ACQUISITIONS LIST (NEW BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES)

JANUARY 2008 – JANVIER 2008

LISTE D’ACQUISITIONS (NOUVEAUX LIVRES ET ARTICLES DE REVUES)

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• To contact us :

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Index _____________________________________________________________________ ABKHAZIA (GEORGIA)--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS , 7 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES--HUNGARY--DIRECTORIES, 7 AFRICA, NORTH--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 20 AFRICAN UNION--PEACEKEEPING FORCES , 20 ALMANACS, AMERICAN, 7 APM CONVENTION, 20 ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT--1993---PEACE, 21 ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 21 ASEAN, 21 ASEAN--BURMA, 22 ASYMMETRIC WARFARE, 22 AZERBAIJAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 22 BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSES--USA, 22 BENELUX ECONOMIC UNION , 23 BOMBINB, AERIAL--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC), 8 BURMA--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 8 CANADA--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 23 CEFTA, 24 CHECHNYA (RUSSIA)--HISTORY--CIVIL WAR, 1994-, 24 CHINA--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 24 CHINA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--INDIA, 25 CIVIL WAR--SOMALIA, 25 CIVILIAN WAR CASUALTIES, 25 CIVIL--MILITARY RELATIONS--AFRICA, NORTH, 25 CONFLICTS , 26 COUNTERINSURGENCY--GREAT BRITAIN, 26 COUNTERINSURGENCY--USA, 8, 26 CUBA--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 27 CZECH REPUBLIC--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 27 DAYTON PEACE ACCORDS (1995), 27 DEMOCRACY--CEE, 27 DEMOCRATIZATION , 28 DEMOCRATIZATION--AFRICA, NORTH, 28 DEMOCRATIZATION--EAST ASIA, 29 DEMOCRATIZATION--UKRAINE, 29 DETENTION OF PERSONS--USA, 30 DETERRENCE (STRATEGY) , 9 DETERRENCE (STRATEGY)--USA, 30 DNIESTER MOLDOVAN REPUBLIC--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, 9 ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, 30 ELECTIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 31 ENERGY POLICY--EU, 31 ENERGY POLICY--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 32 EU, 32 EU--BLACK SEA REGION, 33

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EU--ENLARGEMENT, 33 EU--ESDP, 9, 34 EU--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 10, 34 EU--MEDITERRANEAN REGION , 34 EUROPE--ARMED FORCES--PROCUREMENT, 10 EU--TURKEY, 35 EU--USA, 10 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT--BELGIUM , 35 FINLAND--NATIONAL SECURITY, 35 FIREARMS, 11 FIREARMS--AFRICA, WEST, 11 FRANCE--ARMED FORCES, 36 FRANCE--ARMED FORCES--RESERVES , 36 FRANCE--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 37 FRANCE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--AFRICA, 37 FRANCE--MILITARY POLICY, 37 GAS INDUSTRY--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 38 GERMANY--ECONOMIC POLICY, 39 GERMANY--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 39 GERMANY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 12 GLADIO (ORGANIZATION), 39 GREAT BRITAIN--NATIONAL SECURITY, 39 GREECE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--TURKEY, 39 HAMAS, 40 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, 40 HUNGARY--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 41 INDIA--ECONOMIC POLICY, 41 INFORMATION WARFARE, 41 INSURGENCY--AFGHANISTAN , 41 INTELLIGENCE SERVICE--PAKISTAN, 42 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT, 42 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, 43 INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW), 44 IRAN--ARMED FORCES, 44 IRAN--ARMED FORCES--POLITICAL ACTIVITY, 44 IRAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 44 IRAN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 12, 45 IRAN--SOCIAL ASPECTS, 45 IRAQ--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 45 ISAF, 46 ISLAM AND POLITICS--AFRICA, NORTH, 46 ISLAM--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC), 46 JAMMU AND KASHMIR (INDIA)--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS , 46 JAPAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS--CHINA, 47 KOREA (NORTH)--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 47 KOSOVO (SERBIA)--INTERNATIONAL STATUS , 13, 47 KURDS, 48 MIDDLE EAST--NATIONAL SECURITY, 13 MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE, 14 MILITARY BASES, AMERICAN--ASIA, CENTRAL, 49 MTCR, 49

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NATION BUILDING--FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS , 49 NATO, 14, 50 NATO--BALKAN PENINSULA, 50 NATO--FINLAND, 50 NATO--FRANCE, 51 NATO--HISTORY, 15 NATO--MIDDLE EAST, 51 NATO--NORWAY, 51 NATO--UKRAINE, 15 NATO--UNITED NATIONS, 15 NATURAL GAS PIPELINES--CASPIAN SEA REGION, 16 NATURAL GAS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 52 NATURAL RESOURCES--STRATEGIC ASPECTS, 52 NAVAL STRATEGY--CHINA, 52 NEGOTIATION, 16 NUCLEAR DETERRENCE, 53 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION--USA, 53 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS--SAFETY MEASURES--PAKISTAN, 54 NUCLEAR WEAPONS--IRAN , 54 OSCE, 55 PAKISTAN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 55 PEACE-BUILDING, 55 PEACEKEEPING FORCES, CHINESE, 16 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND TRADE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 56 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND TRADE--SUDAN , 56 PETROLEUM--TRANSPORTATION--CEE, 57 POPULISM--CENTRAL EUROPE, 57 PRISONERS OF WAR--USA, 57 PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES--IRAQ, 57 PUBLIC DIPLOMACY--USA, 58 RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES, 58 RIGHT-WING EXTREMISTS--USA, 58 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--ARMED FORCES , 59 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--ARMED FORCES--TAJIKISTAN, 59 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--COMMERCE, 59 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, 60 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 60 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--ASIA, CENTRAL, 61 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--CHINA, 17, 61 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC), 61 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--KYRGYZSTAN, 62 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--TAJIKISTAN, 62 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--USA, 62 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--MILITARY POLICY, 62 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--NATIONAL SECURITY, 17 RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 63 SCO, 63 SECURITY SECTOR REFORM, 18 SHIITES, 64 SHIITES--SAUDI ARABIA, 64 SLOVAKIA--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 65 SUDAN--HISTORY--DARFUR CONFLICT, 2003-, 65 SUICIDE BOMBINGS--CHECHNYA (RUSSIA), 65

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TALIBAN, 65 TERRORISM, 65 TERRORISM PREVENTION--EU COUNTRIES, 66 TERRORISM PREVENTION--USA, 67 TERRORISM--AFGHANISTAN, 67 TERRORISM--GOVERNMENT POLICY--NATO, 67 TERRORISM--RELIGIOUS ASPECTS--ISLAM --MOROCCO, 68 TURKEY--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MIDDLE EAST, 68 TURKEY--FOREIGN RELATIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION), 68 TURKEY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT, 69 UKRAINE--MILITARY POLICY, 18 UNITED NATIONS--ARMED FORCES , 69 UNITED NATIONS--PEACEKEEPING FORCES, 70 URBAN WARFARE, 70 URBAN WARFARE--USA, 70 USA. AFRICA COMMAND, 19 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS, 70 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--AFRICA, NORTH, 71 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--INDIA, 71 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--IRAN , 71 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--LATIN AMERICA, 18 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MIDDLE EAST, 72 USA--STRATEGIC ASPECTS , 72 USSR--ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, 72 WAR ON TERRORISM, 2001-, 73 WARLORDISM--AFGHANISTAN, 73 WMD TERRORISM, 19 YUGOSLAV WAR, 1991-1995--BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA--SREBRENICA, 73

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NEW BOOKS NOUVEAUX LIVRES

____________________________________________________________________________ ABKHAZIA (GEORGIA)--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS The EU and Georgia : Time Perspectives in Conflict Resolution / by Bruno Coppieters. - Paris : European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2007. 31 p.; 30 cm. (Occasional Paper ; 70) ID number: 80021658 Type: M Library Location: 327.5 /00446 ISBN: 9789291981229 Author(s): 1. Coppieters, Bruno 'The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) framework obliges the EU to coordinate closely with Georgia on its policies for conflict resolution in the breakaway entities of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Brussels and Tbilisi do not share the same time perspective, however. The Georgian government is striving for a quick resolution of both secessionist conflicts, despite the impasse reached in the negotiations on the question of status and the marked incompatibility between its positions and those of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Russia. The European Union supports the Georgian interpretation of the principle of territorial integrity, and is also prepared to increase its efforts to develop conflict resolution policies in the region, but not in accordance with the Georgian time frame. The difference between the Georgian and EU approaches to the question of timing in their conflict resolution policies has far-reaching consequences for their mutual relations.' ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES--HUNGARY--DIRECTORIES A Magyar Kozelet Kezikonyve : 2008. - Budapest : Magyar Tavirati Iroda Rt., 2007. loose-leaf; 22 cm. ID number: 80021688 Type: M Library Location: 354 /00024 ALMANACS, AMERICAN The World Almanac and Book of Facts : 2008. - New York : World Almanac Books, 2008. 1008 p. : ill.; 26 cm. ID number: 80021650 Type: REF Library Location: 321 /00262 REF ISBN: 9781600570735 Includes index.

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BOMBINB, AERIAL--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC) The August 6 Bombing Incident in Georgia : Implications for the Euro-Atlantic Region / by Svante E. Cornell... [et al.]. - Stockholm : Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2007. 81 p. : ill.; 25 cm. (Silk Road Paper) ID number: 80021682 Type: M Library Location: 355.4 /01550 ISBN: 918547343X Author(s): 1. Cornell, Svante E. 2. Smith, David J. 3. Starr, S. Frederick 'This report consists of three major parts. The first section is a narrative chronology of the August 6 incident and the subsequent related developments. The second section constitutes an analysis of the implications of the event and the various reactions to it. The third and final section consists of a series of eleven appendices, consisting of Georgian, Russian and international documents relevant to the incident, including not least the two sets of expert reports from the site as well as the press release of the Russian investigation team.' BURMA--FOREIGN RELATIONS Engaging with the Issue of Myanmar : A New Perspective / by Xiaolin Guo, Johan Alvin. - Stockholm : Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2007. 28 p. : ill.; 25 cm. (Policy Paper) ID number: 80021683 Type: M Library Location: 327 /01405 ISBN: 9789185937059 Author(s): 1. Guo, Xiaolin 2. Alvin, Johan 'In the light of the encouraging outcome of the Six-Party Talks on the Korean Peninsula crisis, the authors believe that coordinated international efforts can help turn the situation around in Myanmar, notwithstanding that the Korean Peninsula is an international conflict whereas Myanmar is primarily a domestic issue. This paper analyzes the need for CBMs, the role of different players and their potential contribution to the process of national reconciliation, and ultimately democratization, in Myanmar.' COUNTERINSURGENCY--USA On the Uses of Cultural Knowledge / by Sheila Miyoshi Jager. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. vii, 30 p.; 23 cm. ID number: 80021667 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01063 ISBN: 1584873302 Author(s): 1. Jager, Sheila Miyoshi 'The author explores the role that cultural knowledge must play in thinking about a new strategy for counterinsurgency. Although the importance of cultural awareness and understanding of adversary societies has been widely recognized as essential to operations and tactics on the battlefield, its significance has been largely ignored in formulating the broader strategic goals of counterinsurgency. The author highlights the importance of culture, and cultural awareness, in formulating a broad strategy for counterinsurgency which also has wide-ranging implications for U.S. foreign policy.'

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DETERRENCE (STRATEGY) Force and Restraint in Strategic Deterrence : A Game-Theorist's Perspective / by Roger B. Myerson. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. vi, 25 p.; 23 cm. (Advancing Strategic Thought Series) ID number: 80021671 Type: M Library Location: 355.4 /01549 ISBN: 1584873256 Author(s): 1. Myerson, Roger B. 'In a dangerous world, we need to think very carefully about how military force is used. Game theory can serve us in such analyses by providing a framework for probing the inextricable connections between our adversaries' decision problems and our own. To illustrate the power of game theory, the author focuses on a vital question that confronts American policymakers today : what determines why an application of military force, which was intended to deter potential adversaries, sometimes instead stimulates them to more militant reactions against us ? When we feel that force is necessary, what can we do to minimize the risk of such adverse reactions ?' DNIESTER MOLDOVAN REPUBLIC--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS Thawing a Frozen Conflict : Legal Aspects of the Separatist Crisis in Moldova = Dezghetarea unui Conflict Inghetat : Aspecte Legale ale Crizei Separtiste din Moldova. - [s.l.] : Association of the Bar of the City of New York, [s.d.]. 124 p.; 24 cm. ID number: 80021662 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01060 'This report considers three main legal issues : (a) whether the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (TMR) has a right under international law to autonomy or possibly sovereignty; (b) what the legal concerns are regarding the transfer of property located in Transnistria by the TMR leadership; and, (c) what role 'third-party' States have in the ongoing conflict and, in particular, the international legal implications of Russian economic pressure and military presence in the TMR.' EU--ESDP European Security and Defence Policy : An Implementation Perspective. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2008. xviii, 226 p.; 24 cm. (Routledge Advances in European Politics) ID number: 80021668 Type: M Library Location: 448 /00064 ISBN: 9780415431736 Bibliography: p. 206-218. Includes index. 'Security and defence is an area in which the EU has advanced considerably in recent years. A principal element of this process, which stands out in the general malaise that has befallen European integration, is the proliferating number of military and civilian crisis management missions around the world. Clearly Europe has come a long way since the disappointments and frustrations of the 1990s and it is since then that the newly developed European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) has become the necessary framework for the formulation and implementation of effective European security policy. This book provides an in-depth, critical enquiry of the ESDP in action. It analyzes the implementation of military and civilian missions in the Balkans, Southern Caucasus, Africa and Asia and asks what impact they have on the ground.'

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EU--FOREIGN RELATIONS Pioneering Foreign Policy : The EU Special Representatives / by Giovanni Grevi. - Paris : European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2007. 161 p.; 24 cm. (Chaillot Papers ; 106) ID number: 80021656 Type: M Library Location: 441 /00169 ISBN: 9789291981212 Author(s): 1. Grevi, Giovanni 'Over the last ten years, the EU Special Representatives (EUSRs) have pioneered EU foreign policy in countries and regions of direct interest to the Union. EUSRs are a face of the Union, enhancing its visibility and they give it a voice, seeking to deliver a single message to local and international partners. In addition, they provide information and analysis from the field to EU decision-making bodies and they help coordinate the panoply of instruments that the EU deploys on the ground. In a permanent interaction with EU institutions and Member States, the EUSRs play therefore an important role in EU foreign policy. The function of the EUSRs has been developing in a relatively pragmatic, and not always effective, way. Their number has grown from two in 1996 to nine today, and their geographical scope and policy mandates have been steadily expanding. What are the main tasks of the EUSRs ? How has their role evolved over time ? How do the EUSRs fit and deliver within the EU institutional framework ? This paper seeks to address these questions, and outlines some proposals on what could be done to enhance the performance of the EU Special Representatives.' EU--USA Seeing Blue : American Visions of the European Union / by Esther Brimmer. - Paris : European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2007. 77 p.; 24 cm. (Chaillot Papers ; 105) ID number: 80021657 Type: M Library Location: 441 /00170 ISBN: 9789291981182 Author(s): 1. Brimmer, Esther 'This paper explores American perspectives on the EU, particularly as a global strategic actor. Americans' views of the EU do not simply run along party political lines; instead there is a complex range of opinion. This volume identifies and analyses different schools of thought. Building on this framework, the paper considers American views on themes ranging from the European Security and Defence Policy to European diplomatic engagement with China, Russia, and Iran, cooperation on global issues, and relations between the EU and NATO. The paper also considers transatlantic relations in the context of American electoral politics.' EUROPE--ARMED FORCES--PROCUREMENT Lessons Learned from European Defence Equipment Programmes. - Paris : European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2007. 37 p.; 30 cm. (Occasional Paper ; 69) ID number: 80021659 Type: M Library Location: 355 /00509 ISBN: 9789291981199 'This paper explores the issue of European armaments cooperation. It also discusses the challenges facing European arms cooperation, especially in the fields of juste retour, industrial consolidation and static defence budgets, research, technology and redundant industrial

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skills.' FIREARMS Jane's Infantry Weapons : 2008-2009. - 34th ed. - Coulsdon, UK : Jane's Information Group, 2008. 943 p. : ill.; 33 cm. ID number: 80021674 Type: REF Library Location: 623 /00173 REF ISBN: 9780710628343 Includes index. FIREARMS--AFRICA, WEST La convention de la CEDEAO sur les armes legeres et de petit calibre : analyse et recommandations pour un plan d'action = ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons : Analysis and Recommendations for the Development of a Plan of Action / by Ilhan Berkol. - Bruxelles : GRIP, 2007. 55 p.; 30 cm. (Rapports du GRIP ; 2/2007) ID number: 80021655 Type: M Library Location: 382 /00320 Author(s): 1. Berkol, Ilhan 'La Convention de la CEDEAO sur les armes legeres et de petit calibre, leurs munitions et autres materiels connexes fut adoptee le 14 juin 2006 par les chefs d'Etat et de gouvernment lors du sommet d'Abuja (Nigeria). Le present rapport analyse cette Convention qui s'articule autour d'un preambule et de sept chapitres comptant au total 32 articles. Dans ses conclusions, l'auteur revient notamment sur le role essentiel de l'Union europeenne et son soutien au processus, avant de formuler un certain nombre de recommandations. Suit enfin le texte integral de la Convention.' Afrique de l'Ouest : l'harmonisation des legislations nationales sur les armes legeres : Burkina Faso / by Luc Marius Ibriga, Salamane Yameogo. - Bruxelles : GRIP, 2007. 23 p.; 30 cm. (Rapports du GRIP ; 3/2007) ID number: 80021654 Type: M Library Location: 382 /00313 Author(s): 1. Ibriga, Luc Marius 2. Yameogo, Salamane Bibliography: p. 23. 'En Afrique de l'Ouest, la proliferation des armes legeres constitue un obstacle majeur a la consolidation des fragiles processus de democratisation et un facteur d'accroissement de la pauvrete. Des lors, la Communaute economique des Etats d'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) souhaite promouvoir l'adoption de normes communes de lutte contre cette proliferation. Elle a ainsi incite les Etats a harmoniser leurs legislations en les alignant sur la Convention sur les armes legeres et de petit calibre signee en juin 2006 a Abuja (Nigeria). La presente etude analyse la conformite de la legislation nationale du Burkina Faso avec cette Convention, sur les plans normatif et institutionnel. Les auteurs soulignent les differents points de non-conformite. Le dispositif institutionnel burkinabe en place ne permettra de reels controle et gestion des ALPC qu'en remediant d'abord a la faiblesse des structures en les dotant de moyens en adequation avec leurs missions. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs formulent trois recommandations, axees sur la mise en conformite immediate du cadre juridique et institutionnel burkinabe, sur la sensibilisation de la population et sur un meilleur encadrement du systeme artisanal de

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fabrication, de transfert et d'usage des armes. La tenue rigoureuse d'un registre national des ALPC sera egalement indispensable. Sans oublier la collecte et la destruction des armes excedentaires et illegales. L'impact de toutes ces mesures ne sera perceptible que si l'on travaille a asseoir une stabilite politique interne et a construire un environnement regional de paix.' GERMANY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The Politics of the New Germany. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2008. xiv, 192 p. : ill.; 26 cm. ID number: 80021665 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01061 ISBN: 9780415353656 Bibliography: p. 180-188. Includes index. 'This book takes a new approach to understanding politics in the post-unification Federal Republic. Assuming only elementary knowledge, it focuses on debates and issues in order to help students understand both the workings of Germany's key institutions and some of the key policy challenges facing German politicians. Each of the chapters draws on a rich variety of real-world examples. In doing so, it highlights both the challenges and opportunities facing policy-makers in such areas as foreign affairs, economic policy, immigration, identity politics and institutional reform. The book also takes a bird's-eye view of the big debates that have defined German politics over time, regardless of which political parties happened to be in power. It pinpoints three key themes that have characterised German politics over the last sixty years; reconciliation, consensus and transformation.' IRAN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Iran under Ahmadinejad : The Politics of Confrontation / by Ali M. Ansari. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2007. 104 p.; 24 cm. (Adelphi Paper ; 393) ID number: 80021676 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01065 ISBN: 9780415454865 Author(s): 1. Ansari, Ali M. 'Robust, confrontational and given to bombastic rhetoric, Ahmadinejad has drawn condemnation from the West and praise from the Middle Eastern street in almost equal measures. This paper looks at the details of his political rise and assesses his presidency to date within the context of the dynamics of Iranian politics. Examining the key themes of his presidency, the paper assesses the effectiveness of his policies and analyses his populist approach, in particular his use of nationalism and the cult of the Twelfth Imam. It argues that Ahmadinejad, from from retrenching the conservative values of the early revolution, is very much a product of the social and political changes which have occurred since the end of the Iran-Iraq War; that his populism in both politics and economics, along with the maintenance of confrontational posture abroad, represents an ad hoc, and somewhat incoherent, attempt to disguise the growing contradictions which afflict the Islamic Republic, and the conservative vision of an unaccountable Islamic autocracy in the face of growing dissatisfaction, especially among key sections of the elite.'

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KOSOVO (SERBIA)--INTERNATIONAL STATUS Kosovo : A Universal Case or sui generis ? / by Islam Lauka. - Tirana : Kristalina-KH, 2007. 252 p.; 21 cm. ID number: 80021684 Type: M Library Location: 321 /00752 ISBN: 9789994396993 Author(s): 1. Lauka, Islam 'This book is a study relying on documentary evidence, historical sources, facts, events and positions pro and against Kosovo's independence. In this study, the author elaborates the official position of the USA, Russia and the European Union on the settlement of status of Kosovo.' MIDDLE EAST--NATIONAL SECURITY Regional Threats and Security Strategy : The Troubling Case of Today's Middle East / by James A. Russell. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. x, 46 p.; 23 cm. ID number: 80021661 Type: M Library Location: 355.4 /01547 ISBN: 1584873213 Author(s): 1. Russell, James A. 'The United States needs to undertake a strategic regional net assessment as it seeks to construct a regional security strategy to protect its interests and mitigate wider threats to international security. That net assessment should include (1) reviewing the role of security guarantees in promoting regional stability, an acknowledgment of the contradictory nature of the interstate and intrastate threats and tensions; and (2) the negative impact that the US obsession with force protection is having on its ability to effectively implement strategy on the ground.'

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MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Understanding War : History and Theory of Combat / by Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. - New York : Paragon House, 1987. xxvi, 312 p. : ill.; 24 cm. ID number: 80021669 Type: M Library Location: 355 /00511 ISBN: 0913729574 Author(s): 1. Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt, 1916- Bibliography: p. 299-305. Includes index. 'This is a sustained and rigorously argued attempt to put forward a general theory of military combat, one which will be valid across history and potent in its implications for strategies and tactics in military policy. It is, in essence, an application of the scientific method to the behavioral patterns of military action. The book achieves its special strength from the rigor of quantified analysis combined with a wealth of detail drawn from actual military history. A major conclusion of the book is that American military planners and commanders need to draw upon historical experience in constructing a science of military combat, a science which is more essential than ever in an era of high military technology.' NATO Adaptation of NATO : From the North Atlantic Treaty to Security in Pakistan. - Winnipeg, CAN : University of Manitoba, 2008. ix, 171 p. : ill.; 22 cm. (Bison Paper ; 11) ID number: 80021679 Type: M Library Location: 49 /00167 ISBN: 9780978086831 'Issues of NATO enlargement, post-Cold War evolution, inter-institutional relations, Afghanistan, and alliance issues are all addressed in this volume. It entails nine chapters, which have been broken down into three parts : intra-Alliance issues; inter-institutional relations; and enlargement, partners and out of area.' From Protecting Some to Securing Many : NATO's Journey from a Military Alliance to a Security Manager. - Helsinki : Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 2007. 69 p.; 25 cm. (FIIA Report ; 17/2007) ID number: 80021680 Type: M Library Location: 49 /00168 ISBN: 9789517691994 'NATO has changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War. While keeping its collective defence commitments, NATO has taken on new roles and tasks, enlarged its membership and created a network of partner states, all with the aim of increasing the security of member and partner states. NATO has thus remained relevant and useful to its increasingly diverse membership. The organization will continue to change, becoming what its members collectively make of it. Finland's relationship with NATO will also continue to change, whether or not it ever joins the Alliance. Finland must independently evaluate and make its defence and security policy related decisions. However, these debates and subsequent decisions cannot be engaged in as long as a key part of the European and transatlantic defence framework - NATO - is not understood.'

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NATO--HISTORY Transatlantic Relations at Stake : Aspects of NATO, 1956-1972. - Zurich : Center for Security Studies, 2006. 257 p.; 30 cm. (Zurcher Beitrage zur Sicherheitspolitik ; 78) ID number: 80021687 Type: M Library Location: 496.1 /00047 'This volume assembles articles covering the long decade of the 1960s in three sections. It focuses on rifts between Europe and the United States; on central issues including arms control, detente, and de Gaulle; and on the role of individuals in the transatlantic framework. In particular, the book offers an alliance perspective on issues including the Berlin crisis, the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Harmel Report. Taking into consideration a wealth of newly available primary sources - of governmental, institutional, personal, and public origin - the authors paint a complex and nuanced picture of NATO's 'coming of age'.' NATO--UKRAINE Ukraine and NATO : The Policy and Practice of Co-operating with the Euro-Atlantic Security Community / by Nienke de Deugd. - Groningen : Centre of European Security Studies, 2007. 154 p.; 30 cm. (Harmonie Papers ; 20) ID number: 80021686 Type: M Library Location: 355.4 /01551 ISBN: 9789076301228 Author(s): 1. Deugd, Nienke de Bibliography: p. 139-152. 'The first question central to this paper is the following : in what way has Ukraine dealt with the issue of participation with the Euro-Atlantic security community ? As a litmus test of the country's ability and/or willingness to move from the phase of policy-on-paper into that of policy-in-practice, the second question that is posed is : to what extent has Ukraine developed a system of democratic and civilian oversight over the armed forces ? In finding an answer to these questions, the guiding hypothesis is that, as concerns the issue of participation with the Euro-Atlantic security community, Ukraine has been unable and/or unwilling to put words into deeds. In addition, it is the contention of the book that this holds true with regard to the various European and transatlantic (security) organisations as well.' NATO--UNITED NATIONS NATO and International Organizations / by David Scott Yost. - Rome : NATO Defense College, 2007. 186 p.; 21 cm. (Forum Paper ; 3) ID number: 80021653 Type: M Library Location: 495 /00006 Author(s): 1. Yost, David Scott, 1948- 'This paper examines NATO's relations with the United Nations, the European Union, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe since the early 1990s, with due attention to problems as well as achievements. The paper also considers prospects for improved inter-organizational coordination, bilateral and multilateral, with a view to more effective policy implementation.'

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NATURAL GAS PIPELINES--CASPIAN SEA REGION Gazprom Monopoly and Nabucco's Potentials : Strategic Decisions for Europe / by Nicklas Norling. - Stockholm : Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2007. 43 p.; 25 cm. (Silk Road Paper) ID number: 80021685 Type: M Library Location: 656 /00002 ISBN: 9789185937066 Author(s): 1. Norling, Nicklas 'The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the uncomfortable dependence of Europe on Russian gas, the geo-politics involved, and how the Caspian Sea region could contribute to Europe's energy diversification.' NEGOTIATION Negotiation and Conflict Management : Essays on Theory and Practice / by I. William Zartman. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2008. vi, 299 p.; 24 cm. (Security and Conflict Management ; 1) ID number: 80021675 Type: M Library Location: 341.7 /00117 ISBN: 9780415429504 Author(s): 1. Zartman, I. William Bibliography: p. 271-292. Includes index. 'This book presents a series of essays by I. William Zartman outlining the evolution of the key concepts required for the study of negotiation and conflict management, such as formula, ripeness, prenegotiation, mediation, power, process, intractability, escalation, order. Responding to a lack of useful conceptualization for the analysis of international negotiation, Zartman has developed an analytical framework and specific concepts that can serve as a basis for both study and practice. Negotiation is analyzed as a process, and is linked to other major themes in political science such as decision, structure, justice and order. This analysis is then applied to negotiations to manage particular types of conflicts and cooperation, including ethnic conflicts, civil wars and regime-building. It also develops typologies and strategies of mediation, dealing with such aspects as leverage, bias, interest, and roles.' PEACEKEEPING FORCES, CHINESE China's Changing Policy on UN Peacekeeping Operations / by Yin He. - Stockholm : Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2007. 70 p.; 25 cm. (Asia Paper) ID number: 80021681 Type: M Library Location: 341.2 /00367 ISBN: 9185473405 Author(s): 1. He, Yin 'Beijing currently has a relatively active policy with regards to UN peacekeeping, especially when compared to its history or the commitments of other major powers. China's active policy on UN peacekeeping may contribute to the strengthening of the UN peacekeeping regime and the promotion of peace and security through multilateral cooperation. This paper intends to explain the rationale behind this policy.'

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RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--CHINA Russian Policy towards China and Japan : The El'tsin and Putin Periods / by Natasha Kuhrt. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2007. 228 p.; 24 cm. (BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies ; 42) ID number: 80021677 Type: M Library Location: 327 /01404 ISBN: 9780415305785 Author(s): 1. Kuhrt, Natasha Bibliography: p. 203-221. Includes index. 'This book provides an in-depth examination of Russia's relations with China and Japan, the two Asia-Pacific superpowers-in-waiting. For Russia there has always been more than one 'Asia' : after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were those in the Russian elite who saw Asia as implying the economic dynamism of the Asia-Pacific, with Japan as the main player. However, there were others who saw the chance for Russia to reassert its claim to be a great power, based on Russia's geopolitical and geoeconomic position as a Eurasian power. For these, China was the power to engage with : together China and Russia could control both Heartland and Rim, both Eurasia and Asia-Pacific, whereas accepting Japan's conception of Asia implied regional fragmentation and shared sovereignty. This book argues that this strand of thinking, mainly confined to nationalists in the El'tsin years, has now, under Putin, become the dominant discourse among Russian policymakers. Despite opportunities for convergence presented by energy resources, even for trilateral cooperation, traditional anxiety regarding loss of control over key resource areas in the Russian Far East is now used to inform regional policy, leading to a new resource nationalism.' RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--NATIONAL SECURITY Russian Security Strategy under Putin : U.S. and Russian Perspectives. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. v, 49 p.; 23 cm. (Global Security Challenges to U.S. Interests) ID number: 80021672 Type: M Library Location: 355.4 /01548 ISBN: 1584873272 'The two papers grouped together here were delivered at the Strategic Studies Institute's annual strategy conference for 2007. Increasingly, the armed forces and a vision of security as emphasizing hard rather than soft security have come to the fore in Moscow's national security policy process. Due to this institutionally-driven vision, Russia sees itself facing increasing military-political and strategic threats all along its frontiers. Recent Russian policies reflect that perception and Moscow's adaptation to it. We may think this threat perception to be misguided, even bizarrely misconceived, given our own beliefs about what American policy is and what its goals are. Nevertheless, the strongest forces in the Russian policy community have bought into that vision and have made policy accordingly. Therefore, the key point that readers should take as they read the two papers together is that Russian and American perspectives and policies are mutually interactive. They do not take place in a strategic vacuum devoid of all context, and develop to a considerable degree in response to the other side's activities and rhetoric. Neither we nor Russia can act in disregard of the fact that our actions have consequences and that other state actors in Eurasia, as elsewhere, also have a vote in shaping the context of international affairs and in the day-to-day conduct of U.S. and Russian national security policy.'

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SECURITY SECTOR REFORM Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform. - Berlin : Lit, 2007. xx, 291 p.; 24 cm. ID number: 80021666 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01064 ISBN: 9783825807528 'Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) play a crucial role in security sector reform and governance (SSR/G). In virtually all instances of recent and current SSR programme delivery, IGOs have either led the SSR effort or supported the lead provided by other actors. How this role is played is of vital importance for the prospects of fostering durable security and development in a wide range of countries. This volume looks at a selection of organisations that have been in the forefront of SSR activity or that have the potential for significantly developing their SSR agendas in the future. It is divided into four parts : conceptual issues; case studies on how IGOs have approached SSR in programme areas that are particularly representative of their overall action; case studies on the way various actors, primarily but not exclusively IGOs, have worked with each other in implementing SSR and supporting its implementation; and conclusions drawn from the various case studies as well as policy recommendations for future IGO work in the area of SSR/G.' UKRAINE--MILITARY POLICY The Security Sector Legislation of Ukraine. - Geneva : Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, [s.d.]. xvii, 909 p.; 24 cm. ID number: 80021663 Type: M Library Location: 355 /00510 ISBN: 9292220497 USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--LATIN AMERICA American Grand Strategy for Latin America in the Age of Resentment / by Gabriel Marcella. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. vi, 65 p.; 23 cm. ID number: 80021660 Type: M Library Location: 327 /01403 ISBN: 1584873108 Author(s): 1. Marcella, Gabriel 'President George W. Bush's trip to Brazil, Columbia, Guatemala, and Mexico in early 2007 underscored the critical value of a healthy Latin America to the United States as a global power. Latin America today is besieged by a powerful force of resentment engendered by a combination of weak states, social exclusion, criminal violence, and corruption. One consequence is the attack by radical populism against democratic values. In this context, the United States needs a new grand strategy that addresses the causes rather than the symptoms of the malaise. The author argues that such a strategy must strengthen the effectiveness of the democratic state in providing security, justice, and governance, as well as effectively engender a linkage of the 40 percent of the population presently excluded from the social and economic benefits of democracy to the national and international economy. Unless trends reverse, Latin American countries will be poor security partners and a continuing menace for international security. The author recommends imaginative courses of action for the grand strategy.'

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USA. AFRICA COMMAND AFRICOM's Dilemma : The 'Global War on Terrorism', 'Capacity Building', Humanitarianism, and the Future of U.S. Security Policy in Africa / by Robert G. Berschinski. - Carlisle, PA : US Army War College, 2007. vi, 71 p.; 23 cm. ID number: 80021673 Type: M Library Location: 355.3 /00113 ISBN: 1584873280 Author(s): 1. Berschinski, Robert G. 'Africa is a continent of growing economic, social, political, and geostrategic importance. The establishment of a new Combatant Command for Africa - AFRICOM - marks an important milestone in the evolution of relations between the United States and the governments of Africa. Through AFRICOM, the U.S. Department of Defense will consolidate the efforts of three existing command headquarters as it seeks a more stable environment for political and economic growth in Africa. In line with this goal, AFRICOM is pioneering a bold new method of military engagement focused on war prevention, interagency cooperation, and development rather than on traditional war fighting. The author contends that to achieve its goals vis-…-vis the African security landscape, AFRICOM must depart from the model of U.S. military operations on the continent since September 11, 2001. Using case studies from North and East Africa, the author argues that by amalgamating threats, overemphasizing 'hard' counterterrorism initiatives, and intertwining military operations with humanitarianism, AFRICOM's predecessors have harmed U.S. strategic interests. In line with this conclusion, he offers policy recommendations to maximize AFRICOM's potential for future success.' WMD TERRORISM Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction : Responding to the Challenge. - Abingdon, UK : Routledge, 2007. viii, 246 p. : ill.; 25 cm. (Routledge Global Security Studies ; 3) ID number: 80021664 Type: M Library Location: 323 /01062 ISBN: 9780415417143 Includes index. 'There is a widely held belief in the imminent probability of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction being used by terrorists against civilian targets. This edited volume critically assesses the suggestion that one safeguard against this possibility would be to strengthen existing international prohibitions against state-level acquisition of such weapons. A glimpse of the possible potential of terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction has been seen through the actions of the Tokyo Aum group, and through the use of chlorine by insurgents in Iraq. However, the extent of the real threat posed is as yet unclear, and safeguarding against it in developing countries will not be easy. This book assembles specialists in each category of WMD in order to examine the potential of expanding the three 'classical' arms control treaties in order to combat the threat posed by smaller terrorist groups, and draws conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of this suggestion.'

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JOURNAL ARTICLES ARTICLES DE REVUES

____________________________________________________________________________ AFRICA, NORTH--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The Unchanging Politics of North Africa / by John P. Entelis., 2007. (MIDDLE EAST POLICY, vol. 14, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 23-41.) ID Number: JA024390 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Entelis, John P. While differences in governing styles distinguish each of the four Maghrebi states, the fundamentals of power and the mechanisms of control remain unchanged. The rule of law is virtually nonexistent, separation of powers is a chimera, pluralistic politics is a sham, competitive elections are severely constrained, and individual liberties are continuously under threat of usurpation, compromise or elimination. AFRICAN UNION--PEACEKEEPING FORCES Staat Afrika paraat ? Crisis-beheersing op het Afrikaanse continent / by Martin Koper, Egbert Pos., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 548-552.) ID Number: JA024288 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Koper, Martin 2. Pos, Egbert The authors discuss the operational readiness of the African Standby Force (ASF) of the African Union (AU). The African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) outlines the AU's policy for the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts in Africa. Its main component is the ASF, which will have to operate as an African rapid reaction force made up of five regional brigades. Because of the demands related to AU-led missions AMIS and AMISOM, the AU Peace and Security Department has so far failed to be in the driver's seat in developing the ASF concept. As a consequence the regional brigades are in different stages of development. This lack of cohesion may have a negative influence on the cooperation between the regions and the ASF' success. It should be realised that once the ASF is established it will at best be a bridging force. In spite of these problems the development of the ASP is crucial to the African Union and support of the international community is recommended. APM CONVENTION How Does It Stack Up : The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention at 10 / by Peter Herby, Eve La Haye., 2007. (ARMS CONTROL TODAY, vol. 37, no. 10, December 2007, p. 6-10.) ID Number: JA024395 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Herby, Peter 2. La Haye, Eve The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, most often referred to as the Ottawa Convention, is built on a few simple ideas : civilians should not be killed or maimed by weapons that strike blindly and senselessly, either during or after conflicts; wars should end when

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the fighting stops; and postconflict communities should be free to rebuild without risking lives and livelihoods to do so. ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT--1993---PEACE Rendez-vous in Annapolis / by Alfred Pijpers., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 12, december 2007, p. 591-595.) ID Number: JA024293 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Pijpers, Alfred The author discusses new developments in the Middle East peace process. In July 2007, President Bush announced to convene before the end of the year an international conference on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. The obstacles are formidable. Israel wants to retain the territorial status quo as much as possible. Concessions are difficult, because the ultra-orthodox Shas party and the nationalist party of Avigodr Lieberman have already announced to leave the Israeli government if the 'final status' issues are discussed in Annapolis. The Palestinian Authority (PA) is pressing for a complete Israeli withdrawal from all territories occupied since the June War of 1967. This is also the position of the Arab League. The PA cannot make many concessions in this regard, because these will play into the cards of Hamas, which rejects the peace conference. For all parties concerned, including the United States and the European Union, it is important to draw lessons from the past. Annapolis will not bring a breakthrough, but it may be useful as a stepping stone for a comprehensive settlement in the future. ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Missile Madness / by Jane Sharp., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 12, December 2007, p. 15-17.) ID Number: JA024275 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sharp, Jane Russia says this is the month it will pull out of a 1990 treaty limiting conventional forces in Europe. The decision comes after heated disputes over the future of Kosovo and Washington's plan for missile defences in Europe. The West is missing a trick : new arms agreements are needed, not new missiles. ASEAN ASEAN and Community Building : Employing ASEAN to Reengage the Asian Community / by Ong Keng Yong., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 22-28.) ID Number: JA024358 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Yong, Ong Keng For 40 years ASEAN has been encouraging community-building in East Asia in different ways. The organization is a unique, constructive example of community-building and provides a forum for dialogue and cooperation between East Asian nations. The 'ASEAN way' of interstate relations is a workable vision for the future.

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ASEAN--BURMA Time to Suspend Myanmar : Myanmar Membership Does not Serve ASEAN's Interests / by Barry Desker., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 29-31.) ID Number: JA024357 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Desker, Barry In light of recent human rights violations in Myanmar, ASEAN should suspend the military regime's membership. As long as Myanmar is part of the highest councils of ASEAN, the organization will lack credibility addressing humanitarian issues elsewhere in the world. ASYMMETRIC WARFARE L'etat de guerre au XXIe siecle / by Joseph Joffe., 2007. (COMMENTAIRE, vol. 30, no. 120, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 927-933.) ID Number: JA024302 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Joffe, Joseph AZERBAIJAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS Aussenpolitische Orientierung Aserbaidschans im Jahr 2006 : ein Jahr der vorsichtigen Partnerschaft und Distanz / by Rauf Dschafarow., 2008. (OSTERREICHISCHE MILITARISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, 46. Jg., Heft 1, Janner - Februar 2008, S. 51-56.) ID Number: JA024359 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Dschafarow, Rauf BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSES--USA V. Putin - G. Bush : 'Playing the Same Game' / by Mikhail Bragin., 2007. (INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (Minneapolis), vol. 53, no. 5, 2007, p. 1-11.) ID Number: JA024340 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bragin, Mikhail Going Ballistic Over Missile Defenses : What Matters and Why / by Stephen J. Cimbala., 2007. (JOURNAL OF SLAVIC MILITARY STUDIES, vol. 20, no. 4, October - December 2007, p. 449-473.) ID Number: JA024410 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Cimbala, Stephen J. Missile defenses have become a source of controversy between the United States and Russia, out of proportion to their technological capabilities and in negligence of strategic and political realities. Cooler heads should prevail. U.S. or other national missile defenses will not abolish mutual deterrence based on assured retaliation. In addition, whether defenses support or undermine deterrence is a question of political intent, not of technology determinism. U.S. missile defenses deployed in Europe, for example, might be provocateurs of Russian distrust or they might be instruments of collaborative research and development under a regime of cooperative security.

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Prospects for Russian-American Missile Defence Cooperation : Lessons from RAMOS and JDEC / by Victoria Samson., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 494-512.) ID Number: JA024431 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Samson, Victoria American officials have long proclaimed the importance of missile defence cooperation with Russia, and bilateral cooperation on the issue is an obvious solution to missile defence security dilemmas. What are the prospects for bilateral cooperation on missile defence ? The year 2007 witnessed an unprecedented missile defence controversy, arising from American plans to base new defence installations in Europe, ostensibly to counter the threat of long-range missiles from Iran. Russian leaders, most prominently President Vladimir Putin, harshly criticized these plans for undermining Russian security and demanded the United States to drop its proposal. Instead Putin offered use of a Russian radar in Azerbaijan to detect missiles from Iran. This article reviews two earlier attempts at bilateral cooperation : the Russian American Observation Satellite (RAMOS) and the Joint Data Exchange Center (JDEC). One was cancelled. The other has been stalled in endless negotiation. Neither example bodes well for future missile defence cooperation. The technical and logistical difficulties of creating and operating bilateral Russian-American security programs, when combined with residue of Cold War mistrust, make intensive Russian-American missile defence cooperation extremely unlikely. BENELUX ECONOMIC UNION Calimero in Europa : over de toekomst van de Benelux in de Europese Unie / by Hendrik Vos, Eline de Ridder., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 530-532.) ID Number: JA024285 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Vos, Hendrik 2. Ridder, Eline de The authors look into the motives for stronger cooperation between the Benelux countries in the context of the European Union. Traditionally, much attention is given to the fact that these countries are small member states that have to defend their position against the big member states. The authors argue that the big/small divide does not have any relevance in day-to-day decision making in the Union. They also state that the policy differences between Belgium and the Netherlands are rather fundamental, because they deal with the very nature of the European integration project. However, this must not prevent the Benelux countries from co-operating because they do have very obvious similar interests. The glue that binds Belgium and the Netherlands is a good knowledge of each other and concurrent interests in specific issues, rather than the (irrelevant) fact they are both small countries and the illusion they will find common ground on the most fundamental issues. CANADA--FOREIGN RELATIONS Intereses y valores en la politica exterior de Canada / by Jeremy Kinsman., 2007. (POLITICA EXTERIOR, vol. 21, no. 120, noviembre - diciembre 2007, p. 99-110.) ID Number: JA024336 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kinsman, Jeremy Multilateralismo efectivo y una relacion bilateral productiva con EE

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UU, Canada esta acostumbrado a equilibrar aspiraciones e intereses. Si la geografia le impone una frontera de 6.400 kilometros con 'la potencia', su voluntad multilateral hace del pais un actor internacional clave. CEFTA ALECE et Balkans occidentaux : entre integration regionale et integration europeenne / by Alexandre Sokic., 2007. (COURRIER DES PAYS DE L'EST, no. 1063, septembre - octobre 2007, p. 44-52.) ID Number: JA024310 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sokic, Alexandre Les deux derniers elargissements de l'UE ont fait evoluer l'Accord de libre-echange centre europeen (ALECE) en une zone de libre-echange balkanique liant les Etats issus de la Yougoslavie (Slovenie exceptee), a l'Albanie et la Moldavie. Le nouvel ALECE (dont le nom n'a pas ete modifie), signe a Bucarest en decembre 2006, remplace ainsi un ensemble de 32 accords bilateraux de libre-echange conclus entre les entites de cette region depuis 1999. Dans quelle mesure la reconfiguration de la zone ALECE peut-elle etre de nature a stimuler l'integration regionale et europeenne de l'Europe du Sud-Est ? CHECHNYA (RUSSIA)--HISTORY--CIVIL WAR, 1994- Terrorising Civilians as a 'Counter-terrorist Operation' : Crime and Impunity in Chechnya / by Vesselin Popovski., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 431-447.) ID Number: JA024423 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Popovski, Vesselin This article addresses the problems arising from the impunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Chechnya. International criminal jurisdiction over such crimes is impossible with Russia's veto in the United Nations Security Council and non-membership in the International Criminal Court. The victims may approach Russian prosecutors and courts, and if they cannot get remedies, they may apply to the European Court of Human Rights, which recently has found repeated and serious violations and ordered Russia to pay compensation. However, these are of little relief; they come in a limited number of cases, usually many years after the crimes and do not ensue in individual accountability. The continuing impunity creates a cycle of revenge and maintains high conflict potential in Chechnya. It also spreads criminality all over Russia; the military and police, after serving in Chechnya, bring the 'impunity syndrome' home with them. CHINA--FOREIGN RELATIONS Hu's on First ? / by Joshua Kurlantzick, Devin Stewart., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 63-67.) ID Number: JA024282 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kurlantzick, Joshua 2. Stewart, Devin As long as China remains so opaque that other nations cannot hold it accountable or even understand how its domestic politics operate, it cannot become a regional - or global - leader. Indeed, within Southeast Asia, may nations warming to China also have maintained close relations with the United States - not a popular actor in this part of the world these days - primarily because Washington still

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offers some degree of transparency. CHINA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--INDIA An Alliance of Rivals : Chinese-Indian Relations Are Gaining Ground and Attention / by C. Raj Mohan, Klaus Voll., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 58-61.) ID Number: JA024355 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Mohan, C. Raj 2. Voll, Klaus The rise of China and India is shifting the global balance of power from west to east, and the strategic partnership between the two countries is adding momentum to this trend. If the European Union wants to be more than just a passive onlooker, it must engage both Asian powers as a unified political force - and overcome its fixation on Beijing. CIVIL WAR--SOMALIA Broken City / by Sally Healy., 2008. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 64, no. 1, January 2008, p. 23-25.) ID Number: JA024456 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Healy, Sally Mogadishu is a broken city on the verge of humanitarian catastrophe. The international community' set piece strategy - intervention, the establishment of a government, a peacekeeping force, and stabilisation - is failing to deliver peace and stability in Somalia. At the heart of any new approach should be an early exit for the Ethiopian forces and a Somali-led process of political reconciliation. CIVIL--MILITARY RELATIONS--AFRICA, NORTH Civil-Military Relations in North Africa / by David S. Sorensen., 2007. (MIDDLE EAST POLICY, vol. 14, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 99-114.) ID Number: JA024403 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sorensen, David S. This article considers how three factors operate in shaping civil-military relations in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya : (1) the role of the military in political affairs, governing directly, or shaping the governing process behind the scenes, (2) the part that the armed forces play in nation-building; and (3) the military embrace of the language of nationalism to further their particular interests. CIVILIAN WAR CASUALTIES Restraint or Propellant ? Democracy and Civilian Fatalities in Interstate Wars / by Alexander B. Downes., 2007. (JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION, vol. 51, no. 6, December 2007, p. 872-904.) ID Number: JA024298 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Downes, Alexander B. This article investigates the effect of regime type on the number of civilian fatalities that states inflicted in interstate wars between 1900 and 2003. As opposed to several previous studies, the author finds little support for normative arguments positing that democracies kill fewer civilians in war. In fact, the author finds that democracies are significantly more likely than nondemocracies to kill

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more than fifty thousand non-combatants. Democracies also kill more civilians when they are involved in wars of attrition and kill about as many (and perhaps more) noncombatants than autocracies in such wars. These findings provide qualified support for institutional arguments about democratic accountability. Other implications of the institutional view, however, are not upheld, such as the argument that democracies select easy wars that should result in few civilian casualties because they are won quickly and decisively. Finally, democracies do not appear to kill fewer civilians in more recent wars. CONFLICTS Pour une approche profane des conflits de l'apres Guerre froide / by Georges Corm., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 25-41.) ID Number: JA024378 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Corm, Georges Dans l'actuel monde globalise, les justifications des conflits font, paradoxalement, de plus en plus appel a des considerations de nature anthropologique, religieuse ou ethnique. Face a cette derive, il convient de revenir a une analyse profane des conflits, qui cherche a retablir une connaissance des causes reelles et multiples des guerres. Les facteurs demographiques, geographiques, economiques, politiques, historiques, ideologiques et culturels doivent etre pris en compte. Dans cette perspective, il convient de respecter certaines precautions methodologiques, notamment eviter la vision binaire du monde et la causalite unique, et deconstruire les vocabulaires. Cette approche permet de dresser une typologie des conflits, qui reflete les problemes sociopolitiques majeurs de ce debut de XXIe siecle. COUNTERINSURGENCY--GREAT BRITAIN Counter-Insurgency : Echoes from the Past / by Glenn Torpy., 2007. (RUSI JOURNAL, vol. 152, no. 5, October 2007, p. 18-22.) ID Number: JA024259 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Torpy, Glenn COUNTERINSURGENCY--USA Training Foreign Police : A Missing Aspect of US Security Assistance to Counterinsurgency / by Walter C. Ladwig., 2007. (COMPARATIVE STRATEGY, vol. 26, no. 4, July - September 2007, p. 285-293.) ID Number: JA024267 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Ladwig, Walter C. The lack of an institutional capacity and a legal authority to train foreign police forces is undercutting US security assistance in the war on terror. From Iraq to Afghanistan to the Philippines, effective police forces are a key component of efforts to combat insurgency. This article discusses the importance of effective policing to counterinsurgency, briefly explores the history of American police assistance during the Cold War, and proposes a means by which, for a fraction of what it spends annually on military assistance programs, the United States can leverage domestic police academies to provide high quality support and assistance to foreign law enforcement agencies.

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CUBA--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Brother in Arms : Transitioning from One Castro to Another in Cuba / by Mark Joyce., 2007. (RUSI JOURNAL, vol. 152, no. 5, October 2007, p. 58-62.) ID Number: JA024262 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Joyce, Mark CZECH REPUBLIC--FOREIGN RELATIONS Czech Foreign Policy : Farewell to Svejk / by Robert Schuster., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 47-56.) ID Number: JA024406 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Schuster, Robert DAYTON PEACE ACCORDS (1995) The Bosnian Peace Process : The Power-Sharing Approach Revisited / by Nikolaos Tzifakis., 2007. (PERSPECTIVES, no. 28, Summer 2007, p. 85-101.) ID Number: JA024319 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Tzifakis, Nikolaos This article argues that the post-Dayton political organisation of Bosnia represents an exemplary illustration of the difficulties associated with the empirical application of the pluralist model of 'consociational democracy'. The country's political system has been predicated on the existence of consensus and the spirit of cooperation among the three ethnic groups without, however, offering any electoral or political incentives to their leaderships to cooperate. Also, the inclusion of several elements to the Dayton accords of a partition approach to conflict resolution has even encouraged the ethnic leaderships to maintain their nationalistic programs and their endeavours to exploit the aforementioned power-sharing arrangements. Indeed, the structural deficiencies of the Dayton agreement have permitted nationalists to continue implementing their ethnic agendas and have accounted for the slow progress towards the implementation of the Bosnian peace process. Therefore, this article elaborates on the international policies in Bosnia, aimed at transforming the country into a viable multiethnic state, and highlights the significance of motivations for implementing the peace process. DEMOCRACY--CEE Must Democracy Continue to Retreat in Postcommunist Europe and Eurasia ? / by Adrian A. Basora., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 3-24.) ID Number: JA024312 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Basora, Adrian A. In late 2004, Ukraine's Orange Revolution appeared to herald a second wave of democratic transformation destined to sweep through much of postcommunist Europe and Eurasia. Now, only three years later, this wave has dissipated. Some analysts see democracy as being in retreat and they view the lessons of 1989-2004 as no longer applicable. This article posits that democratic progress is, in fact, still achievable in many former communist countries, and that a look at recent history provides important perspectives towards that goal. However, both the region's reform leaders and Western policy makers must also take full account of the new 'post-communist' paradigm. This paradigm is

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characterized by Russia's negative and increasing influence, the European Union's 'expansion fatigue', the waning U.S. democracy-promotion efforts and credibility, and some degree of democratic disillusionment. With re-invigorated and more united efforts, the impressive post-1989 gains in democratization can be consolidated and new momentum built towards the goal of 'a Europe whole and free'. The Tasks of Democratic Transition and Transferability / by Valerie Bunce., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 25-40.) ID Number: JA024313 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bunce, Valerie There is no single road to democracy. However, there are some factors that seem to have consistently positive effects on democratic development. These include the existence of a large and diverse civil society; a sharp political break with the authoritarian past, followed by regular turnovers in political institutions which empower parliaments and, in culturally diverse societies, give minorities political voice without locking them into permanent coalitions that block collaboration across group divides in pursuit of common goals. Less important are economic considerations - though economic reforms are far more likely in democratic settings than in authoritarian regimes and far more supportive over the medium- and-long-term of robust economic performance. DEMOCRATIZATION Can Outsiders Bring Democracy to Post-Conflict States ? / by John R. Schmidt., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 107-122.) ID Number: JA024332 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Schmidt, John R. Most interventions by outside forces to promote democracy in post-conflict states since WWII have failed. The most successful were in societies such as Germany and Japan, featuring relatively high per capita GNP and diversified middle class economies. Among societies in general, prospects for democracy tend to diminish as per capita GNP decreases. The effects of conflict make democracy promotion considerably more difficult, particularly when poorer societies are plagued by week institutions, corruption, religious extremism and ethnic, religious or factional animosities. Even if outsiders are able to control violence and actively promote democracy, success will depend on the underlying political culture and willingness of key political actors to play by democratic rules once the outsiders have gone. Hence, outsiders need to develop the best possible understanding of their prospects for success before committing to intervention, particularly when the resource demands are likely to be high. DEMOCRATIZATION--AFRICA, NORTH Divergent Democratization : The Paths of Tunisia, Morocco and Mauritania / by Dafna Hochman., 2007. (MIDDLE EAST POLICY, vol. 14, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 67-83.) ID Number: JA024400 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hochman, Dafna Why have poor and less-developed Mauritania and Morocco far outpaced their richer neighbour Tunisia in terms of democratization, often defined as a movement toward greater political participation and contestation, as well as civil rights ? This article assesses three

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likely explanations : the power of economic development to perpetuate stable authoritarianism; the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and multiparty democratization; and the institutional differences among military, personal and one-party rule. After comparing the status of political and civil rights in Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia in 1987 with the status of such rights today, this article then assesses these three explanations and concludes by asking whether and how - the Bush administration's democratization policies might have influenced the three states' democratization trajectories. DEMOCRATIZATION--EAST ASIA Lessons from Democratic Transitions : Case Studies from Asia / by Tom Ginsburg., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no.1, Winter 2008, p. 91-105.) ID Number: JA024331 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Ginsburg, Tom In an era when democratization is stalled or in retreat in many parts of the world, it is important to highlight the successful experience of East and Southeast Asia in recent decades. Five consolidated democracies have emerged since the mid-1980s; only Thailand has seen some backsliding with the 2006 coup. The Asian cases provide insights into several major debates in the democratization literature, including the relative importance of culture, history, economic structure, and the optimal sequencing of political and economic reform. This article reviews these issues, with particular attention to the role of outside powers in underpinning democratization. Ultimately, the Asian cases offer evidence for optimism about the prospects of a Fourth Wave of democratization. DEMOCRATIZATION--UKRAINE Ukraine : Lessons Learned from Other Postcommunist Transitions / by Mykola Riabchuk., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 41-64.) ID Number: JA024314 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Riabchuk, Mykola Three years have passed since the Orange masses swelled in the streets of Kyiv and yet, despite the Orange Revolution's promises of democratization, state weakness and governmental fragmentation continue to deter democratic progress in Ukraine. This article examines the situation in Ukraine today and argues that political, economic and social developments in the country have largely confirmed the Project on Democratic Transitions' hypotheses regarding the factors that facilitate or hinder post-communist democratic transitions. The PDT hypothesis concerning anti-democratic diffusion from Russia is particularly relevant to the Ukrainian case - as is the proposition that ineffective management of ethnic conflicts undermines democratic development. Drawing upon these and other relevant hypotheses, the essay presents pragmatic solutions for dealing with obstacles to democratic progress in Ukraine and underscores the important role Ukraine can play in influencing democratic development in its fellow post-Soviet states.

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DETENTION OF PERSONS--USA The Right to Challenge the Lawfulness of Detention : An International Perspective on US Detention of Suspected Terrorists / by Fiona de Londras., 2007. (JOURNAL OF CONFLICT AND SECURITY LAW, vol. 12, no. 2, Spring 2007, p. 223-260.) ID Number: JA024438 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Londras, Fiona de The attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11th September 2001 ushered in the 'War on Terrorism'; a hotly contested security paradigm in which the United States, in particular, has adopted controversial techniques in order to counter terrorism-related violence. One such technique is the protracted detention of suspected terrorists and governmental assertions that these detainees have no attendant rights to challenge the lawfulness of their detention by means of habeas corpus or adequate alternative. At every step, the United States Executive and Congress have designed laws by reference to perceived capacities in domestic law, and without reference to the deeply entrenched international standards on the right to challenge the lawfulness of detention. This article outlines and considers those international standards and argues that these standards, as applied by international law in a time of 'emergency' or other strain, would be an appropriate and effective framework on which to build a detention policy that furthered security without unnecessarily and disproportionately violating individual rights. DETERRENCE (STRATEGY)--USA The Continuing Roles for US Strategic Forces / by Keith B. Payne., 2007. (COMPARATIVE STRATEGY, vol. 26, no. 4, July - September 2007, p. 269-274.) ID Number: JA024265 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Payne, Keith B. The rise of hostile rogue states, new terrorist threats, and the proliferation of WMD and missile technology have all highlighted our need for an effective deterrence strategy in this post-Cold War environment. The fundamental questions of strategy we now face are to understand what and how we may be able to deter in a new strategic environment. Unfortunately, most of what we believed was true about deterrence during the Cold War is now misleading because international conditions have changed so dramatically. This conclusion does not suggest that we discard deterrence. It does, however, explain why our Cold War strategy of deterrence based on offensive nuclear forces and a mutual balance of terror must be reconsidered in toto. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS An Institutional Theory of Sanctions Onset and Success / by David Lektzian, Mark Souva., 2007. (JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION, vol. 51, no. 6, December 2007, p. 848-871.) ID Number: JA024297 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lektzian, David 2. Souva, Mark Why do economic sanctions sometimes succeed, but often fail, to produce a policy change ? The authors argue that the effect of economic punishment is conditional on a state's political institutions. In all cases, the key to sanctions success is to generate political costs for the target regime's winning coalition.

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However, because of different institutional incentives, economically punishing sanctions are less likely to succeed against a nondemocratic target than against a democratic target. Sanctions increase rents. This benefits nondemocratic leaders more than democratic ones. Also, nondemocratic leaders have smaller winning coalitions, so their core constituents suffer less from sanctions than democratic leaders. Additionally, the authors' strategic argument leads to novel hypotheses regarding the initiation of sanctions. They test hypotheses from their political cost argument against all dyadic sanctions cases between 1948 and 1990, using two different dependent variables and a censored selection estimator to take into account the strategic nature of sanctioning. ELECTIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Passing the Baton / by Richard Sakwa., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 26-28.) ID Number: JA024322 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sakwa, Richard Russia is feeling more prosperous and confident than the last time it held elections four years ago. Parliamentary polling in December will also be a poll on President Vladimir Putin, especially since he will be a candidate. Despite being managed, there is always an element of the unexpected when Russia votes and the west needs to listen carefully to the message. ENERGY POLICY--EU Towards a Real European Energy Policy ?., 2007. (STUDIA DIPLOMATICA, vol. 60, no. 2, 2007, Whole Issue.) ID Number: JA024377 Type: ART Independance energetique de l'UE : l'enjeu de la mer Noire., 2008. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 64e annee, no. 1, janvier 2008, p. 71-76.) ID Number: JA024447 Type: ART Energy Security : Real and Fictional Problems / by Mikhail G. Delyagin., 2007. (INTERNATIONAL ISSUES & SLOVAK FOREIGN POLICY AFFAIRS, vol. 16, no. 1, 2007, p. 77-83.) ID Number: JA024427 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Delyagin, Mikhail G. The issue of energy security is a complex problem with its practical and theoretical dimensions. The article assesses this concept from both perspectives offering the analysis of the Russian relation and commitments to the EU in terms of energy security and vice versa as well as the view on Ukrainian crisis from the Russian perspective. It also attempts to respond to some of the EU complaints towards Russia concerning the energy issue.

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ENERGY POLICY--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) L'Europe et la diplomatie energetique du pouvoir russe : defiances et dependances / by Celine Bayou., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 175-186.) ID Number: JA024393 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bayou, Celine Kremlin Inc. : le systeme juridique au service de l'industrie energetique / by Adrian Dellecker., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 851-862.) ID Number: JA024346 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Dellecker, Adrian Le 'retour' de la puissance russe suscite nombre de conjectures. Il semble bien que le Kremlin ait desormais une politique de predation commerciale, au service de sa politique interieure et etrangere. Un holding geant emerge, tentant de maniere systematique de controler le plus grand espace possible, amont et aval, du secteur de l'energie. Avec l'appui de cohortes de conseils juridiques, il tente de prendre le capitalisme liberal au piege de sa propre logique. EU Global Europe., 2007. (STUDIA DIPLOMATICA, vol. 60, no. 1, 2007, Whole Issue.) ID Number: JA024337 Type: ART A first part of this issue deals with the security policies of the EU. The second part brings in the Community dimension of external action. An essential element of the EU Strategy is multilateralism : working with partners, relations with a number of which are the subject of the third part. The final part is more inward-looking and assesses some of the concepts, institutions and capabilities on which the implementation of the EU Strategy is built. Die Europaische Union auf dem Weg zu einem weltpolitischen Akteur : Motive, Interessen, Visionen / by Heinz Brill., 2007. (OSTERREICHISCHE MILITARISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, 45. Jg., Heft 6, November - Dezember 2007, S. 643-654.) ID Number: JA024360 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Brill, Heinz Europe's Creative Chaos : Visions of EU Agency Lead Europe in the Wrong Direction / by Rachel Herp Tausendfreund., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 78-83.) ID Number: JA024352 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Tausendfreund, Rachel Herp Complaints that the new Lisbon Treaty lacks the grand visions of the failed constitutional treaty are misplaced. Visions of the European Union as a major player in world affairs distract from what the European Union is meant to do and does quite well. These ideas of EU grandeur also relieve the member states of accountability.

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EU--BLACK SEA REGION De facto 'States' around the Black Sea : The Importance of Fear / by Dov Lynch., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 483-496.) ID Number: JA024425 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lynch, Dov On 11 April 2007, the European Commission presented its Communication entitled 'Black Sea Synergy : A New Regional Cooperation Initiative'. This Communication reflected the influence of a combination of factors that have led the European Union to consider greater engagement in the Black Sea region. Most importantly, the enlargement of the EU in May 2004 and January 2007 brought the Union geographically to the coastline of the Black Sea itself. The Black Sea raises high stakes in the EU as it works to become a foreign policy actor. The complexity of engaging in the region is exacerbated by an additional factor - the existence of four self-declared 'states' : the Pridnestrovyan Moldovan Republic (PMR) inside Moldovan borders, the Republic of South Ossetia, the Republic of Abkhazia, within Georgian borders, and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in Azerbaijan. This article explores three questions raised by the existence of these de facto 'states'. First, the discussion examines briefly the concept of the de facto 'state'. Second, what has sustained these non-recognised entities since the collapse of the Soviet Union ? This section examines the particular importance of fear as a sustaining force. And third, what is the security impact at the individual, state and regional level of the de facto 'states' ? All three questions are relevant for the EU as it becomes more deeply engaged in the Black Sea. EU--ENLARGEMENT European Union : Enlargement and After., 2007. (JOURNAL OF COMMUNIST STUDIES AND TRANSITION POLITICS, vol. 23, no. 4, December 2007, Special Issue.) ID Number: JA024307 Type: ART Nouveaux Etats membres de l'Union europeenne : une integration reussie ?., 2007. (COURRIER DES PAYS DE L'EST, no. 1063, septembre - octobre 2007, p. 3-42 (plusieurs articles).) ID Number: JA024309 Type: ART Pro-EU and Eurosceptic Circles in Turkey / by Sedef Eylemer, Ilkay Tas., 2007. (JOURNAL OF COMMUNIST STUDIES AND TRANSITION POLITICS, vol. 23, no. 4, December 2007, p. 561-577.) ID Number: JA024308 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Eylemer, Sedef 2. Tas, Ilkay The recognition of Turkey as a candidate country for EU membership at the Helsinki Summit of December 1999 has provided a new basis for Turkey-EU relations after long years of association. Post-Helsinki dynamics have strengthened the position of pro-EU circles in Turkey. However, continuing debates between pro-EU and Eurosceptic circles still constitute an important domestic factor shaping the dynamics of Turkey's candidacy process. The interaction between these circles is characterized by cleavages on political and economic aspects such as compliance with the Copenhagen political criteria and the obligations of the customs union between Turkey and the EU. In fact, such debates are influenced particularly by the EU's stance over Turkey's

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membership. Positive signals from the EU help to strengthen the position of pro-EU circles. On the other hand, ambiguous signals and controversial declarations from Europe tend to have a negative impact on the credibility of the EU's conditionality, amplify the arguments of Eurosceptics, and thereby undermine Turkish public opinion's support for EU membership. EU--ESDP Sechs Jahre Europaische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik : und dann ? / by Jean-Paul Perruche., 2007. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 56. Jg., Nr. 12, Dezember 2007, S. 10-13.) ID Number: JA024364 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Perruche, Jean-Paul Mehrheitsentscheidung - Europaische Armee - Gemeinsame Verteidigung : Entwicklungstendenzen der ESVP / by Jochen Rehrl., 2007. (OSTERREICHISCHE MILITARISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, 45. Jg., Heft 6, November - Dezember 2007, S. 655-664.) ID Number: JA024361 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Rehrl, Jochen EU--FOREIGN RELATIONS The Perils of Performance : EU Foreign Policy and the Problem of Legitimization / by Christopher J. Bickerton., 2007. (PERSPECTIVES, no. 28, Summer 2007, p. 24-42.) ID Number: JA024318 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bickerton, Christopher J. This article argues that an important feature of contemporary EU foreign policy is the problem of legitimization. The article develops an account of EU foreign policy, from EPC in the 1970s to CFSP and the ESDP today, focusing on its function as a source of 'damage limitation'. The article then goes on to look at the emergence of pan-European legitimizing strategies for EU foreign policy, concentrating on the EU's 'performance legitimacy'. The article identifies a disjuncture between the emphasis on the external effectiveness of EU foreign policy found in this legitimizing strategy and the internal functionality of EU foreign policy encapsulated in 'damage limitation'. The article finds that relations between EU member states continue to trump their collective endeavour to act in the world. The article concludes that the limit of what the EU is able to achieve in international affairs should be located in the political sociology of the EU itself. Legitimacy provides a useful conceptual prism through which these internal limits and external actions can be connected. EU--MEDITERRANEAN REGION Trouble in the Neighborhood : The Proposed Mediterranean Union Will Not Strengthen Europe / by Kerry Longhurst., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 84-86.) ID Number: JA024351 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Longhurst, Kerry French President Nicolas Sarkozy is pushing for a Mediterranean Union modeled on European integration. While greater engagement and cooperation with the European Union's southern neighbors is a goal

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shared by many, the idea of an exclusive Mediterranean club has rightfully met with skepticism among France's EU neighbors. EU--TURKEY The Permanent 'Other' ? Turkey and the Question of European Identity / by Hasan Kosebalaban., 2007. (MEDITERRANEAN QUARTERLY, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 87-111.) ID Number: JA024327 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kosebalaban, Hasan The author's principal argument is that the primary obstacle for Turkish membership is rooted in a clash over how to define the European integration project itself. He first examines the evolution of Turkish perceptions of Europe and how hegemonic views of Europe have changed over time from that of the center of a singular civilization to a meeting platform of many civilizations. The author then compares this to historically rooted European perceptions of Europe and Turkey to show contradictions. In conclusion, he argues that, unless a civilizationally neutral redefinition of Europe is achieved, Turkey is bound to remain the permanent 'other' of Europe. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT--BELGIUM Belgische politiek stuit op grenzen / by Carl Devos, Nicolas Bouteca., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 522-526.) ID Number: JA024286 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Devos, Carl 2. Bouteca, Nicolas The authors show that the current Belgian institutional crisis has clear historic roots. The genesis of the political divide between the French- and Dutch-speaking regions of the country can be found before 1830 when Belgium became an independent state, but the institutionalization of this politico-linguistic dichotomy dates from the 1960s and 1970s. This political arrangement has resulted in an extreme case of sui generis federalism. Belgium is one of the most complex and ingenious federations ever built. The fate of the country in the heart of Europe is not only crucial for the Belgians. A separation of the two political entities of this founding member of the European Community could create a spill-over effect in other European nations with strong regional movements. FINLAND--NATIONAL SECURITY Regional Security Policy : The Finnish Approach / by Markus Lyra., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 81-92.) ID Number: JA024408 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lyra, Markus

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FRANCE--ARMED FORCES Quel format d'armee pour la France ? / by Etienne de Durant., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 729-742.) ID Number: JA024342 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Durant, Etienne de Avec les experiences multiples de l'apres-guerre froide, les appareils militaires des puissances voient reapparaitre la guerre limitee, et decouvrent l'asymetrie entre les protagonistes de ces guerres limitees. Pour le format futur de nos armees, il faut donc privilegier une logique d'emploi et une logique d'action, par opposition a de simples exigences de demonstration diplomatique. Des logiques qui doivent se traduire par un modele composite couvrant tout le spectre des engagements possibles a l'avenir. FRANCE--ARMED FORCES--RESERVES La reserve, d'hier a aujourd'hui / by Jacques Aben., 2007. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 63e annee, no. 12, decembre 2007, p. 103-110.) ID Number: JA024305 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Aben, Jacques La reserve militaire est, depuis toujours le moyen de faire varier au moindre cout l'effectif des armees. Elle est devenue, au fil du temps un symbole de la citoyennete et, pour certains, un instrument de distinction. Elle est aujourd'hui l'un des elements de l'action permettant a l'armee de lutter contre un risque (reel ou suppose) d'isolement. La cohabitation entre reserve operationnnelle et reserve citoyenne est probablement le moins mauvais compromis que l'on puisse trouver pour reconcilier ces exigences incompatibles entre elles. La reserve militaire et 'la guerre au sein de la population' / by Matthieu Meissonnier., 2007. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 63e annee, no. 12, decembre 2007, p. 119-126.) ID Number: JA024306 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Meissonnier, Matthieu La mise en evidence, dans des travaux recents des generaux Smith et Desportes, du deplacement du centre de gravite des operations militaires de la bataille vers la phase de stabilisation ou de 'guerre au sein de la population' conduit a d'importantes evolutions dans l'emploi des forces d'active. La reserve militaire reste cependant insuffisamment etudiee. Ces nouvelles circonstances rendent pourtant son emploi plus necessaire et plus opportun quand il faut durer, diversifier les modes d'action et agir aupres des populations. Les capacites qu'elle represente offrent une marge de manoeuvre jusque-la peu utilisee en France, mais d'un reel interet, alors que l'elaboration d'un nouveau Livre blanc est entreprise dans un contexte particulierement contraint.

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FRANCE--FOREIGN RELATIONS France, Europe, and the Mediterranean in a Sarkozy Presidency / by Norman Bowen., 2007. (MEDITERRANEAN QUARTERLY, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 1-16.) ID Number: JA024325 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bowen, Norman Personal relations between the leaders of the United States and France are likely to improve under President Sarkozy and Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner. French-American military and diplomatic cooperation will continue in the war on terrorism and in places of mutual interest like Lebanon. The United States may even find France a military partner in future unilateralist ventures. France would be open to helping with an Iraq exit strategy. Consensus on missile defense will also be easier to reach. However, on most of the pressing foreign policy issues that divide the United States and France, including trade, EU-NATO relations, and combat troops for Afghanistan and Iraq, Sarkozy will most likely sustain long-standing French positions. France's Mediterranean strategy will be complicated by greater US interest in the region; success will require a reinvigorated Euro-Med Initiative shephered by effective French leadership. FRANCE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--AFRICA Chirac 'l'Africain' : dix ans de politique africaine de la France, 1996-2006 / by Gerard Claude., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 905-918.) ID Number: JA024349 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Claude, Gerard Ses liens privilegies avec les dirigeants africains ainsi que sa maitrise des dossiers du continent dessinent un 'Chirac l'Africain', qui durant ses mandats, maintiendra l'influence francaise et les interventions de Paris dans le 'pre carre' traditionnel. Mais la presidence Chirac est aussi le temps du doute sur l'efficience de la presence francaise et celui d'une redefinition des interets francais sur le continent noir, en particulier en direction de l'Afrique non francophone. FRANCE--MILITARY POLICY Les chausse-trapes du Livre blanc / by Louis Gautier., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 743-755.) ID Number: JA024350 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Gautier, Louis Le prochain Livre blanc sur la defense ne peut etre une simple couverture des arbitrages budgetaires de la programmation a venir. Il doit formuler une doctrine correspondant a notre vision actuelle du monde, redefinir les missions des armees et donc les equipements qui en decoulent. Mais l'adaptation de notre modele d'armee ne peut sans doute pas se faire isolement : la cooperation europeenne doit rester, en depit de ses pietinements, un element central de notre strategie.

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GAS INDUSTRY--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Russia and the European Union : An Outlook to Collaboration and Competition in European Natural Gas Markets / by Michael D. Cohen., 2007. (DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, vol. 15, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 379-390.) ID Number: JA024432 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Cohen, Michael D. In the aftermath of recent natural gas and oil supply disruptions to European markets, Russia's long-term supply stability and Europe's natural gas market developments are of utmost concern to both the producer and the consumer. As Europe's indigenous supply declines, it will rely more on gas imports. Concurrently, Russia's domestic gas consumption is growing, its infrastructure continues to age, and Gazprom will continue to rely on both Central Asian imports and growth from independent gas producers to meet its long-term supply commitments. This article discusses a medium-term outlook for Russia and the European Union and outlines the barriers that are inhibiting competition and collaboration in the energy sphere. A Pipeline Runs Through It / by Jonathan Haslam., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 73-79.) ID Number: JA024284 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Haslam, Jonathan With Russia in the driver's seat on energy issues, Europe should worry about running on empty. Energy Reform in Russia and the Implications for European Energy Security / by Robert F. Price., 2007. (DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, vol. 15, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 391-407.) ID Number: JA024434 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Price, Robert F. Gazprom's long-term production capacity has been a source of concern both domestically and internationally. It has resisted major development projects out of concern for their high marginal costs and uncertainty over future domestic and international prices. Now the Russian natural gas and power industries are undergoing reform that has potentially far-reaching consequences for European gas supply and energy security. Given the scale of domestic sales and losses, the future profitability of the domestic market will be the determining factor in Gazprom's decisions for investment in future production. Subsidized domestic prices will not allow Gazprom to cover the high marginal costs involved in developing the new major fields that will guarantee domestic and export supplies. Therefore the program of domestic gas price deregulation, long advocated by Gazprom and newly accepted by the Russian government, will help guarantee EU energy security by encouraging new development through protection against guaranteed losses on the domestic market and also by driving down domestic demand through greater conservation, industrial efficiency, and fuel substitutions, which will increase the supplies available for export.

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GERMANY--ECONOMIC POLICY Le redressement economique de l'Allemagne / by Rene Lasserre., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 803-815.) ID Number: JA024344 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lasserre, Rene Le relevement allemand a tres largement ete entame sous les deux mandats de Gerhard Schroder, symbolise par les lois Hartz et l'adoption en 2003 de l'agenda 2010. Les choix du gouvernement dirige par Angela Merkel demeurent dans la lignee de l'Agenda 2010, avec cependant une inflexion en faveur d'une politique de consolidation budgetaire et financiere, ainsi qu'en faveur du potentiel de croissance et d'innovation. Le succes est net, mais reste soumis a nombre d'aleas internes et externes. GERMANY--FOREIGN RELATIONS La politique etrangere de l'Allemagne entre vocation globale et contraintes europeennes / by Hans Stark., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 789-801.) ID Number: JA024343 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Stark, Hans Dans l'OTAN, au Proche-Orient, dans les Balkans ou vers l'Est de l'Europe, l'Allemagne d'Angela Merkel se fixe des objectifs ambitieux, pas toujours couronnes de succes. Dans l'Union europeenne, la relance institutionnelle est acquise mais elle se paye de relations bilaterales parfois difficiles - avec la Pologne par exemple. Quant a l'engagement militaire exterieur, il reste circonspect et contradictoire. Il n'en reste pas moins que l'Allemagne, acteur global, est de retour sur la scene mondiale. GLADIO (ORGANIZATION) Preparing for a Soviet Occupation : The Strategy of 'Stay-Behind'., 2007. (JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIES, vol. 30, no. 6, December 2007, p. 929-1024 (Several Articles).) ID Number: JA024317 Type: ART GREAT BRITAIN--NATIONAL SECURITY Strategy and Fortune : British Security Policy in Transition / by Michael Clarke., 2007. (RUSI JOURNAL, vol. 152, no. 5, October 2007, p. 6-12.) ID Number: JA024258 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Clarke, Michael GREECE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--TURKEY Greek-Turkish Relations and the Kantian Democratic Peace Theory / by Theodore A. Couloumbis, Alexander E. Kentikelenis., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 4, December 2007, p. 517-532.) ID Number: JA024443 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Couloumbis, Theodore A. 2. Kentikelenis, Alexander E. Since the late 1990s, Greek-Turkish relations have undergone significant transformation. Both countries have reengineered their

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relations towards one another, and Turkey's candidature for EU membership has been an important factor in this transformation. The aim of this article is to examine the shift that has taken place in Greek-Turkish relations through the prism of the Kantian democratic peace theory. A conceptual discussion of the democratic peace theory is followed by a comparative analysis of the political, economic and institutional variables in the case of Greece and Turkey; and a presentation of the progress that has been achieved in many aspects of the bilateral relationship. Given the nature of the unresolved issues that continue to render Greek-Turkish relations vulnerable, the authors conclude that 'issue management' will most likely characterize bilateral relations in the short to medium term, hoping that the trends of economic and social exchange, cooperation and interdependence will continue on their current upward path. HAMAS Could Hamas Target the West ? / by Matthew Levitt., 2007. (STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM, vol. 30, no. 11, November 2007, p. 925-945.) ID Number: JA024273 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Levitt, Matthew A violent Islamist organization, Hamas is also a nationalist movement that holds 'resistance' to Israel as its highest goal. Unlike global terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda, Hamas has traditionally confined its violent activities to the local arena comprising Israel, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. While citizens of Western countries have been killed in Hamas' indiscriminate suicide bombings, Hamas has not taken its violent campaign abroad targeting Israeli diplomats or Western allies. Indeed, several layers of disincentives mitigate against Hamas targeting Israeli interests abroad or targeting Western interests. But under what conditions might Hamas be prepared to target Western interests ? The answer to this question requires a level of analysis approach that considers Hamas as an organization, as a conglomerate of semi-independent cells, and as a wellspring for rogue cells and independent actors, with these last two entities posing the greatest future threat. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there is precedent for Hamas considering the attacks on Israeli interests abroad and on Western interests themselves. In final analysis, the author believes Hamas unlikely to attack Western interests in the short term. But the following analysis reveals that under certain conditions Hamas' attack calculus could change in the future. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION When Something Must Be Done / by Anne Wittman., 2008. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 64, no. 1, January 2008, p. 26-29.) ID Number: JA024455 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Wittman, Anne The issue of our ability to act justly and wisely when human beings in other nations suffer, is back in the public eye because of the twin challenges of Iraq and Darfur. The extensive Security Council debates that led up to the Iraq invasion seem to have left the international community unprepared for the chaos that has followed. In Darfur, we are again witness to atrocities on a massive scale while conducting painstaking negotiations. Have we once again prioritised humanity, or are we just obeying the law ?

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HUNGARY--FOREIGN RELATIONS The Westernization of the East, or the Easternization of the West ? / by Laslo Lengyel., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 15-46.) ID Number: JA024405 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lengyel, Laslo INDIA--ECONOMIC POLICY An Infuriating, Beautiful Democracy : India's Economic Growth and Political Ascendance are Unstoppable / by Ramesh Thakur., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 49-53.) ID Number: JA024356 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Thakur, Ramesh India's economy - and its cachet with it - have grown enormously. Yet India is still grappling with the challenges of market reform, effective governance, and human development. Nevertheless, it looks resilient enough to steer the course. INFORMATION WARFARE Bits, Bytes and Bullets / by Rex Hughes., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 20-22.) ID Number: JA024320 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hughes, Rex The recent decision by the United States to create the world's first cyberspace command has enormous implications for the future of cyber warfare. As the sole hyperpower, the US stands a good chance of establishing the rules of the game. But, as the current global information and internet hub, it could also lose the most in a major onslaught. While no one can predict the potential for an electronic attack - an 'ePearl Harbour' or an 'e-9/11' - the thought keeps a fair number of Pentagon planners up late at night. Some cyber experts even speculate that a devastating attack on a national power grid could turn a developed country into a third world nation. Information highways need defence just as sea lanes once did. INSURGENCY--AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan Conflict : The Military Challenges., 2007. (MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 12, 2007, p. 24-29.) ID Number: JA024295 Type: ART Western armed forces, together with growing numbers of local government security personnel, face an intensifying insurgency in Afghanistan. Failure would risk boosting Islamic extremism, would produce a failed state in an area of strategic importance, and would offer safe haven to terrorist organisations and the narcotics trade. It would also undermine the credibility of the NATO alliance in its first major out-of-area operation.

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INTELLIGENCE SERVICE--PAKISTAN The ISI and the War on Terrorism / by Shaun Gregory., 2007. (STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM, vol. 30, no. 12, December 2007, p. 1013-1031.) ID Number: JA024299 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Gregory, Shaun Pakistan's Directorate of Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) plays an ambiguous role in the War on Terrorism. An important ally for Western intelligence with whom it has very close links, the ISI also has a long history of involvement in supporting and promoting terrorism in the name of Pakistan's geostrategic interests. This article explores the nature of the ISI and its aims and objectives in the post-9/11 era. It argues that the focus of the ISI's actions are to shore up Pakistan's ruling elite and to destabilize Pakistan's enemies by the promotion of Sunni Islamism at home and of pan-Islamist jihad abroad. The ISI's strategy, however, deeply conflicts with that of the West, a point underlined by the resurgence of Al Qaeda and the Taliban almost six years after the War on Terrorism began. With grave new trends evident in Pakistan, reliance on the ISI is failing and a Western rethink of its intelligence strategy toward Pakistan is now imperative. Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate : A State within a State ? / by Mark J. Roberts., 2008. (JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, no. 48, 2008, p. 104-110.) ID Number: JA024417 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Roberts, Mark J. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT Rethinking the US Policy on the International Criminal Court / by Brian A. Hoyt., 2008. (JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, no. 48, 2008, p. 30-35.) ID Number: JA024414 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hoyt, Brian A. Initial US concerns about the ICC, while well founded, have not materialized in the 5 years the court has been in existence. Over this period, many cases that have been investigated by the ICC have demonstrated both its effectiveness and impartiality. Given this track record, it is now appropriate to reappraise American policy. Research has shown that the organization is not well understood in the United States, particularly by the military. This article examines Government policies related to the ICC and how they have affected US interests. In an attempt to correct common misperceptions, the article also analyzes the major arguments for and against current policy on the ICC and related legislation. The International Criminal Court : A Concept Whose Time Has Not Come / by James P. Terry., 2008. (JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, no. 48, 2008, p. 36-40.) ID Number: JA024415 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Terry, James P.

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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Creating a More 'Just' Order : The Ad Hoc International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia / by Andrea Birdsall., 2007. (COOPERATION AND CONFLICT, vol. 42, no. 4, December 2007, p. 397-408.) ID Number: JA024399 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Birdsall, Andrea This article analyses the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in light of its potential for creating and institutionalizing justice norms in international society. The theoretical and analytical framework is based on the English School of International Relations and its central conflict between order and justice. The framework integrates a constructivist approach and the 'norm life-cycle' to explain the dynamic process of norm emergence and institutionalization in international society. The author argues that establishing the ICTY, despite a number of problems resulting from the way it was set up, constituted an important precedent for multilateral action towards institutionalizing respect for the rule of law and principles of individual justice. This suggests that these norms are being taken increasingly seriously and are being given priority over other fundamental principles of order, such as sovereignty and non-intervention. The ICTY's establishment constitutes a significant development in international politics and law and is evidence of the international society's move towards increased norm internationalization. The ICTY also contributed to the establishment of the International Criminal Court and the further institutionalization of human rights norms in creating a more just order. Peace through Justice ? The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia / by Rachel Kerr., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 373-385.) ID Number: JA024420 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kerr, Rachel The ICTY was established in 1993 with an explicit mandate to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of international peace and security through the administration of justice. In spite of early difficulties and widespread scepticism, the Tribunal evolved into a fully functioning international criminal court, operating in real-time over Kosovo in 1998-1999. From the point when the first arrests were carried out by international forces, in summer 1997, the ICTY was seen to be a key element of transition from war to peace in the former Yugoslavia. Critical to its success or failure, however, was the attitude of states in the region. This operated on two levels : first, without its own enforcement capability, the ICTY is wholly reliant on state cooperation in order to fulfil its judicial mandate; and second, the effective communication of its work is dependent on the attitude of the government and media in the states concerned. There is a symbiotic relationship between peace and justice, exemplified most clearly in the attitude of the European Union, which has made cooperation with the ICTY a sine qua non in accession negotiations. Dealing with the war crimes legacy is therefore recognised as important pragmatically in the short-term in order to reap the benefits of membership in Euro-Atlantic institutions. Behind this pragmatic approach lies the longer-term and deeper impact that dealing with the war crimes legacy will have on future peace and security in the region.

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INTERVENTION (INTERNATIONAL LAW) The Purpose of Regime Intervention, 1815-2001 / by Travis Nelson., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 444-463.) ID Number: JA024441 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Nelson, Travis This article is an examination of an understudied yet clearly significant international phenomenon : military intervention explicitly directed at regime change in a target state. This article argues that regime interventions are best understood not dyadically, but regionally. They are primarily attempts to stabilize regional interests of the intervening state. This hypothesis is tested through statistical analysis of intervention between 1815 and 2001. The statistical results indicate that regime interventions are marked by a strong connection between the intervening state and the target region and by direct instability within that region prior to the intervention. IRAN--ARMED FORCES Die militarischen Potenziale in einem moglichen Konflikt mit dem Iran / by Sascha Lange, Oliver Schmidt., 2007. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 56. Jg., Nr. 12, Dezember 2007, S. 34-38.) ID Number: JA024367 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lange, Sascha 2. Schmidt, Oliver IRAN--ARMED FORCES--POLITICAL ACTIVITY Les militaires et la politique en Iran / by Ahmad Naghibzadeh., 2008. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 64e annee, no. 1, janvier 2008, p. 129-134.) ID Number: JA024449 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Naghibzadeh, Ahmad L'intervention des militaires dans les affaires politiques est pratique courante au Proche-Orient. Le cas de l'Iran, ou militaires et religieux travaillaient de concert, est particulier. Aujourd'hui, les mollahs n'ont plus, pour les soutenir, que les Pasdarans. Nul doute que ceux-ci joueront les premiers roles sur les scenes nationale et internationale. IRAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS Les ententes multipolaires de l'Iran : aspects russe et asiatiques de la politique etrangere de Teheran / by Thierry Kellner, Clement Therme., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 875-887.) ID Number: JA024348 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kellner, Thierry 2. Therme, Clement Les responsables iraniens tenTent de tirer profit de l'emergence d'un monde multipolaire et de sortir d'un isolement impose. Ils developpent leurs relations avec Moscou, partenaire d'importance, ainsi qu'avec des pays asiatiques comme la Malaisie, ou l'Indonesie. Les echanges se developpent aussi avec l'Inde, mais surtout avec la Chine, partenaire

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commercial majeur, en depit des distances que Pekin entend affirmer vis-a-vis de la politique nucleaire de Teheran. IRAN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Tehran Gambles to Survive / by Sanam Vakil., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 414-420.) ID Number: JA024383 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Vakil, Sanam Iran's mullahs have concluded that provoking the West and repressing dissent are the way to maintain their hold on power. So far, their strategy has worked. IRAN--SOCIAL ASPECTS Devenirs iraniens / by Jacques Andreani... [et al.]., 2007. (COMMENTAIRE, vol. 30, no. 120, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 935-944.) ID Number: JA024303 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Andreani, Jacques 2. Demuth, Guillaume 3. Ullmann, Marc IRAQ--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Plan Z for Iraq / by Amitai Etzioni., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 44-47.) ID Number: JA024279 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Etzioni, Amitai A community-based security approach sets the conditions under which most of the work for formatting a new Iraq can be carried out by the major players in that nation - the three main ethno-religious communities. It would reduce the incentive for sectarian armed conflicts, provide a setting for political give-and-take and greatly curtail the need for foreign troops. This approach seeks a middle way, avoiding the partition of Iraq, creating three states and instead allowing Iraqis to form several semi-autonomous regional entities, while maintaining some powers in the hands of the central government. After Iraq : Picking up the Pieces / by Peter Galbraith., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 403-408.) ID Number: JA024376 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Galbraith, Peter The dream of a democratic, unified Iraq has left Iran triumphant, Turkey alienated, and Iraq itself irreparably broken. It is time to focus on achievable goals. The Death of Iraq / by Nir Rosen., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 409-413.) ID Number: JA024379 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Rosen, Nir Ethnic cleansing is almost complete. Sectarian militias fight over turf. Most Iraqis able to flee have done so. All that can be done now is to try and contain the damage.

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ISAF Ignoring the Insurgency / by Timo Noetzel., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 7-8.) ID Number: JA024264 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Noetzel, Timo The situation in Afghanistan is increasingly grave. Casualties continue and commanders warn of setbacks ahead. German troops are in the least dangerous part of the country, yet the debate back home includes the option of a pullout. The difficult decisions may have a serious impact on NATO and the Atlantic alliance. ISLAM AND POLITICS--AFRICA, NORTH The Dialectics of Political Islam in North Africa / by Clement M. Henry., 2007. (MIDDLE EAST POLICY, vol. 14, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 84-98.) ID Number: JA024402 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Henry, Clement M. ISLAM--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC) Islam in post-Soviet Georgia / by Bayram Balci, Raoul Motika., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, vol. 26, no. 3, September 2007, p. 335-353.) ID Number: JA024450 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Balci, Bayram 2. Motika, Raoul This paper explores Islam in Georgia and analyses empirical results from preliminary field research in Tbilisi, more particularly in Kvemo-Kartli, whose inhabitants are predominantly Shi'ites and ethnic Azeris, as well as in Adjaria, where Sunni Adjars are resisting attempts at (re)-Christianization. The reality shows that there are two major separate Muslim communities living in Georgia : the Shi'ite Azeris and the Sunni Adjars, who scarcely co-operate. The place of Christianity in the national ideology and the promotion of Christian values tendentiously lead to the marginalization or exclusion of Muslims from the national community. However, in their day-to-day life, Muslims are not discriminated against, and most of the time all religious communities live together in good harmony. In general, Islam is considered as a 'traditional' religion, and as such is tolerated by the Georgian authorities, which differs very much from the way they reject 'non-traditional' religions. JAMMU AND KASHMIR (INDIA)--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS Der Kaschmir-Konflikt im 60. Jahr / by Martin Pabst., 2007. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 56. Jg., Nr. 11, November 2007, S. 22-24.) ID Number: JA024368 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Pabst, Martin

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JAPAN--FOREIGN RELATIONS--CHINA New Footing for Japan-China Relations : Japan's New Government Can Improve Relations with China / by Yoshibumi Wakamiya., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 62-66.) ID Number: JA024354 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Wakamiya, Yoshibumi Japan's strained relations with China have improved immensely since a low point in 2005. The new prime minister, Yasuki Fukuda, is building upon the achievements of his conservative predecessor. With Beijing's and Tokyo's leaderships visiting one another again, there is realistic hope for better relations and cooperation. KOREA (NORTH)--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Verrassend voortbestaan : de uitblijvende omverwerping van het Noord-Koreaanse regime / by Sico van der Meer., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 553-556.) ID Number: JA024289 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Meer, Sico van der The author wonders why 'rogue state' North Korea can still be found on the political map of Asia. Although the Democratic People's Republic of Korea suffers from quite some problems, both national as international, no attempts of forced regime change are known. Within the country, where economic circumstances are dramatic, no opposition to the regime seems to exist. The author describes two main causes : effective indoctrination of the population and the so-called 'military first' policy. Regime change induced by international actors is not likely either, mainly because the states involved are afraid that a collapse of the North Korean regime will lead to such chaos that the situation will become even worse. As long as the North Korean leadership will act within certain limits and president Kim Jong II will not suddenly pass away, the author expects that North Korea will be a stable rogue state in the near future. KOSOVO (SERBIA)--INTERNATIONAL STATUS Kosovo's Road to Independence and Beyond / by Agron Bajrami., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 5-14.) ID Number: JA024404 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bajrami, Agron Kosovo : le piege va-t-il se refermer ? / by Jean-Arnault Derens., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 713-725.) ID Number: JA024341 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Derens, Jean-Arnault La victoire politique de 1999 ne regle rien, qui se termine sur des decisions de l'ONU fermant la porte a toute independance de la province. L'echec du protectorat a creer un Kosovo multiethnique debouche aujourd'hui sur un piege diplomatique qui menace les Europeens, aux vues divergentes, et les habitants du Kosovo. La partition est impossible et l'independance ne resoudrait en rien les problemes internes : le Kosovo est la derniere bombe a retardement de l'apres-Yougoslavie.

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Wolves and Bears / by Tim Judah., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 23-25.) ID Number: JA024321 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Judah, Tim December is decision time in the Balkans. If an internationally acceptable solution cannot be found for the status of Kosovo, then the Kosovans might decide to declare independence. The international community, especially Germany, will have a tricky decision to make. Kosovo : vele scenario's, een oplossing : Europese eensgezindheid gevraagd / by Tatjana Meijvogel-Volk., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 557-562.) ID Number: JA024290 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Meijvogel-Volk, Tatjana The author surveys the negotiations on the status of Kosovo after the withdrawal of the fifth concept for a resolution on the basis of the so-called Ahtisaari plan. Since any progress at the new negotiation round under the mediation of the 'Troika' in Vienna is doubtful, several scenarios are possible after the 10 December deadline. The option of recognition by the United States and the European Union would open opportunities to implement the Athisaari plan of supervised independence even without a Security Council resolution and thus without Russian and Serbian consent. A fast deployment of EU civil staff and a NATO military mission could ensure a smooth hand-over of responsibilities from UNMIK to Kosovo authorities and the staff of the new International Civilian Office. Even if the recognition of Kosovo under supervised independence would establish a problematic case of precedent it is still the best option since inherent in all other options, including the partition of Kosovo, is the danger of new instability in the region. Der kosovarische Knoten / by Martin Pabst., 2007. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 56. Jg., Nr. 12, Dezember 2007, S. 20-22.) ID Number: JA024366 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Pabst, Martin KURDS Raising the Stakes / by Robert Lowe, Gareth Stansfield., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 12, December 2007, p. 12-14.) ID Number: JA024276 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lowe, Robert 2. Stansfield, Gareth The Kurdish people are an awkward presence in the complicated and tense geopolitics of the Middle East. Whether in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, or Syria, they are in the midst of highly unstable situations. There is turmoil in Iraq; the possibility of a military attack on Iran; uncertainty over Turkey's political direction; and the continuing problem of the treatment of Kurds in Syria. Each country has a significant Kurdish population which, for all the diversity, poses related questions for these states and international policy. Increasingly vigorous Kurdish nationalism is raising the stakes. This has been strengthened by the firm establishment of the effectively autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq.

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MILITARY BASES, AMERICAN--ASIA, CENTRAL U.S. Bases and Democratization in Central Asia / by Alexander Cooley., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 65-90.) ID Number: JA024315 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Cooley, Alexander Under the Pentagon's current Global Defense Posture Review (GDPR), the United States is reducing its forces in several major Cold War base hosts and establishing a global network of smaller, more flexible facilities in new areas such as Central Asia, the Black Sea and Africa. Drawing upon recent evidence from the Central Asian base hosts of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, this article cautions that these new U.S. overseas bases, despite their lighter footprint and regardless of the prevailing security situation, risk becoming enmeshed in the local struggles and political agendas of elites within these hosts. Periods of turbulent democratic transition and regime instability may encourage host country politicians to challenge the legitimacy and terms of the U.S. basing presence for their own political purposes. These are important lessons for U.S. planners who are simultaneously promoting democratization while they negotiate basing and military access agreements in these same politically volatile hosts. MTCR Missile Nonproliferation and Missile Defense : Fitting Them Together / by Richard Speier., 2007. (ARMS CONTROL TODAY, vol. 37, no. 9, November 2007, p. 15-20.) ID Number: JA024324 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Speier, Richard NATION BUILDING--FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS Modern at Last ? Variety of Weak States in the post-Soviet World / by Andrei P. Tsygankov., 2007. (COMMUNIST AND POST-COMMUNIST STUDIES, vol. 40, no. 4, December 2007, p. 423-439.) ID Number: JA024311 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Tsygankov, Andrei P. Scholarly interest has recently shifted from issues of democratic transition to those of state formation and state viability. The paper reviews scholarly contributions to understanding state weakness and suggests criteria and indicators to capture stateness in the former Soviet region. It suggests a preliminary ranking of the post-Soviet states along dimensions of national order, economic efficiency and political viability. The paper hypothesizes a causal mechanism through which state development in the region may occur by incorporating both structural and policy-related factors. It concludes that most states in the region can only be characterized as weak, and their urge to become modern is therefore yet to materialize.

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NATO Global NATO : Bandwagoning in a Unipolar World / by Thomas S. Mowle, David H. Sacko., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 597-618.) ID Number: JA024436 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Mowle, Thomas S. 2. Sacko, David H. NATO must adapt to the structural imperatives of a unipolar world, or become increasingly irrelevant. The Global NATO initiative of 2006 would have begun transformation of NATO into a more flexible, effective, and legitimate organization. The benefits of NATO globalization are greatest for the United States. Unipolarity means that the United States does not need allies to ensure its security, but the United States nevertheless receives value from the existence of a pool of capable states whose equipment and training allow them to operate together. Unipolarity means that other states will be more likely to bandwagon with the United States than to balance against it; laundering that cooperation through an institution can enhance those other states' influence. A NATO expanded to include states that share common interests with the United States, acting in more flexible coalitions rather than always as a whole, would meet these goals. It would also be more effective and legitimate as an organization, since it would include greater military resources from a more diverse collection of countries. NATO--BALKAN PENINSULA Europe and the Muslim World : European Union Enlargement and the Western Balkans / by James Gow., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 467-482.) ID Number: JA024424 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Gow, James The Muslim aspect of both Bosnia and Kosovo gave an added dimension to relations with the European Union and NATO, working in the framework of partnership and with the prospect of eventual membership for the countries. Bosnia and Kosovo offered a chance to affect one of the most important questions on the contemporary security agenda : community cohesion and integration. Both Bosnia and Kosovo have been subject to substantial international engagement. The successful outcome of those implementation processes must result in peace and partnership involving the EU, NATO and the countries of the region, but the early accomplishment of those goals will mean diminished emphasis on the war crimes issue as a condition of progress. That outcome will embed recognised, non-radical, traditionally 'European' and more secular communities in the New Europe, sending significant political signals. NATO--FINLAND Finland and NATO / by Yuri Deryabin., 2007. (INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (Minneapolis), vol. 53, no. 5, 2007, p. 68-76.) ID Number: JA024338 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Deryabin, Yuri

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NATO--FRANCE Les Bruxellistes / by Olivier Kempf., 2008. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 64e annee, no. 1, janvier 2008, p. 77-85.) ID Number: JA024448 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kempf, Olivier Le debat autour de la place de la France dans l'OTAN est vieux, plus ancien meme que la sortie de l'organisation integree decidee par le general de Gaulle. La vie politique francaise s'organisait en trois familles principales : une quatrieme vient d'apparaitre et pretend rompre les blocages des trois precedentes. C'est ce que l'auteur entend evoquer ici. NATO--MIDDLE EAST NATO and the Broader Middle East, 1949-2007 : The History and Lessons of Controversial Encounters / by Sten Rynning., 2007. (JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIES, vol. 30, no. 6, December 2007, p. 905-927.) ID Number: JA024316 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Rynning, Sten The engagement of the Atlantic Alliance in the Middle East dates back to the founding of the Alliance. With one eye on this history and one eye on current controversies, this article investigates the preconditions for and nature of the allies' engagement in the region in order to assess whether the Middle East today is causing a rupture within the Alliance. The article finds that the Alliance was never likely to engage as one in the region. The Alliance instead guarded its cohesion by either letting the Alliance leader, the United States, take a lead role or by acting as a coalition enabling framework. This latter option has prevailed since the early 1980s. Today, NATO can preserve its cohesion and simultaneously engage in the region if it continues this legacy of coalition-making from within the allied framework. Conversely, an effort to engage collectively in the region will likely set of internal tensions to the extent that the Alliance itself will be at risk. NATO--NORWAY The Ambivalent Ally : Norway in the New NATO / by Svein Vigeland Rottem., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 619-637.) ID Number: JA024437 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Rottem, Svein Vigeland NATO's future has long been in question, with the core of the debate revolving around America and other great powers. This article finds comparable tensions among smaller members. Examining the case of Norway, it argues that since the end of the Cold War, Norway has lacked a clear mandate for its role in NATO, and as such been considered an ambivalent ally. This ambivalence is seen when Norway reluctantly follows through on NATO policy. NATO's readiness to act in the High North also is questioned. This article examines Norway's NATO relations in four dimensions, collective defence and collective security, position and values, influence and national priorities, scepticism and reliability. Here realism and constructivism can provide us with an analytical backdrop to explain Norwegian ambivalence. International power structures create and constrain windows of opportunity for Norway, but national and international norms and identity should not be left out of the analysis. Norway is

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entangled in realist politics, but the legacy of neutrality and the perception of Norway as a peaceful nation cannot be ignored. The result of this tension is Norway's unsettled relationship with the new NATO. NATURAL GAS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) Natural Gas in the Context of Russia's Energy System / by Leslie Dienes., 2007. (DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, vol. 15, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 408-428.) ID Number: JA024439 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Dienes, Leslie This article examines Russia's natural gas consumption in the context of stationary energy use, particularly the close linkage between electricity and heat supply. This interdependence will largely determine the prospect of domestic demand and will restrict the extent of adjustment. The author also investigates the constraints on gas production, exports, and imports. NATURAL RESOURCES--STRATEGIC ASPECTS What Resource Wars ? / by David G. Victor., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 48-55.) ID Number: JA024280 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Victor, David G. Classic resource wars are good material for Hollywood screenwriters. They rarely occur in the real world. To be sure, resource money can magnify and prolong some conflicts, but the root causes of those hostilities usually lie elsewhere. Fixing them requires focusing on the underlying institutions that govern how resources are used and largely determine whether stress explodes into violence. When conflicts do arise, the weak link isn't a dearth in resources but a dearth in governance. NAVAL STRATEGY--CHINA China's Energy-Driven 'Soft Power'., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 123-137.) ID Number: JA024333 Type: ART Energy security has prompted China to turn its strategic gaze to the seas for the first time in six centuries. For now, Taiwan remains Beijing's uppermost priority, but there are signs that Chinese leaders are already contemplating the 'day after' matters in the Taiwan Strait to resolve them to their satisfaction. In the meantime, China is attempting to shape the diplomatic environment in vital regions such as Southeast and South Asia using 'soft power'. By invoking the voyages of Zheng He, the Ming Dynasty's 'eunuch admiral', Beijing sends the message that it is a trustworthy guarantor of Asian maritime security. But the success of this soft-power strategy remains in doubt. China's New Multi-Faceted Maritime Strategy / by David Lei., 2008. (ORBIS, vol. 52, no. 1, Winter 2008, p. 139-157.) ID Number: JA024334 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lei, David As trade-driven growth and prosperity redefine both the Chinese economy and the global competitive landscape, U.S. policy makers increasingly must ponder whether the Chinese leadership will seek new options and capabilities to protect its far-reaching oceanic

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lifelines. As imported oil and raw minerals power the Chinese juggernaut, much of these flows traverse the Strait of Malacca and other littorals where there is little current Chinese capability to project power. In recent years, there is an ongoing debate among Chinese military circles regarding the feasibility of constructing a blue-water fleet that could change the balance of power in the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans. U.S. policy makers watch with increasing unease as a new generation of technically-savvy navy officers forcefully argue for a forward-looking maritime strategic posture that extends beyond the East and South China Seas. In addition, recent Chinese space-based and cyber warfare technology initiatives bear watching as Beijing seeks to nullify key U.S. advantages in C4SRI using a high-tech variant of 'asymmetric warfare'. Although it is unclear what direction future Chinese maritime strategy and doctrine will take, U.S. policy makers need to remain vigilant about rising Chinese maritime ambitions and capabilities in the future. NUCLEAR DETERRENCE Nuclear Weapons and Intergenerational Exploitation / by Matthew Rendall., 2007. (SECURITY STUDIES, vol. 16, no. 7, October - December 2007, p. 525-554.) ID Number: JA024418 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Rendall, Matthew NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION--USA From Non-Proliferation to Post-Proliferation : Explaining the US-India Nuclear Deal / by Mario E. Carranza., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 464-493.) ID Number: JA024428 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Carranza, Mario E. How can the reversal in American policy toward South Asia from the Clinton administration's strong condemnation of the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests of May 1998 and the enforcement of American non-proliferation legislation to the lifting of sanctions and the de facto recognition of India and Pakistan as nuclear weapon states be explained ? The Indian-American nuclear deal of March 2006/July 2007 is examined here through alternative theoretical perspectives to explain the American reversal. Defensive realism and social constructivism offer the stronger explanations for the shift under the Bush administration. Both can be used to explain a deal that makes major concessions in previous American policy. They also help draw attention to the problems arising from a situation where the future of Indian-American relations will depend not only on Indian but also American actions. The nuclear deal, it is concluded here, could irreparably damage the Non-Proliferation Treaty while increasing the danger of actual use of nuclear weapons in a future Indo-Pakistani war.

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS--SAFETY MEASURES--PAKISTAN Building Confidence in Pakistan's Nuclear Security / by Kenneth N. Luongo, Naeem Salik., 2007. (ARMS CONTROL TODAY, vol. 37, no. 10, December 2007, p. 11-17.) ID Number: JA024397 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Luongo, Kenneth N. 2. Salik, Naeem Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf's decision last month to declare a national emergency and suspend the constitution has ratcheted up concerns about the safety and security of that country's nuclear arsenal. Pakistani officials have categorically rejected speculation that their grip on its nuclear assets is loose, with Musharraf stating that Pakistan's nuclear weapons are under 'total custodial controls'. NUCLEAR WEAPONS--IRAN The Iranian Nuclear Threat and the Israeli Options / by Reuven Pedatzur., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 513-541.) ID Number: JA024433 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Pedatzur, Reuven As a result of developments including the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, Muammar Al-Qaddfi's decision to cease WMD programs, and the weakening of the Syrian military, only one potential strategic threat against Israel remains : the Iranian nuclear program. Iran's acquisition of nuclear weapons is likely to transform the Middle East's strategic balance, force changes in Israel's national security planning in general and its nuclear policy in particular. This article analyses the options open to Israel in response to a nuclear Iran, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Evaluation of the options available to Israel reveals seven alternatives. In the near future, Israeli decision makers will have to decide whether to adopt one or a mix of options ranging from preemptive attack to unconcealed nuclear deterrence. After analysing each of these options, the conclusion is that Israel probably will move to unconcealed nuclear deterrence in the event of Iran completing the development and the acquisition of nuclear weapons. How Will Iran Retaliate to an Attack on its Nuclear Facilities ? / by Dany Shoham., 2007. (CONTEMPORARY SECURITY POLICY, vol. 28, no. 3, December 2007, p. 542-558.) ID Number: JA024435 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Shoham, Dany The issue of a military strike on Iranian nuclear facilities to halt progress towards nuclear weapons is intensifying. This paper attempts to comprehend that possibility, along with its implications. It does not deal with the prospects for a military strike against Iran. But, since such an attack may take place, the present analysis inquires into the feasibility of non-nuclear, WMD-based Iranian retaliatory options, strategically and operationally, in case the attacker does not intend to eliminate those options, in conjunction with targeting nuclear facilities. Beyond the scope of this paper are the various ways to counter Iranian CBR weapons. This analysis supposes the absence of Iranian nuclear weapons at present. It is concluded that Iran endeavours to sustain rapid retaliatory capabilities by non-nuclear WMD in case its nuclear facilities are attacked. Iranian leaders also have the ability to choose to retaliate at once. A preemptive attack cannot focus exclusively on Iran's nuclear

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establishment. To be effective, it also must incapacitate Iranian CBR weapons, immediately before or in conjunction with the destruction of nuclear facilities. OSCE The OSCE and the 21st Century / by Marc Perrin de Brichambaut., 2007. (HELSINKI MONITOR, vol. 18, no. 3, 2007, p. 181-191.) ID Number: JA024270 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Perrin de Brichambaut, Marc Since the late 1990s, the OSCE has become a mirror of the difficulties of the process of transition within the large area it covers, of the resurgence of tensions among some of its participating states, of the rise of new challenges. It is difficult for a value-based organization to do better than its constituent parts; the OSCE is no exception to the rule. Still, the OSCE today has nineteen field operations deployed in seventeen countries, assisting states across three dimensions of activity. For all of the changes that the OSCE has helped to manage, the fact is that the OSCE's job is not over. Part of the original vision driving the CSCE and the OSCE was to help create a united Europe which is free and at peace with itself. In Central Asia's borders with Afghanistan, we are not yet there. The struggle for tolerant, democratic, and dynamic societies, which are at peace and have the ability to tackle the challenges of terrorism, extremism and environmental degradation will be an ongoing one throughout the 21st century. The OSCE has a key role to play. This article is structured around three themes. A first part examines the context currently facing the OSCE. The second part explores how the Organization is adapting to new challenges. A final section highlights areas where further adaptation and emphasis may be required. PAKISTAN--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Anyone for a Deal ? / by Gareth Price., 2008. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 64, no. 1, January 2008, p. 7-9.) ID Number: JA024453 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Price, Gareth Voters will be heading for the polls in Pakistan on January 8. But however the ballots are cast, the people will not necessarily decide who will form the next government. Power is at stake, and all the players are calculating how best to retain or acquire it. Fathoming Pakistan's Cycles of Instability / by Samir Puri., 2007. (RUSI JOURNAL, vol. 152, no. 5, October 2007, p. 52-57.) ID Number: JA024261 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Puri, Samir PEACE-BUILDING Problematische ambities van vredesopbouw : naar een rehabilitatie van de staat / by Duco Hellema., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 12, december 2007, p. 607-611.) ID Number: JA024291 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hellema, Duco The author reviews recent debates in the field of peace building. Several commentators have questioned the liberal assumptions and goals

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of the peace-building operations of the past ten to fifteen years. The attempts to transform war-shattered states as fast as possible into 'liberal market economies' have sometimes had disastrous consequences. Peace builders should postpone the introduction of democratic and market-oriented reforms until state institutions are strong enough to ensure the rule of law. The author points out that these conclusions may seem to be logical, but are nonetheless vary alarming. State formation is - as history shows - a violent and complicated process, and it is very unlikely external peace builders can direct that process without becoming directly involved in the conflicts and violence which are always part of it and which in the long run will undermine the humanitarian idealism that justifies peace-building operations. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND TRADE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) The Dog Barks but the Caravan Moves On / by Marshall I. Goldman., 2007. (DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, vol. 15, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 360-370.) ID Number: JA024429 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Goldman, Marshall I. With the revenue from Russia's oil exports, Russia has moved from its near-bankrupt status after the August 1998 financial collapse to a situation where it is now a financial powerhouse. Although revenue from natural gas exports is not as large, Russia's natural gas pipelines into Europe bring Russia immense political clout. Putin has used Russia's oil and gas skillfully so that the country is once again a superpower - emphasis on power. Russia and the United States : No Longer Rivals, Not Yet Partners / by Richard H. Matzke., 2007. (DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, vol. 15, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 371-378.) ID Number: JA024430 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Matzke, Richard H. Russia is the world's largest producer and exporter of energy and the United States is the world's largest consumer and importer of energy. As such, there are many reasons to seek better and more numerous associations at all levels. The Russian energy sector is relatively new, as are all economic sectors, having formed only after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Reform in the energy sector is moving rapidly now that political and economic stability have been achieved. The split between the state and private company control of the sector will probably develop with changes in energy economics just as it does in other producing countries. It is likely the beneficiaries of Russia's vast reserves of oil and gas will be those countries who choose to include Russia among their strategic partners. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND TRADE--SUDAN Grondstof voor conflicten : de vloek van de olie in Soedan / by Saskia Baas., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 11, november 2007, p. 543-547.) ID Number: JA024287 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Baas, Saskia The author surveys Sudan's so-called 'oil curse'. In Sudan, a peace agreement was signed in 2005 between the Sudanese government - represented by the ruling National Congress Party - and a rebel movement from South Sudan, the SPLM/A. The agreement put an end to what has been Africa's longest running civil war. Theoretically, the

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Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) together with Sudan's booming oil industry provides a window of opportunity to establish sustainable peace and development in Sudan. But the large quantities of oil - located mainly in the South and along the border between north and south - may in effect prove to be an obstacle to peace and development, a phenomenon often referred to as the 'oil curse'. The author explores the effects of the oil-curse on the implementation of the peace agreement in Sudan and offers recommendations for Dutch policy vis-a-vis (South) Sudan. PETROLEUM--TRANSPORTATION--CEE Energy Transit in the Post-Soviet Region / by Andras Gyorgy Deak., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 113-156.) ID Number: JA024409 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Deak, Andras Gyorgy POPULISM--CENTRAL EUROPE The Power of Populism : East Central Europe has Proven Fertile Ground for Populists / by Kai-Olaf Lang., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE POLITIK, vol. 8, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 72-77.) ID Number: JA024353 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lang, Kai-Olaf Over the past two years an array of social conservatives, agrarian populists, and left-wing nationalists have come to power in many Central European post-communist democracies. Are these young democracies floundering ? Could illiberal currents steer them away from the European mainstream ? PRISONERS OF WAR--USA Habeas Corpus and the Detention of Enemy Combatants in the War on Terror / by James P. Terry., 2008. (JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, no. 48, 2008, p. 14-18.) ID Number: JA024411 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Terry, James P. The spate of lawsuits and legislation arising from the detention of alien combatants at Guantanamo since 2002 has led, over the last 5 years, to refinement in the law regarding detainees and further explication of the law of habeas corpus during armed conflict. This paper explains that process. PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES--IRAQ Mercenaries, Misfits or Misunderstood ? / by Alastair Campbell., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 12, December 2007, p. 20-22.) ID Number: JA024274 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Campbell, Alastair With the American firm Blackwater in the dock, suspicions abound over the whole area of private security in modern conflict. In particular, there is concern about unsatisfactory contracting out of coalition operations in Iraq. But the September dramas on the Baghdad streets involving private security companies produced unreasonable reaction as well as sensible concern. The term mercenaries has been deployed loosely as an insult rather than an objective description of a paid

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foreign military auxiliary; and those working for security companies have been dismissed generically as a bunch of opportunistic misfits looking for trouble and an adrenalin surge. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY--USA What Is Public Diplomacy ? Past Practices, Present Conduct, Possible Future / by Walter R. Roberts., 2007. (MEDITERRANEAN QUARTERLY, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 36-52.) ID Number: JA024326 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Roberts, Walter R. RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES Is There Any Fizz Left in the Fissban ? Prospects for a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty / by Paul Meyer., 2007. (ARMS CONTROL TODAY, vol. 37, no. 10, December 2007, p. 18-22.) ID Number: JA024398 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Meyer, Paul The pursuit of a multilateral ban on the production of fissile material, highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium, for nuclear weapons has been one of the longest-running post-World War II enterprises of the international community and unfortunately probably among the most futile to date. Internacionalizar el ciclo de combustible nuclear / by Servando de la Torre., 2007. (POLITICA EXTERIOR, vol. 21, no. 120, noviembre - diciembre 2007, p. 129-136.) ID Number: JA024419 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Torre, Servando de la El control de combustible nuclear otorga un gran poder politico y economico. Frente a los riesgos del enriquecimiento descontrolado, existen propuestas para un suministro concertado. RIGHT-WING EXTREMISTS--USA A Continuum for Responding to the Extreme Right : A Comparison between the United States and Germany / by George Michael, Michael Minkenberg., 2007. (STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM, vol. 30, no. 12, December 2007, p. 1109-1123.) ID Number: JA024301 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Michael, George 2. Minkenberg, Michael This article compares and contrasts the responses to right-wing extremism in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. Essentially, the approaches of these respective countries represent two polarities on a continuum. Whereas in theory, the United States allows extremist groups much more freedom to espouse unpopular ideas, the Federal Republic of Germany has the legal authority to disband extremist groups and parties that it deigns a threat to the country's constitutional democracy. Despite these seeming differences, both countries have responded resolutely to manifestations of right-wing extremism and have actually cooperated on numerous occasions to stymie American extremist activities that have propagandized in Germany. There are advantages and disadvantages to the approaches these two countries employ in countering extremism.

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RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--ARMED FORCES L'armee russe et les jeunes, la matrice d'un rapport a l'Etat / by Eva Bertrand., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 101-109.) ID Number: JA024382 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bertrand, Eva Alors que la population russe est confrontee a des choix politiques a l'occasion des elections presidentielles, se pose la question du rapport des Russes a leurs institutions et plus particulierement a l'armee. En effet, une armee de conscription place la relation entre l'Etat et le citoyen au coeur de la problematique militaire. Ce rapport souligne une attitude ambivalente de la population russe face a ses institutions : rejet massif du service obligatoire par la jeunesse et crise actuelle du recrutement militaire, mais egalement large impregnation des valeurs et pratiques militaires de la societe. Cette dualite, revelatrice d'une societe complexe, repose a la fois sur les carences structurelles de l'appareil de defense et sur l'impossibilite pour le gouvernement de reformer l'armee. RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--ARMED FORCES--TAJIKISTAN Changes in the Configuration of Russia's Military Presence in Tajikistan and Its Influence on Maintaining Security in Central Asia / by Jafar Usamanov., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 94-105.) ID Number: JA024375 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Usamanov, Jafar RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--COMMERCE La Russie et l'OMC : un interet reciproque mais des enjeux contradictoires / by Sylvie Matelly., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 165-173.) ID Number: JA024392 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Matelly, Sylvie La Russie negocie son adhesion a l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) depuis quinze ans. La duree de ces negociations souligne la difficulte des Russes a convaincre de la realite de la transition de leur economie vers une economie de marche. Plusieurs facteurs expliquent la lenteur de ces negociations. Outre la procedure d'adhesion qui reste longue et complexe, l'entree a l'OMC exige une serie de reformes. Certains secteurs d'activite, en particulier celui de l'energie, mais aussi l'automobile et l'aeronautique, doivent s'ouvrir a la concurrence. Le principe de reciprocite et la clause de la nation la plus favorisee doivent etre appliques. Les questions de contre-facons ou encore de normalisation sanitaire sont egalement importantes. Enfin, des raisons independentes aux negociations russes peuvent aussi peser sur l'agenda.

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RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION L'emigration des pays de la CEI vers la Russie : enjeu de politique interieure et exterieure ? / by Adeline Braux., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 121-131.) ID Number: JA024384 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Braux, Adeline Depuis 1989, la Russie a accueilli plus de 10 millions de migrants sur son sol, tous pays d'origine confondus. Alors que dans les annees 1990 la gestion des flux migratoires n'etait qu'un probleme parmi d'autres, cette problematique est devenue dans les annees 2000 un enjeu politique, social et economique majeur. Compte tenu de la decrue demographique qui affecte deja son volume de main-d'oeuvre disponible, la Russie ne pourra se passer de l'immigration. A l'heure actuelle, les flux en provenance de la CEI restent les plus dynamiques et contribuent a entretenir le lien entre l'ancien Centre et ses peripheries. Ils sont aussi a l'origine d'evolutions qui ont une influence non seulement sur les relations entre la Russie et son 'etranger proche', mais egalement sur la politique interieure russe en matiere d'immigration. RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS Guerre et paix froides / by Jean Betermier., 2007. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 63e annee, no. 12, decembre 2007, p. 6-10.) ID Number: JA024304 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Betermier, Jean Serions-nous passes de la guerre froide a la paix froide ? Comment en sommes-nous arrives la ? Jusqu'ou et comment ne pas aller trop loin sur cette route ? L'auteur tente de repondre a ces questions rappelant le conseil de Churchill : 'N'humiliez jamais la Russie' ! Russland will sich auf der Weltbuhne wider Gehor verschaffen / by Rolf Clement., 2007. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 56. Jg., Nr. 12, Dezember 2007, S. 18-19.) ID Number: JA024365 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Clement, Rolf Comment la Russie voit-elle le monde ? Elements d'analyse d'une politique etrangere en mutation / by Laure Delcour., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 133-141.) ID Number: JA024387 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Delcour, Laure Depuis plusieurs annees, la Russie est plus presente et plus offensive sur la scene internationale. L'emploi d'une rhetorique tres ferme, l'usage de l'arme energetique et l'opposition a l'Occident sont frequemment interpretes a travers le prisme du retour a la puissance perdue. Pourtant, ces crispations refletent davantage une crise d'adaptation et une politique etrangere hybride qu'une rupture dans le rapport au monde. Dans ce contexte, le recours a des rapports de force ou methodes de destabilisation eprouvees du temps de l'URSS s'apparente a un reflexe. Alors que la diplomatie russe repose sur des fondements - la vision d'un monde multipolaire, la conscience d'une specificite - peu susceptibles de changer, l'attention portee a de nouveaux instruments (l'image, la langue) reflete une quete

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d'influence plus que de puissance. Assertive, But Alone / by Mark N. Katz., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 20-22.) ID Number: JA024323 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Katz, Mark N. Some would say that Russian foreign policy has become belligerent. But the strident, confident tone is playing well at home in this election season. More discerning domestic commentators are pointing out that it is simply not working and may have unintended, longer-term consequences. The Mutual Responsibility and Irresponsibility of the West and Russia / Lieven., 2007. (INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (Minneapolis), vol. 53, no. 5, 2007, p. 21-33.) ID Number: JA024339 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lieven RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--ASIA, CENTRAL Russia in Central Asia : Return / by Alexander Kniazev., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 33-40.) ID Number: JA024370 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kniazev, Alexander Russia in Central Asia : Retreat, Retention, or Return ? / by Farkhad Tolipov., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 19-32.) ID Number: JA024369 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Tolipov, Farkhad RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--CHINA Russia Plays the China Card / by Christopher Marsh., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 68-73.) ID Number: JA024283 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Marsh, Christopher Russia and China are strengthening their ties, but don't bet on an alliance - that is, unless poor US policy drives them together. RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--GEORGIA (REPUBLIC) Georgia-Russia : In Search of Civilized Relations / by Malkhaz Matsaberidze., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 66-74.) ID Number: JA024372 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Matsaberidze, Malkhaz

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Georgia in Russian Policy / by Yury Sulaberidze., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 58-66.) ID Number: JA024371 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sulaberidze, Yury RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--KYRGYZSTAN Dynamics of Russian-Kyrgyz Relations : From the Center-Periphery to Unilateral Dependence ? / by Slavomir Horak., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS, no. 5, 2007, p. 75-84.) ID Number: JA024373 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Horak, Slavomir RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--TAJIKISTAN Russian-Tajik Relations: Present State and Future Developments / by Parviz Mullojanov., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS no. 5, 2007, p. 85-94.) ID Number: JA024374 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Mullojanov, Parviz RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS--USA Les relations russo-americaines : les questions strategiques au coeur de toutes les tensions / by Charlotte Lepri., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 153-163.) ID Number: JA024391 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Lepri, Charlotte Les recentes tensions entre la Russie et les Etats-Unis au sujet du bouclier antimissiles ou de l'elargissement de l'OTAN vers l'Europe de l'Est trouvent leurs origines dans les fondements de leurs politiques etrangeres. L'integrite du territoire et la securite nationale sont primordiales pour les Americains, tandis que la Russie, ne beneficiant pas de frontieres naturelles, cherche a se proteger en maintenant son influence sur l'espace post-sovietique et en empechant les Etats-Unis d'y empieter. Toutefois, une nouvelle confrontation entre les deux pays n'est guere envisageable. En effet, pour renforcer sa place sur la scene internationale la Russie a besoin des Etats-Unis, tandis que pour les Americains la Russie n'est plus la principale menace. De plus, les enjeux globaux rendent necessaire la cooperation entre les deux Etats. RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--MILITARY POLICY Une nouvelle doctrine militaire pur une nouvelle Russie / by Isabelle Facon., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 143-151.) ID Number: JA024389 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Facon, Isabelle Depuis 2005, la Russie a engage un debat visant a repenser sa doctrine militaire. La discussion revele les orientations quant a l'evolution de la politique etrangere et de securite russe. Elle est en particulier l'expression d'une politique exterieure en rupture avec l'Occident. Les Russes refusent l'unilateralisme americain, reprochent

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a l'OTAN d'etendre son champ d'intervention geographique et fonctionnel. Ils ressentent aussi un malaise face a l'avance technologique des armees occidentales et ont le sentiment que l'Occident est source de 'menaces non militaires', en soutenant, par exemple, les 'revolutions de couleur'. Par ailleurs, le debat est le reflet d'evolutions internes a la Russie, notamment la tentative des militaires de regagner le terrain politique qu'ils ont perdu sous Vladimir Poutine. RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Les elections parlementaires russes de decembre 2007 : une nouvelle etape dans la consolidation de l'elite politique russe au pouvoir / by Olga Gille-Belova., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 81-91.) ID Number: JA024381 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Gille-Belova, Olga Cet article est consacre a l'analyse du role joue par les elections parlementaires dans le fonctionnement de l'elite politique russe, et de l'evolution du personnel parlementaire. Si les premieres elections parlementaires en Russie (1993, 1995) ont largement contribue au renouvellement de l'elite politique, les elections suivantes (1999, 2003) ont temoigne de l'emprise croissante des dirigeants de l'executif sur la composition du Parlement. Cette evolution s'est refletee dans le changement du profil des parlementaires. Par ailleurs, le parti pro-presidentiel Russie Unie, dont la domination sur la scene politique russe, acquise lors des dernieres elections parlementaires, pourrait sortir encore renforcee des elections de decembre 2007, affiche ouvertement son ambition de controler le renouvellement de l'elite politique russe. SCO The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the OSCE : Two of a Kind ? / by Marcel de Haas., 2007. (HELSINKI MONITOR, vol. 18, no. 3, 2007, p. 246-259.) ID Number: JA024271 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Haas, Marcel de The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) comprises a considerable territory, a large part of the world's population, energy sources, nuclear arms and significant armed forces. In comparing the SCO with the OSCE, at first sight they share many principles, goals and activities in the three domains of security. The fight against terrorism and other politico-military security-related issues have been the main topics of cooperation. However, in the humain domain, continuous violations of human rights in SCO states demonstrate that this dimension is first of all subordinated to (the prolongation of) the often autocratic governments. Thus, although formally appearing to be two of a kind, in practice the organisations differ a great deal. As to increased cooperation between the SCO and OSCE, if favourable trade-offs can be made in the political and economic security dimensions, which are of more importance to the SCO, this might also open the way for intensified cooperation in the human domain. Central Asian members could possibly, because of their double membership of the SCO and the OSCE, play a key role in such a direction. A Kazakh OSCE chairmanship might serve as an instrument for persuading Central Asian states to be more committed towards the human principles of the OSCE.

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Trade, and the Roles of Iran, India and Pakistan / by Nicklas Norling, Niklas Swanstrom., 2007. (CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY, vol. 26, no. 3, September 2007, p. 429-444.) ID Number: JA024451 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Norling, Nicklas 2. Swanstrom, Niklas This article seeks to explore the implications of Shanghai Cooperation Organization's engagement with India, Pakistan and Iran. Not in terms of power-politics, or as a counterbalance to the USA as this has been explored elsewhere, but what practical problems such an expanded organization could help solve, what opportunities it could realize, and how SCO's engagement in trade is a function of favourable political and bilateral developments in the region. It is argued that the trade, infrastructure and energy sectors are of particular importance and that substantial potential gains could be realized if coordination improved. Nevertheless, it is also recognized that China, Russia, Pakistan, India and Iran may have lower standards of democratic development and economic transparency than the West. What is the motivation behind the SCO's engagement with India, Pakistan and Iran ? Should this engagement be conceived only in terms of balancing US unipolarity or are there legitimate concerns of increasing regional cooperation in Eurasia ? SHIITES The Shiite 'Threat' Revisited / by Augustus Richard Norton., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 434-439.) ID Number: JA024386 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Norton, Augustus Richard In the Middle East and Western capitals, the Iraq War has renewed fears of a 'Shiite crescent'. Is the hazard real ? SHIITES--SAUDI ARABIA Saoedische sji'ieten zullen niet in opstand komen / by Leo Kwarten., 2007. (INTERNATIONALE SPECTATOR, jg. 61, nr. 12, december 2007, p. 603-606.) ID Number: JA024292 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kwarten, Leo The author focuses on the position of the two million Shia in Saudi Arabia. Shia face considerable discrimination in Saudi society, which is dominated by the orthodox Sunni Wahhabi sect. Religious, political, economic and social neglect have instigated bloody street protests in the Shiite areas of the Eastern Province in the 1970s and 1980s. These incidents still feed speculations about the impact the situation in Iraq will have on the Saudi Shia. Do they feel emboldened enough by the dramatic political emancipation of their brothers in Iraq as to put pressure on the government by pushing through their political demands to the point of striving for secession from the Saudi state ? The author strongly disagrees with this line of reasoning. Making use of personal interviews with local Shia leaders, he argues that the Saudi Shia seek to improve their position first and foremost through dialogue with the government. At the same time, they ally themselves with other neglected minorities and reformers in Saudi society hoping to change the Wahhabi inspired absolutist foundation of the Saudi state into a more democratic one.

