Literature Review.pptx

Literature Review

Dr.N.Mahesh, Prof. & Head, MMS Dept.


• To help you understand the purpose and basic requirements of an effective literature review.

• To help you critically assess research materials.

• To develop strategies for inventing, organizing, and drafting a literature review.

• To help you cite sources appropriately.

Goals of the Presentation


Research Methodology

• What is research?– ‘The systematic investigation to

develop theories, establish evidence and solve problems’ (Gough et al 2012 p.1)

Research can focus on:– The creation of new knowledge

through primary studies– Creation of knowledge on the basis of

previous research

– Knowledge should be cumulative (Oakley 2012)

Literature Review

The Literature ReviewThe review of the literature is defined as

a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of

scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual

materials, and personal communications

Literature Review

The Literature ReviewThe review of the literature is traditionally

considered a systematic and critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a

particular topic.Scholarly literature refer to published and

unpublished data based literature and conceptual literature materials found in print and non print

formsData based literature - reports of completed

researchConceptual research - reports of theories, concepts

Literature Review

How your research fits into the general context and helps explore a question.

??? ?

Research Proposal or

Thesis or

Research Project

Themes, findings, theories, debates, focus on area etc.

Literature Review Types

Unanswered questions, conflicting findings etc.

Literature Review Assignment

Lit Review

Method

Results

Discussion

Etc.

Continues or stops

here

7

Relationship Of Review Of Literature To Theory, Research, Education And Practice

Research

PracticeEducation

Theory

Review of Literature

Literature Review

Literature Review StructureGeneral context

Gaps

My research

Themes, findings, theories, debates, focus on area etc.

Unanswered questions, conflicting findings etc.

How your research fits into the general context and helps explore a question.

The proportion of these depends on your topic and level

Broader topicsSubtopics

Studies like yours

HOW

TO

GETSTARTE

D?

TOPIC

RESEARCH

USE BRAIN

KEEP TRACK

WRITE

Choose, explore, focus

google scholar, digital library, IEEE xplore, ACM portal, annualreviews.org…

Read, take notes, shape ideas, analyse and critique…

Write-re-write,revise, proof-read + bibliography/reference

of citations

Literature Review

Literature Review Process

Purpose

Start Readin

g

Manage Your Notes

Focused Reading Writing

Literature Review

Literature Review Purpose

• Learn what has been done – main: findings, debates, authors, theories etc.

• Find what interests you most – define focus

• Find a way of looking at the area – theories / perspectives

• Find unanswered questions your research could look at subject, concept or problem.

• Determines an appropriate research design/method (instruments, data collection and analysis methods) for answering the research question

• Justify what you will research and how you research it

For YouThe overall purpose of literature

review is to discover

knowledge

Literature Review

Literature Review Purpose

•Understand what has been done before in the area•See where the unanswered questions are•Know how your study will help explore the question•Know how your study fits with previous findings and theories

For Your Reader

Literature Review

Literature Review Start Reading• Key words• Introductions• Authors• Theories

•Skim (is it useful?)•Print•Highlight•Understand main topics

• Note taking system

• Note where you found it

• Place in file system• Note good

examples of writing

• Notice more key words, authors, sources, theories etc.

• Might you go in a new direction?

Search Read Generally

Note & FileReflect

Literature Review

Literature Review SynonymousConceptual literature Data based

literatureTheoretical literatureScholarly non research literatureScholarly workSoft versus hard science literatureReview of the literature articleConcept analysis article

Empirical literatureScientific literatureResearch literatureScholarly research literatureResearch studystudy

Steps of Searching the LiteratureDetermine concept/issue/topic/problem

Conduct computer (and/or hand) search

Weed out irrelevant sources before printing

Organize sources from printout for retrieval

Retrieve relevant sources

Conduct preliminary reading and weed out irrelevant sources

Critically read each source (summarize & critique each source)

Synthesize critical summaries

Literature Review

Literature Review Manage Your NotesFind

In your sources

Collect

In your note system

Use

In your draft

• Highlights• Summaries• Questions etc.

• Note pages• Endnote etc.• Mind maps etc.

• Introduction• Method• Justify your

research

Literature Review

Literature Review Focused Reading• Specific focus on

ideas & methods

• Read in more detail

• Look for particular points closely related to your area

• Critically evaluate

• Quotes• Paraphrase • What other

readings are similar?

• File sources in alphabetical order

• Where in your draft could you use this source?

• Does this give you a new direction?

Search Read Critically

Note & FileReflect

Literature Review

Literature Review Writing

Block time •Write regularly•Write fresh•Include time to ‘let it sit’, then come back

Outline •Look at your notes•Look at exemplars•Design the sections

Write sections•General background: key ideas, terms, etc.•Focus area: theory, methods, findings, etc.•Your research: why, how, expectations, etc.

Edit •Add new things you find later•Delete what becomes irrelevant•Check structure & flow

Literature Review

Critiquing Criteria for a Review of the Literature

1. Does the literature review uncover gaps or inconsistencies in knowledge?

2. How does the review reflect critical thinking?

3. Are all the relevant concepts and variables included in the review?

4. Dose the summary of each reviewed study reflect the essential components of the study design?

Literature Review


5. Dose the critique of each reviewed study include strengths, weaknesses, or limitations of the design; conflicts; and gaps or inconsistencies in information in relation to the area of interest?

6. Were both conceptual and data based literature included?

7. Were primary sources mainly included?8. Is there a written summary synthesis of the

reviewed scholarly literature?

Literature Review


9. Does the synthesis summary follow a logical sequence that leads the reader to why there is the need for the particular research or non research project?

10. Did the organization of the reviewed studies (i.e. chronologically, or according to concepts/variables, or type/design of study) follow logically, enhancing the ability of the reader to evaluate the need for the particular research or non research project?

11. Does the literature review follow the purpose(s) of the study or non research project?

Literature Review

Structure of review articles

Literature reviews are in reality a type of researchShould conform to the anatomy of a typical scholarly article

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences

Literature Review

Structure of literature review

• Introduction• Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the

central theme or organizational pattern.

• Body• Contains your discussion of sources.

• Conclusions/Recommendations• Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where

might the discussion proceed?

Literature Review

How to organize studies

•Chronological•By publication date•By trend

•Thematic•A structure which considers different themes

•Methodological•Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches

Literature Review

Making links between studies

•Agreements • Similarly, author B points to… • Likewise, author C makes the case that… • Author D also makes this point… • Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D…

•Disagreements• However, author B points to… • On the other hand, author C makes the case that… • Conversely, Author D argues…• Nevertheless, what author E suggests…

Literature Review

Summary table

• It is useful to prepare.• Such a table provides a quick overview that allows the

reviewer to make sense of a large mass of information. • The tables could include columns with headings such as

• Author• type of study• Sample• Design• data collection approach• key findings

27

Citation Sample Environment Method Conclusions

ColourBellizzi, Crowley and Hasty (1983)

125 Adults Furniture store Laboratory experimentPhotographic slide simulations

Warm and cool colours created different emotional responses. Customers view red retail environments as more negative and unpleasant than blue.

Bellizzi, & Hite (1992)

70 Adult women107 Students

Televisions shown with different colour backgroundsFurniture stores

Laboratory experiments Photographic slide simulations

Study based on PAD affect measures and approach-avoidance behaviours.More positive retail outcomes occurred in blue environments than red.

MusicSmith and Curnow (1966)

1100 Supermarket shoppers

Retail store Field experiment

Time in store reduced with loud music but level of sales did not.

Milliman (1982) 216 Shoppers Supermarket Field experiment

The tempo of background music influenced the pace at which customers shopped. Slow tempo music slowed customers down but resulted in increased volume of sales.

Hui, Dubé and Chebat (1997)

116 Students Bank branch- waiting for service.

Laboratory experimentVideo simulation

The positive impact of music on approach behaviours is mediated by an emotional evaluation of the environment and the emotional response to waiting. Pleasurable music produced longer perceived waiting times.

LightingAreni and Kim (1994) 171 Shoppers Wine store Field

experimentThe investigation found that brighter in-store lighting influenced shoppers to examine and handle more of the merchandise in the store

Summers and Hebert (2001)

2367 Customers Hardware storeApparel store

Field experiment

Confirmed Areni and Kims (1994) results. Increased levels of lighting will produce arousal and pleasure and increase the approach behaviours of customers.

Sum

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of li

tera

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Atm

osph

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s in

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vice

env

ironm

ents

Literature Review

Citation styles•Information prominent citation• Example:

• For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger et al., 1974).

•Author prominent citation• Examples:

• Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an analogy between heat and mass transfer and the equivalent heat transfer only case.

• Several authors have suggested that automated testing should be more readily accepted (Balcer, 1989; Stahl, 1989; Carver & Tai, 1991).

Literature Review

Active or passive voice

•You should use, where appropriate, both active and passive voice•As a general rule, use active voice unless there is good reason not to

Literature Review

Reporting verbs

ArgueAssert

AssumeChallenge

ClaimContend

ContradictDescribeDispute

EmphasizeEstablishExamine

FindMaintain

• Note• Object• Observe• Persuade• Propose• Prove• Purport• Recommend• Refute• Reject• Remark• Suggest• Support

Literature Review

Verb tenses – Present•A statement about what the thesis, chapter or section does• Examples:

• This thesis presents a report of an investigation into …….• This chapter thus provides a basis for the next.• In this section, the results from the first set of experiments are

reported.•A statement of a generally accepted scientific fact• Examples:

• There are three factors that control the concentration of aluminum in seawater.

• The finite rate coefficients have an effect on heat transfer through a horizontal porous layer.

Literature Review

Verb tenses – Present•A review of current research work, or research work of immediate relevance to your study.• Example:

• Schulze (2002) concludes that hydraulic rate has a significant effect on future performance.

•Comments, explanations and evaluative statements made by you when you are reviewing previous studies.• Examples:

• Therefore, this sequential approach is impractical in the real world where projects are typically large and the activities from one stage may be carried out in parallel with the activities of another stage.

• The reason for this anomalous result is that the tests were done at low hydraulic rates at which the plastic packing was not completely wetted.

Literature Review

Verb tenses – Past

•Report the contents, findings or conclusions of past research• Examples:

• Haberfield (1998) showed that the velocity of many enzyme reactions was slowed down if the end product had an increased paramagnetism.

• Allington (1999) found that the temperatures varied significantly over time.

Literature Review

Verb tenses – Present perfect

•In citations where the focus is on the research area of several authors• Examples:

• Several studies have provided support for the suggestion that the amount of phonological recoding that is carried out depends on orthographic depth (Frost, 1994; Smart et al, 1997; Katz & Feldman, 2001, 2002).

• Joint roughness has been characterized by a number of authors (Renger, 1990; Feker & Rengers, 1997; Wu & Ali, 2000).

•To generalize about the extent of the previous research• Examples:

• Many studies have been conducted in this field.• Few researchers have examined this technique.• There has been extensive research into.........

Literature Review

The Writing Process

Rough DraftFinal DraftEditEdit Again

Literature Review

Show others•Have someone else look at your literature review for•Clarity

•Can they understand what you’re trying say?•Flow

•Does the organization make sense?•Completeness

•Are there areas left out?•Questions left unanswered?•Statements without citations?

Literature Review

The Use of Literature Review in Quantitative Research1. Theoretical framework

The literature defines concepts and terms in relation to the study

2. Problem statement and hypothesesThe literature review helps to determine

what is known and not known; to uncover gaps, consistencies, or inconsistencies, and/or to reveal unanswered questions about a subject, concept or problem

The literature review allows for refinement of research problems and questions

and/or hypotheses

3. Design and methodThe literature review reveals

strengths and weaknesses of designs and methods of previous research studies

Outcome of the analysis (findings, implications, and recommendations)

4. Outcome of the analysis (findings, implications, and recommendations)

The literature review is used to discuss the results or findings of a study. The discussion relates the study’s findings to what was or was not found in the review of literature

5. Literature review helps consumers of research e.g. students to:

1. Efficiently retrieve an adequate amount of scholarly literature using computer and print resources

2. Critically evaluate data based and conceptual material

3. Critically evaluate a review of the literature (the entire compilation of conceptual and data based literature) based on accepted reviewing criteria

Literature Review

A Good Literature Review is:•Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on studies that are closely related to topic.•Concise - Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you need to present your ideas. •Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs should be a smooth, logical progression from one idea to the next •Developed - Don’t leave the story half told. •Integrative - Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. •Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic.

Literature Review

Pitfalls

• Vagueness due to too much or inappropriate generalizations

• Limited range• Insufficient information• Irrelevant material• Omission of contrasting view• Omission of recent work

Literature Review

Common errors in reviewing literature

Hurrying through review to get started could mean that you will miss something that will improve your research.

Relying too heavily upon secondary sources. Concentrating on findings rather than methods. Overlooking sources other than academic journals.

Don’t forget newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, etc.

Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic. Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic

information.

41 WHYCITE?THE WORK HAS CREDIBILITY

CREDITS TO ORIGINAL AUTHORS

AVOID PLAGIARISM

Ignorance is not an excuse.

42 INFO&STYLE

APA, IEEE, Harvard, MLA…

AuthorDate

Title of journal/bookTitle of work (if an article)

PublisherPlace of Publication

REFERENCE

PARENTHETICAL CITATION/IN-TEXT CITATION

According to Jones & Alford (2005) and Westlow (2009), global warming is caused by the emissions from cans of spray cheese.

Recent studies claim that global warming is caused by the emissions from cans of spray cheese (Jones & Alford, 2005; Westlow, 2009).

According to Jones and Alford (2005) and Westlow (2009), global warming is caused by the emissions from cans of spray cheese.ORRecent studies claim that global warming is caused by the emissions from cans of spray cheese (Jones & Alford, 2005; Westlow, 2009).

Jone, A. J. & Alford, K. (2005). Global warming and the current climate. Climate Trends. 25(3). 56-64.

Westlow, S. R. (2009). The world is warmer. New York: Thomson.

REFER HO10

Least respected Most respectedTABLOIDSMingguan Wanita

POPULARMetro Berita Harian News straits times The Star

QUASIScience News Solusi

PEER-REVIEWEDJournal

With impact factors With SJR value With Eigen Factor With Copernicus value…

RESPECTEDM

OST?

TOOLS


THANK YOU

Literature Review





Growth Prospects of Green Jobs in a Green Economy – Mapping of Career Opportunities and Innovative Job Roles for Green Managers in India

• Key Words: Climate Change, Green Economy, Green jobs, Sustainable Career, Innovative job Roles, Green Managers.


Abstract• Climate change has been a topic of global concern in recent times and in particular since failure to reach

consensus at Copenhagen climate summit in December 2009. In developing and developed economies are at risk from climate change as well as the fastest-growing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)- the cause of global warming. The issue of combating climate change inherently addresses the ability of economies, primarily in developing nations, addressing the causes and consequences as a part of global transition in development priorities – emphasizing opportunities to environment and economic development. A growing number of economies are reaping the earlier economic benefits by committing significantly to a green economy – clean, low carbon, energy economy, and opportunities for job growth and export.

With prospect of an emerging green economy there is great penetration of the new job market and pursue

opportunities across sectors and industries. As the green job market is in nascent stage, the managers are much focused to environmentally sustainable career path not restricting to working with environmental organizations alone and that makes the difference from a conventional job. There are wide range of jobs being offered by the sustainable serious companies, either directly into sustainable departments or within units of the business that are working on sustainability related issues. This has transformed into a new wave for job growth from blue collar workforce to green collar opportunities. Looking into corporate world’s realization of importance to sustainable business development, there is a greater demand for managers.

This paper examines the prospects of green managers with new and innovative credentials on carrying out

the growing environmental responsibility movement and to understand its effects on business and the economy. Further, the paper would map on green managers requirements - experience, skills and interests that would translate well in a new field suitable for organizations choosing sustainability seriously.

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Literature Review.pptx