl do}ufxdln dl ugjgl{ tgauz" {ig }fbd{djab

aujid{gj{wug lgjgzzaut {f glzwug zfjdab dljbwzdfl" juga{dfl fh zfjdab lg{~fu`z alk {ig }ufxdzdfl fh

zfjdab }uf{gj{dfl iaz lf{ `g}{ }ajg ~d{i kgofnua}idj jialngz, Oadl{adldln {ig kdz{dlj{dfl eg{~ggl

uwuab alk wueal jd{dsglz {iufwni {ig iw`fw ifwzgifbk ugndz{ua{dfl ztz{go alk kgltdln odnual{z

ajjgzz {f wueal eglghd{z alk zguxdjgz juga{gz {ig }f{gl{dab hfu {ig xgut zfu{z fh zbwo kgxgbf}ogl{z

~idji {ig }fbdjdgz ~gug dld{dabbt kgzdnlgk {f }ugxgl{,

[igug aug lf~ oalt dld{da{dxgz wlkgu~at {f ofkdht {ig iw`fw ztz{go alk gy}alk ef{i {ig jfxguang

alk }fu{aedbd{t fh kdhhgugl{ hfuoz fh zfjdab azzdz{aljg )dljbwkdln xaudfwz dlzwualjgz" }glzdflz alk

ifwzdln zwezdkdgz$, Az {ig gaubdgu gyao}bgz fh Jiflnqdln alk Iaguedl zif~" oalt jd{dgz augkgxgbf}dln dljbwzdxg ifwzdln }fbdjdgz" }ufxdkdln gkwja{dfl hfu {ig jidbkugl fh odnual{ ~fu`guz alk

~dkgldln ajjgzz {f zfjdab ~gbhaug, Jgl{uab aw{ifud{dgz aug aj{dxgbt zgg`dln lg~ ofkgbz hfu {ig

{aung{dln alk }ufxdzdfl fh zfjdab }uf{gj{dfl" ew{ do}bgogl{a{dfl ~dbb ugqwdug zwhhdjdgl{ zw}}fu{ alk

ugzfwujdln hufo la{dflab nfxgulogl{" dl{guzgj{fuab jfbbaefua{dfl alk glhfujgogl{ a{ {ig bfjab bgxgb,

Hufo Ifwzdln {f Bdxgaebg Jd{dgz

A{ {ig [iduk Zgzzdfl fh {ig Zdy{ggl{i La{dflab Jflnugzz dl 5==5" {ig Jidlgzg nfxgulogl{ goeuajgk

{ig jfljg}{ fh }gf}bg/fudgl{gk" jfo}ugiglzdxg" jf/fukdla{gk alk zwz{adlaebg kgxgbf}ogl{" z{a{dln

{ig dl{gl{dfl {f z{ggu nuf~{i {f~aukz a iwoal/jgl{ugk alk gjfbfndjabbt/zglzd{dxg {uacgj{fut, îdbg

jfl{dlwgk gjflfodj kgxgbf}ogl{ dz gzzgl{dab {f jflhufl{dln hw{wug jiabbglngz" {idz owz{ dljfu}fua{g

nuf~dln jfljgulz hfu zfjdab cwz{djg alk glxduflogl{ab ugz}flzdedbd{t {f glzwug {ig bfln/{guo

zwz{adlaedbd{t fh Jidlaz }ufz}gud{t,

[igug dz dljugazdln a}}ugjda{dfl ~d{idl Jidlgzg bd{gua{wug fh {ig lggk {f hfz{gu a ofug eabaljgk

a}}ufaji {f wuealdza{dfl, Kgxgbf}ogl{ }fbdjdgz jgl{ugk fl gjflfodj nuf~{i iaxg bgk {f {ig gy{gulab

jfz{z fh glxduflogl{ab }fbbw{dfl" fxgu/gy}bfd{a{dfl fh ugzfwujgz alk }fbaudza{dfl dl {ig kdz{udew{dfl fh

~gab{i ~idji {iuga{gl {ig zwz{adlaedbd{t fh Jidlaz }ufnugzz kwudln {ig jfodln jgl{wut :>, îdbg

:7 ]gf}bg.z Kadbt" Jidla Bawljigz Bf~/Jauefl ]dbf{ dl Zgbgj{ Jd{dgz" ]ufxdljgz,:8 ]wnbdgzg alk Uat" [f}/God{{dln Jfwl{udgz Kdhhgu fl Jbdoa{g Jialng [iuga{,:> alk " ,



