Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates

8/10/2019 Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates

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Before you can understand the topicsBefore you can understand the topics

in this unit there are some keyin this unit there are some key

vocabulary terms you need to know.vocabulary terms you need to know.

MacromoleculeMacromolecule

PolymerPolymer

MonomerMonomer


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What do these words mean?


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So What Is AMacromolecule?A very large molecule, such as apolymer or protein, consisting

of many smaller structural unitslinked together. Also called

supermolecule.


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Biological

Macromolecule

All biological macromoleculeare made up of a small number

of elements: !arbon, "ydrogen,#$ygen, %itrogen, Phosphorus

and &ulfur


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Next Word..


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Polygons

PolygamyPolyester


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What does

Mono

mean?


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A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers andmonomers are.

EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A NECKLACE ?

'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the

small groups that make up the train( 'f thesmall groups that make up the train( 'f thenecklace is the ol mer, what are the monomersnecklace is the polymer, what are the monomers


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A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers andmonomers are.

EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the'f the train is the whole polymer, what would be the

small groups that make up the train( 'f thesmall groups that make up the train( 'f thenecklace is the ol mer, what are the monomersnecklace is the polymer, what are the monomers


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Now you and a buddy

need to think of at least 2 other

analogies for a polymer and itsmonomers.


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Three out of the 4 types of

biochemical macromoleculescan be found on food

nutrition labels


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Look at the label to the left. 3

of the 4 macromolecules can

be found in foods.The 3 biochemical molecules

found on a nutrition label

are:1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)




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The 4th type of

biochemicalmacromolecules are the

%)!*+'! A!'&The types of Nucleic Acids

DNA (DeoyriboNucleicAcid!"NA ("iboNucleic Acid!


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DNA is short for

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Now you know why they just call it DNA!


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Keep the following in mind

when studying this material:

%ucleic Acids -hat they look like!arbohydrates -hat theydo-here are they

*ipids -hat are they madeup of

at the level of atoms

Proteins


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LETS BEGIN WITH

CARBOHYDRATES

They are the main source for the body togain energy. They are our fuel/

They make up the cell wall in plants whichallow them to grow tall, without this

carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess/This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

T"'%0: !A1B&2 +%+134 and !+**-A**&


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CARBOHYDRATES

#'n plant foods in the cell'n plant foods in the cell

walls of plants in fruits,walls of plants in fruits,

vegetables, peas, beans,vegetables, peas, beans,&)3A1 comes from a plant&)3A1 comes from a plant

and so does 5*#)1/ 6pasta,and so does 5*#)1/ 6pasta,

potatoes, bread, candy,potatoes, bread, candy,cookies7cookies7


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CARBOHYDRATES

T"+1+ A1+ 8 T4P+& #5T"+1+ A1+ 8 T4P+& #5

!A1B#"41AT+&!A1B#"41AT+&

&imple&imple !omple$!omple$


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Simple Sugars are carbohydrates

made up of 1 or 2 monomers.They also taste sweet.


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Simple Sugars


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Complex

Carbohydrates

What are they?

Complex Cabohydrates are polymersComplex Cabohydrates are polymers

made up of many monomers.made up of many monomers.

Most also taste starchy.Most also taste starchy.


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Complex Carbohydrates


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CARBOHYDRATES

!arbohydrates are chains!arbohydrates are chains

6polymers7 made of6polymers7 made of

monomers. The most commonmonomers. The most commonmonomer of carbohydratesmonomer of carbohydrates

is9is9


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The shape of Glucose is

a hexagonal ring


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CARBOHYDRATES

+ach carbohydrate is made up+ach carbohydrate is made up

of9of9

T"'%0: !"#;T"'%0: !"#;


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NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the ma


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MORE ON PROTEINS

The following slidesThe following slides

give you a little moregive you a little morein depth info onin depth info on

things that are madethings that are made

of proteins9of proteins9


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Muscles, ligaments,

tendons, and bones

Without theseparticular structural

proteins, we would

look more like this.


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$ell% maybe not eactly$ell% maybe not eactly


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Hair, Skin, and Nails


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Microscope View of

Skin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail


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Cell Membrane

The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesntleak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.

The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.


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Antibodies are part of the immune system. When

something enters the body that isnt supposed to bethere, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader

and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell

finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it

doesnt belong there and kills it.


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Enzymes are proteins that speed

up chemical reactions. If you

didnt have enzymes in yourstomach to speed up digestion, the

food would rot in your stomach

because it would take so long!


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"ormones are chemicals made in glandsthat are in one place in the body and thenput into the blood to be used in another.

These are where the

hormone producing

glands are located

in your body.

The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck by your voice box


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The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box.

Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be

very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.

If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly

and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.

Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are

overweight, chances are its actually your eating and exercise habits!

6The yellow stu> isthyroid hormone7


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Proteins
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://school.discovery.com/clipart/images/milk.gif&imgrefurl=http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/milk.html&h=393&w=375&sz=7&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=sEWD3eGa_FAtUM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilk%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den


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Proteins

Aside from the proteinAside from the protein

found in animal sources9found in animal sources9

protein can also be found inprotein can also be found infruits, vegetables, grains,fruits, vegetables, grains,

and nuts.and nuts. (it &ust does not ha'e as many amino acids!(it &ust does not ha'e as many amino acids!
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/images/veggies600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.swest.k12.in.us/comm/comm.html&h=450&w=600&sz=36&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=GHlePS9GCepj6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dveggies%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den


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PROTEINS

Proteins are made of longProteins are made of long

chains 6polymers7 made ofchains 6polymers7 made of

monomers. All proteins aremonomers. All proteins aremade of the monomer9made of the monomer9

The shapes of proteins are


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The shapes of proteins arelike a balled up piece of

string

mino

cid

chain

ll

woun

d up


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PROTEINS

+ach protein is made up of9+ach protein is made up of9

T"'%0: !"#%&;T"'%0: !"#%&;


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LIPIDS ARE NEXT

They are a great source of &T#1+ +%+134so we have it in the future.