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SLOVAKIA--FOREIGN RELATIONS Which Way Forward for Slovak Foreign Policy ? / by Martin Butora., 2007. (ANALYST, vol. 3, no. 2, June 2007, p. 57-80.) ID Number: JA024407 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Butora, Martin SUDAN--HISTORY--DARFUR CONFLICT, 2003- The Crisis in Darfur / by Molly J. Miller., 2007. (MEDITERRANEAN QUARTERLY, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 112-130.) ID Number: JA024328 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Miller, Molly J. SUICIDE BOMBINGS--CHECHNYA (RUSSIA) Chechen Suicide Bombers / by Robert W. Kurz, Charles K. Bartles., 2007. (JOURNAL OF SLAVIC MILITARY STUDIES, vol. 20, no. 4, October - December 2007, p. 529-547.) ID Number: JA024416 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kurz, Robert W. 2. Bartles, Charles K. U.S. military commanders and others in the defense community are concerned that militant Chechens, trained in suicide bombing and extremist tactics, are available to support Taliban elements in Afghanistan today. In reality, the relationship between these two groups is minimal and there is little likelihood of substantive cooperation between them. This position becomes clear after a brief review of Chechnya's history regarding Islam, its extremist groups, and its chronology of suicide bombings. TALIBAN Talking to the Taliban / by William Maley., 2007. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 63, no. 11, November 2007, p. 4-6.) ID Number: JA024263 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Maley, William There was worldwide relief when, six years ago, in the wake of the Al Qaeda attacks on America, western-backed forces dislodged the Taliban from government in Afghanistan. Now, with NATO severely stretched against the insurgents, it might be sound strategy to think the unthinkable. But is it really time to talk to the Taliban ? TERRORISM Terrorisme et medias : une relation infernale / by Patrick Brunot., 2008. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 64e annee, no. 1, janvier 2008, p. 57-62.) ID Number: JA024445 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Brunot, Patrick L'information etant au coeur de la politique de defense, les medias ne peuvent plus etre consideres comme des spectateurs mais comme des acteurs pesant de plus en plus dans la gestion des crises. Un code de bonne conduite parait, a priori, difficile a elaborer. Des lors,

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n'est-il pas necessaire de degager quelques principes ? A Crime-Terror Nexus ? Thinking on Some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality / by Steven Hutchinson, Pat O'Malley., 2007. (STUDIES IN CONFLICT AND TERRORISM, vol. 30, no. 12, December 2007, p. 1095-1107.) ID Number: JA024300 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hutchinson, Steven 2. O'Malley, Pat Decreasing state sponsorship for terrorism in the post-9/11 environment has pressed terrorist groups to find alternative sources of financial support. Some groups have created their own 'in-house' criminal capabilities, for example FARC, the LTTE, and Al Qaeda. Several analysts have argued that this 'mutation' in organizational form may lead terrorist groups to ally with organized crime, whereas others have suggested that distinct organizational and ideological differences between the two will preclude cooperation. Drawing on both accounts, it is argued in this article that the degree of a terrorist group's organizational capacity and need are key predictors of the types of crime they will engage in, while ideological (political) distinctiveness will preclude fully symbiotic cooperation between terrorists and organized crime groups. Weak States, State Failure, and Terrorism / by Edward Newman., 2007. (TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE, vol. 19, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 463-488.) ID Number: JA024268 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Newman, Edward It is common to hear the assertion that weak or failed states are fertile ground for terrorism. Yet terrorist groups have emerged from, and operated within, countries which have strong, stable states and a variety of systems of government. Terrorist organizations operate in weak and failed states but it is not necessarily the condition of weak or failed statehood which explains their presence. Moreover, it is not necessarily the weakest states which do host such groups. Therefore, this condition is not a sufficient explanation for their presence. While weak or failed states might provide an enabling environment for certain types of terrorist groups to operate, additional explanatory variables need to be identified. TERRORISM PREVENTION--EU COUNTRIES La lutte contre le terrorisme par l'UE : une politique efficace ? / by Pierre Berthelet., 2008. (DEFENSE NATIONALE ET SECURITE COLLECTIVE, 64e annee, no. 1, janvier 2008, p. 63-70.) ID Number: JA024446 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Berthelet, Pierre Si depuis les attaques sur le sol europeen, l'action antiterroriste de l'Union europeenne est prolifique, est-elle efficace pour autant ? Il est difficile de repondre car la politique europeenne, qui n'est qu'en cours de gestation, et l'action de ses institutions, restent encore largement de nature subsidiaire par rapport a celle des Etats membres.

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TERRORISM PREVENTION--USA The Role of Targeted Killing in the Campaign against Terror / by Peter M. Cullen., 2008. (JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY, no. 48, 2008, p. 22-29.) ID Number: JA024413 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Cullen, Peter M. This article examines the legality, morality, and potential efficacy of a US policy of targeted killing in its campaign against transnational terror. The conclusion is that, in spite of the genuine controversy surrounding this subject, a carefully circumscribed policy of targeted killing can be a legal, moral, and effective tool in a counterterror campaign. Procedures to guide the proper implementation of a US policy of targeted killing are proposed. TERRORISM--AFGHANISTAN Terrorismo taliban / by Fernando Reinares., 2007. (POLITICA EXTERIOR, vol. 21, no. 120, noviembre - diciembre 2007, p. 57-66.) ID Number: JA024335 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Reinares, Fernando La violencia terrorista en Afganistan ha evolucionado y es una seria amenaza para la estabilidad politica, el mantenimiento de la cohesion social o la integridad de los contingentes militares multinacionales que desarrollan misiones en el pais, incluidas las tropas espanolas. TERRORISM--GOVERNMENT POLICY--NATO An Expanded NATO Confronts Terrorism and Instability / by James W. Peterson., 2007. (JOURNAL OF SLAVIC MILITARY STUDIES, vol. 20, no. 4, October - December 2007, p. 475-497.) ID Number: JA024412 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Peterson, James W. Recent expansion of NATO to include new members is inextricably linked to the twenty-first century battle against terrorism and instability. The sharp increase in membership after 1999 offered new capabilities to the alliance but also created additional complications and challenges in that battle. The new members played an immediate role in critical operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Bosnia. They enhanced alliance capabilities such as the NATO Reaction Force. Plans developed for possible location of U.S. military bases in new alliance partners such as Poland and the Czech Republic. NATO leaders expanded the Partnership for Peace Program to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. In fact, transformation of NATO from an organization designed to counter the Soviet threat into an alliance that managed the battle against terrorism in Afghanistan had taken place by late 2006. At the same time, the costs that accompanied the deepened involvement in the current struggle against violence and instability raised profoundly difficult questions for both publics and governments in the new member states.

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TERRORISM--RELIGIOUS ASPECTS--ISLAM--MOROCCO The Evolution of Jihadist Terrorism in Morocco / by Rogelio Alonso, Marcos Garcia Rey., 2007. (TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE, vol. 19, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 571-592.) ID Number: JA024269 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Alonso, Rogelio 2. Rey, Marcos Garcia Over the last few years, Moroccans have been disproportionately involved in jihadist terrorism. Morocco has been increasingly identified as one of the largest producers of terrorists and insurgents in Afghanistan, Iraq, and throughout Europe. This article examines the factors behind the emergence of jihadist terrorism in Morocco, and how this terrorist threat has gone beyond this country's borders. Three factors have contributed to this development : the influence of global jihad on potential Moroccan jihadists; the growing Islamization of the country; and deteriorating socioeconomic conditions. In analyzing these variables, special attention is paid to the Casablanca terrorist attacks on May 16, 2003, marking the debut of suicide terrorism in Morocco. The article also examines the principal counterterrorist initiatives Morocco has implemented in response to this threat. TURKEY--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MIDDLE EAST Turkey's Constraining Position on Western Reform Initiatives in the Middle East / by Aysegul Sever., 2007. (MEDITERRANEAN QUARTERLY, vol. 18, no. 4, Fall 2007, p. 131-148.) ID Number: JA024329 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Sever, Aysegul TURKEY--FOREIGN RELATIONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) An Anatomy of Turkish-Russian Relations / by Suat Kiniklioglu, Valeriy Morkva., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 4, December 2007, p. 533-553.) ID Number: JA024444 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Kiniklioglu, Suat 2. Morkva, Valeriy Turkish-Russian relations have been long characterized by geopolitical rivalry. Yet, in recent years, the bilateral relationship between Turkey and the Russian Federation has been widening and deepening across areas ranging from political relations to the economic and cultural issues. Turkish-Russian relations also have an impact on the Black Sea, the Caucasus, Central Asia and now, increasingly, the Middle East. This article assesses the different aspects of the Turkish-Russian relationship, particularly during the early years of the 21st century. It provides an account of what the most recent trends and developments are, from both domestic and foreign policy perspectives. Current dynamics of Turkish-Russian relations are examined, along with the impact these relations may have on the geopolitics at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

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TURKEY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Turquie : l'ivresse des metamorphoses / by Thomas Benalo., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 839-850.) ID Number: JA024345 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Benalo, Thomas La large victoire de l'AKP a fait voler en eclats la vieille et trompeuse polarisation politique definie par les kemalistes : la laicite n'a finalement pas ete la reference de l'election. Mais les tensions exprimees dans la crise d'avril-mai 2007 n'ont pas pour autant disparu, et le nouveau gouvernement doit neanmoins affronter de nombreux problemes : le chantier constitutionnel, les rapports avec l'armee, la gestion de la question kurde, et plus generalement la poursuite des reformes. The Ebbing Power of Turkey's Secularist Elite / by Jenny White., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 427-433.) ID Number: JA024385 Type: ART Author(s): 1. White, Jenny Islamic moderates have dislodged Turkey's military-backed elite and broken longstanding taboos. But radical nationalism poses a rising danger. UNITED NATIONS--ARMED FORCES The Legal, Military and Political Consequences of the 'Coalition of the Willing' Approach to UN Military Enforcement Action / by Gary Wilson., 2007. (JOURNAL OF CONFLICT AND SECURITY LAW, vol. 12, no. 2, Spring 2007, p. 295-330.) ID Number: JA024442 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Wilson, Gary The UN Charter envisaged a centralised system of collective security in which the UN Security Council would have readily available forces of its own for the purpose of taking military enforcement action under its own authority and control. These forces were never created and the Security Council has had to rely heavily upon authorising willing coalitions of states to take action on its behalf. Although such an approach to military enforcement action is legally permissible, it gives rise to a series of consequences of a legal, military and political nature that call into question the extent to which it provides the Council with an effective means of exercising its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. This article considers these consequences of the 'coalition of the willing' approach to military enforcement action, and seeks to show that its utility will vary from one situation to another. Although difficulties can arise from operations being subjected to insufficient levels of ultimate legal oversight by the Security Council, or through military operational problems, the limitations of the 'coalition of the willing' as an effective tool of the Council are likely to lie primarily in the political sphere.

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UNITED NATIONS--PEACEKEEPING FORCES Les enjeux du leadership au Conseil de securite : responsabiliser ou controler / by David Ambrosetti, Melanie Cathelin., 2007. (REVUE INTERNATIONALE ET STRATEGIQUE, no. 68, hiver 2007 - 2008, p. 69-77.) ID Number: JA024380 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Ambrosetti, David 2. Cathelin, Melanie Au sein du Conseil de securite, le leadership reconnu a un Etat sur un dossier est un element essentiel pour comprendre les decisions de l'ONU en matiere de gestion des conflits armes. Ce role social reconnu de facon informelle par les membres du Conseil cristallise les enjeux d'influence diplomatique et de credibilite propres au travail multilateral. La diplomatie americaine reste ici incontournable dans la designation de la delegation leader. Mais elle a egalement contribue fortement au faconnement de ce role de leader au cours des annees 1990. D'ou l'apparent paradoxe : grace a l'evolution de ce role, l'Administration americaine actuelle, dont le gout pour l'unilateralisme n'est plus a demontrer, a pu accepter une expansion considerable des operations de paix de l'ONU, en Afrique subsaharienne en particulier. URBAN WARFARE Militarische Operationen im urbanen Gelande / by Rudiger Moniac., 2008. (EUROPAISCHE SICHERHEIT, 57. Jg., Nr. 1, Januar 2008, S. 55-59.) ID Number: JA024362 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Moniac, Rudiger URBAN WARFARE--USA Where the Streets Have No Names : Preparing for Future Urban Operations / by Stephen R. Dalzell., 2007. (MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, vol. 31, no. 12, 2007, p. 38-45.) ID Number: JA024294 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Dalzell, Stephen R. In the ongoing debate over the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, some assume that if it had been done differently (more troops, different plans), then current conditions would be different (no insurgency, better economy). Others defend the invasion as executed but agree things have not gone according to plan. USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS After Bush / by Robert Singh., 2008. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 64, no. 1, January 2008, p. 13-15.) ID Number: JA024454 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Singh, Robert With the United States presidential election less than a year away, America's world role already occupies a prominent place in the candidates' campaigns for the Democratic and Republican Party nominations. Former United States President Bill Clinton observed that, when evaluating prospective presidents on national security, Americans invariably prefer the candidate who is 'strong but wrong' over one 'timid but right'. If a closely-divided country is to elect a successor to George Bush both 'strong and right', the most salient issue promises to be not whether to preserve American primacy, but how

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best to do so. USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--AFRICA, NORTH U.S. Policy Towards North Africa : Three Overarching Themes / by Christopher Hemmer., 2007. (MIDDLE EAST POLICY, vol. 14, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 55-66.) ID Number: JA024396 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hemmer, Christopher The purpose of this article is to discuss America's developing regional policies in North Africa. In an attempt to treat U.S. policy holistically, this article explores three overarching themes in American foreign policy toward this region and their impact on past, current and future policies : North Africa as an area of secondary American security interests; the dominance of energy in U.S.-North African economic relations; and the constant American preference for what it regards as moderate regimes, even if those regimes are less than democratic. While certainly interrelated, these themes were selected to correspond to the three central issues for U.S. policy in North Africa and beyond as they deal with determining America's security interests, and the place of American values in the nation's foreign-policy hierarchy. USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--INDIA Breaking More Naan with Delhi / by Karl F. Inderfurth, Bruce Riedel., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 56-62.) ID Number: JA024281 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Inderfurth, Karl F. 2. Riedel, Bruce USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--IRAN With High Confidence / by Rosemary Hollis., 2008. (WORLD TODAY, vol. 64, no. 1, January 2008, p. 4-6.) ID Number: JA024452 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Hollis, Rosemary The prospect of a pre-emptive American strike on Iran in the coming months has receded with the release of the latest United States National Intelligence Estimate. Yet the potential for Washington and Tehran to achieve a so-called 'grand bargain' on all the sources of contention between them is also remote. There are too many factors and players working against such a deal and both sides still aspire to a victory they define as the capitulation of the other. The US and Iran : Back to Containment / by Suzanne Maloney., 2007. (CURRENT HISTORY, vol. 107, no. 704, December 2007, p. 440-442.) ID Number: JA024388 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Maloney, Suzanne Neither diplomacy nor threats have moderated Tehran's behaviour. Military strikes, however, would have disastrous consequences.

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A Broken Engagement / by Barbara Slavin., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 39-43.) ID Number: JA024278 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Slavin, Barbara USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MIDDLE EAST Middle East Muddle / by Dennis Ross., 2007. (NATIONAL INTEREST, no. 92, November - December 2007, p. 30-39.) ID Number: JA024277 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Ross, Dennis USA--STRATEGIC ASPECTS Le debat strategique americain : lignes de partage 2006-2007 / by Francois Raffene, Jean-Loup Samaan., 2007. (POLITIQUE ETRANGERE, 72eme annee, no. 4, 2007, p. 863-874.) ID Number: JA024347 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Raffene, Francois 2. Samaan, Jean-Loup L'obsession irakienne structure le debat strategique americain, avec un recentrage autour de la notion de contre-insurrection, chaque armee l'integrant dans sa doctrine selon sa logique et ses interets propres. D'autres thematiques reapparaissent, ou percent, comme la defense anti-missile, la reactivation de la politique spatiale, ou la creation d'un commandement regional africain, qui pourraient temoigner d'un changement important de la cartographie strategique americaine. USSR--ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The USSR in 1990 and its Successor States in 2005 : A Statistical Comparison / by Ernest Raiklin., 2007. (JOURNAL OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES, vol. 32, no. 4, Winter 2007, p. 475-518.) ID Number: JA024272 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Raiklin, Ernest More than one and a half decades have passed since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. As a result, its Union Republics have become fifteen independent States. Sixteen years is a sufficient time to permit a comparison between the Soviet past and the post-Soviet present. For this purpose, the author has aggregated data relating to the territories, the population and economies of the former Union Republics, which are now free, and compare these with the corresponding data relating to the USSR prior to its collapse. He then asks : how do the combined economies of today's now-independent former Soviet Union Republics, which are here called the Successor States, compare with the economy of the USSR in, say, 1990 ? This enables to test the validity of an argument the author has advanced elsewhere, which is that, other things being equal, the Soviet Union, as a socioeconomic and political entity, was primarily destroyed not by a failure of its economy, but by domestic social factors, notably the behavior of its bureaucracy. The data assembled in this article provide considerable support for this thesis.

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WAR ON TERRORISM, 2001- Why the Long War Can and Cannot be Compared to the Cold War / by Ehsan M. Ahrari., 2007. (COMPARATIVE STRATEGY, vol. 26, no. 4, July - September 2007, p. 275-284.) ID Number: JA024266 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Ahrari, Ehsan M. The phrase 'long war' is being used by the Bush officials to describe the intricacy and obduracy of America's ongoing struggle with the self-styled 'global jihadists'. Even though there are some similarities between this concept and the concept of 'Cold War', the unique nature of the long war is making it difficult for the United States to develop an effective winning strategy. For the long war to conclude in America's favor, both Iraq and Afghanistan have to be stabilized and have effective governments, which should be perceived as legitimate by their respective citizens. Unless that happens, the United States will not be able to turn the tide of the long war in its favor. WARLORDISM--AFGHANISTAN Walking the Tightrope : Dealing with Warlords in Afghanistan's Destabilizing North / by Dominique Orsini., 2007. (RUSI JOURNAL, vol. 152, no. 5, October 2007, p. 46-50.) ID Number: JA024260 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Orsini, Dominique Warlords have become part and parcel of Afghanistan's political landscape since the collapse of the state in the early 1990s. As the international community and the central government expand their presence outside Kabul, they are invariably confronted with the same dilemma : how to deal with warlords ? Two broad policy options emerge : cooperation or confrontation. In Afghanistan's north, where commanders loyal to the Northern Alliance helped US forces overthrow the Taliban regime in 2001, the answer to this question has to date been cooperation. YUGOSLAV WAR, 1991-1995--BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA--SREBRENICA Srebrenica : The War Crimes Legacy : International Arguments, Intervention and Memory / by Fotini Bellou., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 387-398.) ID Number: JA024421 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Bellou, Fotini The Srebrenica massacre has been seen as the turning point in American policy over Bosnia. However, the response to a major war crime was not the single most important element. The Clinton Administration was set on restoring the American leadership image through a pro-active leadership policy. The Administration extricated itself from policy deadlock by taking risks and sharing responsibilities with its allies in Bosnia, which made effective leadership possible, accommodating the allies' expectations. American policy was about this important business of image and power, not the fate of Srebrenica and Bosnia and the need to address the war crimes there. The real legacy of the war crimes at Srebrenica was that the response to it restored international leadership from Washington.

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Strategy and Genocide : Srebrenica as an Analytical Challenge / by Jan Willem Honig., 2007. (SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA STUDIES, vol. 7, no. 3, September 2007, p. 399-416.) ID Number: JA024422 Type: ART Author(s): 1. Honig, Jan Willem Genocide is often seen as an extreme exhibition of senseless and purposeless violence and, as such, as particularly characteristic of modern war. The single most comprehensive examination of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia, which was completed by the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD) in 2002, is drawn to such an explanation. It judges the massacre to be an improvisation associated with the irrationality of war. By evaluating the evidence also used by the NIOD report, this article contends that, on the contrary, the genocide should be understood strategically. Force was used with specific intent and deliberation. The massacre of some 7,000 people was a means to achieve a political end.