23/26



gjflfodj nuf~{i ugoadlz jgl{uab {f }fxgu{t abbgxda{dfl alk la{dflab kgxgbf}ogl{" Jidlgzg alk f{igu

zjifbauz z{ugzz {ig do}fu{aljg fh ajidgxdln a eabaljg eg{~ggl {ig la{wuab glxduflogl{" zfjdab

dljbwzdfl" {ig gjflfodj ufbgz fh jd{dgz alk {igdu bfjab jfoowld{dgz alk jwb{wuab igud{ang, Et kfdln zf"

wueal glxduflogl{z oat egjfog ofug kgzduaebg }bajgz {f bdxg az ~gbb az }ufkwj{dxg }bajgz dl ~idji{f ~fu`,

[idz zidh{ dl {idl`dln dz }au{bt a ugz}flzg {f {ig jialndln }ufhdbg alk xabwgz fh Jidlaz wueal

}f}wba{dflz, Gjflfodj }ufz}gud{t dl Jidlgzg jd{dgz iaz eggl zwz{adlgk et baung dlhbwygz fh baefwu alk

iaz bgk {f jialndln a{{d{wkgz dl {ig gy}gj{a{dflz fh jd{dsglz dl bdxdln z{alkaukz alk zfjdab dljbwzdfl,

Ogg{dln {igzg zidh{dln gy}gj{a{dflz iaz egjfog a jgl{uab jiabbglng hfu aw{ifud{dgz }balldln hw{wug

wueal kgxgbf}ogl{,

Qdliwalnkaf dl lfu{i/gaz{gul Igegd }ufxdljg dz flg zwji jd{t dl ~idji bfjab aw{ifud{dgz aug ug/

azzgzzdln {igdu }ufnuaoogz hfu wuealdza{dfl ~d{i {ig dl{gl{dfl fh eabaljdln {ig }itzdjab alk zfjdab

jfljgulz {f ajidgxg a {uwbt bdxgaebg jd{t hfu abb ugzdkgl{z:9

, Dl {ig }wuzwd{ fh a }gf}bg/fudgl{gk wuealhfuo" al ghhdjdgl{ gjflfot owz{ eg eabaljgk ~d{i zfjdab haj{fuz ~idji jfl{udew{g {f {ig ~gbb/egdln

fh jd{dsglz, ^idbg dlxgz{ogl{ dz gzzgl{dab {f }ufxdkg akgqwa{g )alk ahhfukaebg$ ifwzdln alk

dlhuaz{uwj{wug zwji az glgunt zw}}bt" ~az{g {uga{ogl{" {ualz}fu{ lg{~fu`z alk ~a{gu zw}}bt {igug dz

lf~ a kudxg {f }ufof{g jfoowld{t/ewdbkdln" ba~ glhfujgogl{ alk do}ufxgk }webdj zguxdjgz

)gz}gjdabbt igab{ijaug alk gkwja{dfl$ alk zfjdab zgjwud{t,

[ig gyao}bg fh Qdliwalnkaf kgoflz{ua{gz {ia{ Jidlgzg aw{ifud{dgz ugjfnldzg {ig do}fu{aljg fh ef{i

}itzdjab alk zfjdab wueal glxduflogl{z" alk if}g {f eabaljg dlxgz{ogl{ {f gz{aebdzi al a{{uaj{dxg alk

bdxgaebg jd{t hfu ugzdkgl{z, If~gxgu" {ig `gt dzzwg fh glzwudln zfjdab dljbwzdfl fh abb wueal ugzdkgl{z

ugoadlz a jgl{uab }ufebgo {ia{ dz tg{ {f eg jfo}ugiglzdxgbt akkugzzgk,

A oacfu az}gj{ fh kgxgbf}dln bdxgaebg jd{dgz dz jflhufl{dln {ig jiabbglngz }fzgk et glxduflogl{ab

kgnuaka{dfl alk zfjdab gyjbwzdfl, [igug dz {ugoglkfwz }f{gl{dab hfu Jidla {f eabaljg gjflfodj

nuf~{i ~d{i ugz}flzdebg glxduflogl{ab z{g~aukzid} alk dljbwzdxg zfjdab }fbdjdgz {f glzwug {ia{

jfl{dlwgk wuealdza{dfl kfgz lf{ {iuga{gl {ig bfln/{guo zwz{adlaedbd{t,

Kwudln {ig hduz{ zdy{t tgauz fh {ig ]gf}bgz Ug}webdj fh Jidla" glxduflogl{ab ugnwba{dfl ~az lf{

ab~atz }udfud{dzgk az Jidla zfwni{ {f ewdbk a ofkgul dlkwz{udabdzgk gjflfot, ^idbg oalt fh {igzg

glxduflogl{ab dld{da{dxgz ugoadl a{ {ig gy}gudogl{ab z{ang" {igug lf~ gydz{ jflzdkguaebg f}}fu{wld{dgz

{f wld{g ugz}flzgz {f glxduflogl{ab kgnuaka{dfl" jbdoa{g jialng alk }fxgu{t dl wueal Jidla,

[ig ugjgl{ Zialniad Gy}f 5=1= zif~jazgk Jidlaz }ufnuaoog hfu {ig kgxgbf}ogl{ fh bf~/jauefl"zwz{adlaebg jd{dgz {iufwni aj{dfl a{ gxgut bgxgb ualndln hufo }guzflab bdhgz{tbgz {f la{dflab

kgxgbf}ogl{ }fbdjdgz, Jidla iaz abugakt zg{ aoed{dfwz {aung{z hfu {ig juga{dfl fh zwji gjf/jd{dgz az

Kfln{al lgau Zialniad alk dl jfbbaefua{dfl ~d{i {ig nfxgulogl{ fh Zdlna}fug alf{igu lgau {ig

lfu{i/gaz{gul jfaz{ab jd{t fh [dalcdl, Dl akkd{dfl {f jflhfuodln {f z{udj{ glxduflogl{ab ugnwba{dflz alk

ugzfwujg jflzguxa{dfl" Jidlaz gjf/jd{dgz aug kgzdnlgk {f akkugzz zfjdab kdoglzdflz fh wueal nuf~{i

et }ufxdkdln do}ufxgk ~gbhaug zw}}fu{" ifwzdln" cfe zgjwud{t alk }webdj zguxdjgz {f ugzdkgl{z,

[fkat" jd{dgz zwji az Jiflnqdln flg fh {ig baungz{ alk haz{gz{/nuf~dln dl {ig la{dfl ugjfnldzg {ig

oalt eglghd{z fh akf}{dln glxduflogl{ab ogazwugz3 dljfu}fua{dln nuggl z}ajg dl{f wueal }balldln

igb}z od{dna{g {ig kgxgbf}ogl{ fh wueal iga{ dzbalkz ~idbg }uf{gj{dln wueal edfkdxguzd{t alk

:9" / ,

Jflhgugljg kuah{ }bgazg kf lf{ jd{g fu jdujwba{g, 5:


24/26



aezfuedln jauefl godzzdflz" ew{ abzf ugkwjgz lfdzg alk juga{gz a ofug a{{uaj{dxg wueal glxduflogl{,

Az Jidla jflhufl{z al andln }f}wba{dfl alk jiabbglngz zwji az fegzd{t" jaukdfxazjwbau kdzgazg"

kdaeg{gz alk }ztjifbfndjab dbblgzzgz" a nuggl wueal glxduflogl{ jal igb} {f do}ufxg {ig igab{i fh

ugzdkgl{z alk gljfwuang aj{dxg bdhgz{tbgz

:4

,

Jidla iaz ajidgxgk oalt zwjjgzzgz kwudln {ig hduz{ zdy{t tgauz fh {ig ]gf}bgz Ug}webdj" alk ugjgl{

dld{da{dxgz fhhgu {ig if}g fh jfl{dlwgk nuf~{i alk }ufz}gud{t dl {ig tgauz aigak, [fng{igu ~d{i {ig

}ufof{dfl fh bf~/jauefl bdhgz{tbgz alk a}}uf}uda{g dlxgz{ogl{z dl wueal dlhuaz{uwj{wug" {ig idz{fudjab

jifdjg eg{~ggl gjflfodj nuf~{i fu glxduflogl{ab ugz}flzdedbd{t jal eg fxgujfog" alk Jidlaz

wueal glxduflogl{z jal jflhufl{ {ig udz`z fh hwu{igu glxduflogl{ab kgnuaka{dfl alk jbdoa{g jialng

~idbg egjfodln ofug a{{uaj{dxg }bajgz dl ~idji {f bdxg alk ~fu`, Az {idz }a}gu iaz zif~l" gqwab

a{{gl{dfl owz{ eg hfjwzgk fl {ig dlz{d{w{dflab alk zfjdab eauudguz {f dljbwzdfl ~idji bdod{ {ig bdxdln

z{alkaukz alk ajjgzz {f f}}fu{wld{dgz fh oalt odbbdflz fh ugzdkgl{z dl Jidlaz wueal jgl{ugz, Et

ugjfljdbdln {igzg nuf~dln jfl{uakdj{dflz" Jidla jal jfl{dlwg d{z }a{i fh gjflfodj }ufnugzz {f~aukz a

zwz{adlaebg alk {uwbt iauofldfwz zfjdg{t,

:4" " alk " ,

Jflhgugljg kuah{ }bgazg kf lf{ jd{g fu jdujwba{g, 5;


25/26



Ughgugljgz

Eacfuda" Catziugg, Jidlaz Balk Ughfuo Jiabbglng"Oauji 1=" 5==9,i{{}3&&~~~,jhu,fun&}webdja{dfl&17844&jidlazVbalkVughfuoVjiabbglng,i{ob,

Ealdz{gu" Cwkd{i, ]f}wba{dfl" ]webdj Igab{i alk {igGlxduflogl{ dl Jidla, [ig JidlaQwau{gubt" lf, 178 )Kgjgoegu 1449$3 498/1=17,

Ebaj`zod{i Dlz{d{w{g, [ig ^fubk.z ^fuz{ ]fbbw{gk]bajgz" Zg}{goegu 15" 5==>,i{{}3&&~~~,~fuz{}fbbw{gk,fun&ug}fu{z&hdbg&5==>'5=Ug}fu{'5=w}ka{gk'5=5==4,}kh,

Jial" @ao ^dln, ]fz{/Oaf Jidla3 A [~f/JbazzWueal Zfjdg{t dl {ig Oa`dln, Dl{gula{dflab Cfwulab fh Wueal alk

Ugndflab Ugzgauji 5=" lf, 1 )Oauji 1448$31:;/17=,

Gjflfot" G, [ig Nuga{ Bga} Eaj`~auk6 [igJfz{z fh Jidla.z Glxduflogl{ab Judzdz,Hfugdnl Ahhaduz 98" lf, 7 )5==>$3 :974,

Hal" J, Jdlkt, [ig Gbd{g" {ig La{dxgz" alk {igFw{zdkguz3 Odnua{dfl alk Baefu Oau g{Zgnogl{a{dfl dl Wueal Jidla, Allabz fh{ig Azzfjda{dfl fh Aogudjal Ngfnua}iguz

45" lf, 1 )5==5$3 1=:,Nbfeab [dogz, Jidla ]balz {f Oa`g Ba~ flJfbbgj{dxg Balk Ajqwdzd{dfl" Zg}{goegu19" 5=1=,i{{}3&&~~~,jidla,fun,jl&jidla&5=1=/=4&19&jfl{gl{V5=474>:5,i{o,

Bd" Cwl, Jbdoa{g Ugzdbdgl{ Wueal Dlhuaz{uwj{wug dlJidla3 Dlzdni{z dl{f {ig Ewdbkdlnz Zgj{fu"l,k,

Bd" [dg, Wueal Kgxgbf}ogl{ Z{ua{gnt dl {ig]gf}bg.z Ug}webdj fh Jidla" l,k,

Bdw" Tw{dln" Ziglcdln Ig" Hwbfln ^w" alk Jiudz^gez{gu, Wueal Xdbbangz Wlkgu Jidla.z

Ua}dk Wuealdsa{dfl3 Wlugnwba{gk Azzg{zalk [ualzd{dflab Lgdniefwuiffkz,Iaed{a{Dl{gula{dflab :;" lf, 5 )A}udb 5=1=$3 1:7/1;;,

Bdw" Tw{dln" alk Hwbfln ^w, Wueal ]fxgu{t Lgdniefwuiffkz3 [t}fbfnt alk Z}a{dabJfljgl{ua{dfl Wlkgu Jidla.z Oau`g{[ualzd{dfl" a Jazg Z{wkt fh Lalcdln,Ngfhfuwo :>" lf, ; )Cwbt 5==8$3 81=/858,

Oj@dlzgt Nbfeab Dlz{d{w{g, ]ug}audln hfu Jidla.zWueal Edbbdfl" Oauji 5==4,i{{}3&&~~~,oj`dlzgt,jfo&ond&}webdja{dflz&jidlaVwuealVedbbdfl&,

La{dflab Ewugaw fh Z{a{dz{djz fh Jidla, JidlaZ{a{dz{djab Tgaueff` 5==4" 5==4,

i{{}3&&~~~,z{a{z,nfx,jl&{czc&lkzc&5==4&dlkgygi,i{o,

]gf}bg.z Kadbt, Jidla Bawljigz Bf~/Jauefl ]dbf{dl Zgbgj{ Jd{dgz" ]ufxdljgz" Awnwz{ 14"5=1=,i{{}3&&glnbdzi,}gf}bgkadbt,jfo,jl&4===1&4=>>9&4=985&>11==;4,i{ob,

]wnbdgzg" Ald{a" alk Cwbdg Uat, [f}/God{{dlnJfwl{udgz Kdhhgu fl Jbdoa{g Jialng[iuga{" Kgjgoegu >" 5==4,i{{}3&&~~~,nabbw},jfo&}fbb&15;747&{f}/god{{dln/jfwl{udgz/kdhhgu/jbdoa{g/jialng/{iuga{,az}y,

Ziwlhgln Zfln" Guqdal Siw" alk ZalàuOwìf}akitat, Wueal ]ffu dl Jidla,Jidlgzg Gjflfot ;5" lf, ; )Cwbt 5==4$3;;/85,

[ig Kadbt [gbgnua}i, ]fbbw{dfl @dbbz >7="=== dlJidla Gxgut Tgau" Cwbt ;" 5==>,i{{}3&&~~~,{gbgnua}i,jf,w`&gau{i&gau{ilg~z&:544::4&]fbbw{dfl/`dbbz/>7====/dl/Jidla/gxgut/tgau,i{ob,

WL Iaed{a{, Z{a{g fh {ig ^fubk.z Jd{dgz 5=1=&5=11/ Jd{dgz hfu Abb3 Eudkndln {ig Wueal

Kdxdkg" 5=1=,i{{}3&&~~~,wliaed{a{,fun&}ozz&bdz{D{goKg{adbz,az}y6}webdja{dflDK?541>,

âln" Ta ]dln, Wueal ]fxgu{t" Ifwzdln" alkZfjdab Jialng dl Jidla, Bflkfl3Ufw{bgkng" 5==;,

^fubk Eal`, Jfz{ fh ]fbbw{dfl dl Jidla3 Gjflfodj Gz{doa{gz fh ]itzdjab Kaoang" Hgeuwaut5==>,i{{}3&&zd{gugzfwujgz,~fubkeal`,fun&DL[GA]UGN[F]GLXDUFLOGL[&Ugzfwujgz&JidlaVJfz{VfhV]fbbw{dfl,}kh,

Ydliwa, Jidla.z ]f}wba{dfl {f Lgau 1,; Edbbdfl et

5=17, Jidla Kadbt" Cwbt ;" 5=1=,i{{}3&&~~~,jidlakadbt,jfo,jl&jidla&5=1=/=>&=;&jfl{gl{V1==7757=,i{o,

Siaf" ]glncwl, Zwz{adlaebg Wueal Gy}alzdfl alk[ualz}fu{a{dfl dl a Nuf~dln Ognajd{t3Jflzgqwgljgz fh Wueal Z}ua~b hfuOfedbd{t fl {ig Wueal Hudlng fh Egdcdln, Iaed{a{ Dl{gula{dflab :;" lf, 5 )A}udb5=1=$3 5:8/5;:,

Sifw" Tdydln, Wuealdsa{dfl dl {ig ]gf}bg Ug}webdjfh Jidla Pzdj_, ]g`dln Wldxguzd{t"Kgjgoegu 9" 5==4,

" " alk ,

, 18" lf, 1= )5==4$,



26/26



, / , 18" lf, 5 )5==4$,

" alk , , 1;" lf, :

)5==>$,

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