They '%&)*AT+ the body to maintain normal

body temperature and they !)&"'#% theinternal organs for protection.

They produce hormones for the body called

&T+1'#&They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants,and fruits these are wa$es/

T"'%0: -aterproof, insulate, steriods, energy,cushion9 -'&+ !;

LIPIPS S i i i f


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LIPIPSSome interesting info

#ruits produce a waycoating to )eep from dryingout.

#The cells in a tulip ma)e awa which helps coat thelea'es.

#*ar wa traps dust% sand%and other foreign particlesfrom going deeper into theear and causing damage.


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There are many di>erent types ofThere are many di>erent types of

steroids. They are all lipids. Theirsteroids. They are all lipids. Theirfunctions vary. &ome commonfunctions vary. &ome common

steroids are:steroids are:

&+@ &T+1#'&&+@ &T+1#'& A%AB#*'!A%AB#*'!

&T+1'#&&T+1'#&

!"#*+&T+1#*!"#*+&T+1#*

*ike testosterone*ike testosterone

and estrogenand estrogen

They increaseThey increase

musclemuscle


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&ome anabolic&ome anabolic

steroids aresteroids are

illegalillegal

And can be dangerous

and

%AT)1A* &T+1'#& '% #)1%AT)1A* &T+1'#& '% #)1

B#4 '%!1+A&+ M)&!*+B#4 '%!1+A&+ M)&!*+

31#-T" A% B#%+31#-T" A% B#%+++*#PM+%T A% A1+++*#PM+%T A% A1+

3##. T"+ '**+3A* #%+&3##. T"+ '**+3A* #%+&T"AT A1+ &4%T"+T'! A1+T"AT A1+ &4%T"+T'! A1+

BA.BA.

LIPIDS


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LIPIDS

#'n plants in the seeds'n plants in the seeds

#'n animals in adipose tissue,'n animals in adipose tissue,

connective tissue, in animalsconnective tissue, in animals

LIPIDS


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LIPIDS

LIPIDS


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LIPIDS

*ipids are chains 6polymers7*ipids are chains 6polymers7

made of monomers. The mostmade of monomers. The most

common monomer of lipidscommon monomer of lipidsis9is9


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The Shape of a triglyceride is like

the letter E

This is a triglyceride molecule

LIPIDS


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LIPIDS

+ach carbohydrate is made up+ach carbohydrate is made up

of9of9

T"'%0: !"#;T"'%0: !"#;

OH NO CHO!


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OH NO CHO!

Lipids like Carbs?You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the

elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

CHO

A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the

number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C6H12O6

(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to

O)

On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount

hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C27H46O cholesterol


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ENERGY

Three of the B'3 provideThree of the B'3 provide

us with energy through theus with energy through the

food we eat:food we eat:BIG 4MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories itprovides

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids


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ENERGY

+nergy that is gained by+nergy that is gained by

consuming food is called aconsuming food is called a

E th t i b th


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Energy that we gain by the

consumption of food is measured

in Calories.

If you drink a glass of skim milk, you

will get a gain of 90 Calories of

ener for our bod . Energy Gained From


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Energy Gained From

Carbohydrates

Eating 1 gramof carbohydrate provides

your body with 4 Calories.


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Energy Gained from Lipids

Eating 1 gram of fat provides your body with

9 Calories.

Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you aregaining more than twicethe amount of

Calories than from a gram of

carbohydrate or protein!


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Nucleic acidsThe nucleic acids in food are

not considered a substancethat the body uses to gain

energy.


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ENERGY

&o9&o9

BIG 4MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it

provides

Carbohydrates 4

Proteins 4

Lipids 9

Nucleic Acids 0

T+&T:T+&T: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and

24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?


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Simple tests can detect the

presence of proteins, lipids andcarbohydrates in given samples

(i.e. various food items)


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Testing for carbohydrates

*ugolCs reagent 6iodinesolution7BenedictCs solution


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Testing for simple carbohydrates

+enedicts solution

is used to test forsimplecarbohydrates.

+enedicts solutionis a blue colored

li0uid that contains



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$hen +enedicts solution andsimple carbohydrates are heated%

the solution changes to orange red/


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Testing for lipids

3rease spot testBrownpaper test

&udan 1ed test

Brown paper test for lipids


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Brown paper test for lipids

As we all )nowfrom

eperience%lipids lea'etranslucent

spots (greasespots! on

ungla1ed brown

Sudan Red test for lipids


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Sudan Red test for lipids

2udan red is afat,soluble dye

that stains lipidsred. 3sing2udan red can

show theamount and the

location of

Testing for proteins


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Buiret test+uiret solution is a blue li0uidthat changes to purple when

proteins are present and to pin)in the presence of short chains of

polypeptides. The copper atom ofthe biuret solution reacts withthe peptide bonds to cause the

color change



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Buiret test

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Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates