Lisa Foran an Ethics of Discomfort

8/20/2019 Lisa Foran an Ethics of Discomfort

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Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies, Vol 6, No 1 (2015), pp. 25-45

ISSN 2155-1162 (online) DOI 10.5195/errs.2015.285http://ricoeur.pitt.edu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0United States License.

This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part of itsD-Scribe Digital Publishing Program, and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press.

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1 Richard Kearney “Ricœur’s Philosophy of Translation” in Paul Ricœur, On Translation, trans. Eileen

Brennan, (New York: Routledge, 2006), vii-xx.

2 Paul Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” trans. Eileen Brennan, in Richard Kearney (ed.)

Paul Ricœur: The Hermeneutics of Action (London: Sage, 1996), 3-13.

3 Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 3.

4 Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 3-4.

5 Bernhard Waldenfels, “The Other and the Foreign” in Richard Kearney (ed.), Paul Ricœur: The

Hermeneutics of Action, (London: Sage, 1996), 111-124. Waldenfels’ phrase is “In the end there

remains only a foreignness de facto, not de jure” (119). Similarly, Ricœur claims: “Translation is de

facto; translatability is de jure.” “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 4.

6 Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 4-5.

7 Paul Ricœur, On Translation, trans. Eileen Brennan, (New York: Routledge, 2006), 36.

8 Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 5. See also Paul Ricœur “Introduction,” in Paul Ricœur,

Reflections on the Just , trans. David Pellauer, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 1-41, 30:

“Beyond the technical means used to reduce the difficulties encountered by interpreters better or

worse trained for the work of translation, there is the spirit of translation consisting in transporting

oneself into the sphere of meaning of the foreign language and in welcoming the other’s discourse

into the sphere of the target language.”


10 Paul Ricœur, Memory, History, Forgetting, trans. Kathleen Blamey & David Pellauer, (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2006), 79.

11

Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 8-9.12 Ricœur, “Reflections on a New Ethos for Europe,” 9.


14 Ricœur, Memory, History, Forgetting, 479-80.

15 Ricœur, Memory, History, Forgetting, 477-8. In this Ricœur comes very close to Levinas’s reading of

“political significance” as that which ruptures the political order – see in particular Emmanuel Levinas,

L’au-delà du verset , (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1982), 222-228.


17 Jacques Derrida, H.C. for Life That is to Say..., trans. Laurent Milesi & Stefan Herbrechter, (Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 2006), 6.

18 Jacques Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” trans. Lawrence Venuti, in Critical Enquiry , Vol. 27,

No.2, 2001, 174-200. This was originally a conference presentation at the 1998 Quinzièmes Assises

de la Traduction Littéraire à Arles (ATLAS).


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19 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 178.

20 Jacques Derrida, “Des Tours de Babel,” trans. Joseph F. Graham, in Joseph F. Graham (ed.) Difference

in Translation (London & New York: Cornell University Press, 1985), 165-207, 165-172.21 Jacques Derrida, The Ear of the Other , trans. Avital Ronell & Peggy Kamuf, (New York: Shocken Books,

1985), 120.



24 This is a claim often repeated by Derrida throughout his work. In his most autobiographical of writings

Monolingualism of the Other or the Prosthesis of Origin, trans. Patrick Mensah, (Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 1998), Derrida claims, “In a sense, nothing is untranslatable; but in another sense,

everything is untranslatable; translation is another name for the impossible,” 57. Elsewhere is

discussing translation as the necessary “living on” of every text he notes: “A text lives only if it liveson [sur-vit ], and it lives on only if it is at once translatable and untranslatable (always ‘at once...

and’: hama, at the ‘same’ time),” Jacques Derrida, “Living On /Borderlines,” trans. James Hulbert, in

Harold Bloom et al., Deconstruction and Criticism (London & New York: Continuum, 2004 [1979]), 62-

142, 83.

25 Simon Critchley and Tom McCarthy, in a slightly different reading of the play (though still drawing on

Derridean ideas) argue that the play illustrates the Aristotelian distinction between two types of

economy. On the one hand a “proper” economy of the household or oikos which would be understood

as a good, that is to say, finite or limited economy which seeks only what is necessary for the

household to live well – the oikonomia of Antonio. And on the other hand, an illusory or indefinite

economy based on the infinite exchangeability of goods through the introduction of money (to

chrema) – the techne chrematisike of Shylock. See Critchley & McCarthy, “Universal Shylockery:

Money and Morality in The Merchant of Venice,” Diacritics vol.34, no.1, 2004, 3-17. See in particular 7

and 13-14.




29 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 192: “the experience of forgiveness is an experience of

‘power’, of the ‘power-to-forgive’.” Derrida also plays with the term “grace” as “mercy’ or

‘forgiveness:” “the fact that great people are often called Your Grace or Your Gracious Majesty clearly

underscores the power we are discussing here.”

30 Ricœur, Reflections on the Just, 31.


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31 Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other or the Prosthesis of Origin, in particular 12-27. Derrida discusses

the manner in which he was both a guest of the French language but also taken hostage by it and

forced therefore to play the role of the coloniser. Enforced translation was also at the heart of the

1539 Villers-Cotterêts decree which made French (rather than Latin) the language of the law. Ricœur

sees only something positive in the elevation of Europe’s “vernacular languages from the village

setting” initially to Latin and then no doubt to “French.” See Ricœur, Reflections on the Just, 28-9.

Derrida, on the other hand, recognises the extent to which this translation was quite literally the

death of provincial languages. See Jacques Derrida, Eyes of the University: Right to Philosophy 2,

trans. Jan Plug & Others, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 11-14.

32 Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice [MV] 4.1.180-3, cited in Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,”

191.


34 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 193.35 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 191. n.5, 193.

36 Kathleen Davis, Deconstruction and Translation, (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 2001), 50.

37 Derrida, Monolingualism of the Other, 66. See also Derrida, “Living on/Borderlines,” 95 where Derrida

notes that unreadability “is not the opposite of the readable but rather the ridge that also gives it

momentum.”

38 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 194. This idea of inter-faith translation is taken up by

Richard Kearney who argues, against Jürgen Habermas, that it is in discovering what is different in

one religion (rather than what is the same) that the uniqueness of one’s own religion truly comes to

light. Indeed Kearney argues “at the root of every translation between self and stranger, within orwithout, there remains that ‘untranslatable kernel,’ that irreducible alterity that resists complete

assimilation into a home whose doors could finally be closed.” See Richard Kearney “Translating

Across Faith Cultures: Radical Hospitality,” in Kemp, Peter & Noriko Hashimoto (eds.) Eco-ethica,

Vol.3, 2014, 145-156. Nonetheless, Kearney’s motivation here remains, in a certain sense, self-

illumination as in Ricœur. I would like to argue for an encounter with the other that cannot be

reduced to a journey of self-discovery, but is rather the interruption of such a journey by a radical

untranslatability.

39 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?”, 195.


41 Jacques Derrida, “The Pit and the Pyramid: Introduction to Hegel’s Semiology,” in Margins of

Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass, (Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1982), 69-108.



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43 Jacques Derrida “From Restricted to General Economy: A Hegelianism without Reserve,” in Writing and

Difference, trans. Alan Bass, (London & New York: Routledge, 2001), 327-350.

44 Alan Bass in Jacques Derrida, Margins of Philosophy, 43, n.15.45 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 198.

46 Derrida, “What is a ‘Relevant’ Translation?,” 199-200.






52 Antoine Berman The Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany , trans. S.

Heyvaert, (New York: SUNY Press, 1992). See also Derrida’s reference to this work in his short essay

“Theology of Translation” which he describes as a “supplement” to Berman’s text. Here Derrida stages

a contrast between Kant and Schelling on the place of philosophy in the university and the challenge

of translation between the universal and the particular. Jacques Derrida, Eyes of the University: Right

to Philosophy 2, 64-80.

53 Jean Grondin, Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics, trans. Joel Weinsheimer, (Connecticut: Yale

University Press, 1994), 19.

54 Johann Gottfried Herder, “Fragments on Recent German Literature (1767-8),” trans. Michael N. Forster,

in Michael N. Forster (ed.), Herder: Philosophical Writings, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2002), 33-65. Herder’s phrase in full: “What great advantages would not inevitably accrue to our

language if it learned to mold [sic.] itself to the Greek and Latin languages as far as possible and

showed its flexibility to the public’s eyes!,” 38.

55 The translations are praised by Wilhelm von Humboldt in the preface to his own translation of

Aeschylus’s Agamemnon and the “foreignizing” strategy they employ is also praised by Goethe in the

West-Easterly Divan. Interestingly, they inspired Hölderlin’s ill-received translation of Sophocles which

was vehemently attacked by Voss’s son Heinrich (though it was later praised by Martin Heidegger and

Walter Benjamin).

56 The Critique of Pure Reason was published the same year as Voss’s Odyssey (1781, second edition

1787), followed closely by the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) and the Critique of Judgement

(1790). For more on this idea of the German “translation” of the French Revolution see Rebecca

Comay, Mourning Sickness: Hegel and the French Revolution, (Stanford: Stanford University Press,

2010) in particular, 8-25.

57 Lawrence Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility , (London: Routledge, 1995), 109.


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58 Ricœur, On Translation, 21.


60 Ricœur “A New Ethos for Europe,” 4.



63 Ricœur, On Translation, 4-5.




67 Ricœur, On Translation, 8. See also Reflections on the Just , 31

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