Linux Terminal Comands

8/11/2019 Linux Terminal Comands

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Basic Linux Commands

Modes of Operation

The linux operating system used for the PARTICLE DAQ system can be used either in a terminal mode where

you type commands or in a Windows Explorer style graphical user interface (GUI).

The Explorer-like GUI can be used for file manipulation functions (e.g., copying a file to a floppy) or deleting or

moving files on the disk. It cannot be used to run the PARTICLE DAQ itself.

To begin using the Explorer-like GUI, double click on the icons on the Desktop. For the most part, Explorermode will be familiar from Windows or MAC OS, so with a few exceptions, this information will not focus on

this. Where something is much more easily done from Explorer mode, it will be highlighted here.

To begin working in the terminal mode, you will need to open a terminal. This can be accomplished by clicking

on the terminal icon in the bottom icon bar, by using the main menu (footprint icon in lower left of bottom icon

bar) System Tools -> New Terminal.

The Manual (terminal mode)

man This command brings up the online Unix

manual. Use it on each of the commands below.

For Example:

manpwd You will see the manual for the pwd command.

Accessing files in Folders (Directories) in terminal modepwd Shows what directory (folder) you are in.

In Linux, your home directory is /home/particle

Let's suppose you have several data files (data1, data2 ... etc.) in a directory called muondata.

Then suppose the directory muondatais an entry in your main home

directory, /home/particle .

If you are in your home directory (where terminals start) and type pwd, you will

see /home/particle.

If you were in the muondatadirectory, pwd would give

you /home/particle/muondatainstead

The last slash after a directory name is optional.

As you can see, each slash (/) indicates another sub-directory.

cd Changes directories.

Examples of relative movement among directories:

cdmuondata Moves down from your current directory

intothe muondata sub-directory

cd.. Moves up one directory (yes, include the

twolittle dots)

You can also move directly into directories

cd/home/particle/muondata

Moves from ANY directory into the muondatasub-directoryof your home directory.

cd~ Takes you back to your home directory

(/home/particle)

Making or Removing a Directory (terminal mode)

mkdirdirName Creates a directory with name dirName.

For Example:

mkdirtemp Creates the directory temp.

rmdirdirName Removes a directory dirName.

For Example:rmdirtemp Removes the directory temp.

Looking at or Finding your Files (terminal mode)

ls Lists files.


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If you add -alafter lsit will give more details for each file. Such as, size, permissions, owners, dates etc.

lsal You'll see a huge list of files that you can't see with the 'ls'

command alone and lots of details.

If you see such a long list of files that they scroll off the terminal screen, one way to solve the problem is to use:

ls-al |more Shows one screen of file names at a time.

lessdata1 Dumps the contents of the data1 file to your screen

with a pause at each line so you don't miss any contents as they scroll. You maymove through the file using page up, page down, home and end keys. When

done with less you use the q key to get back to the main terminal.

whereisdata1 Shows you the location of the data1 file.

Altering your Files

rmdata1 Deletes the file data1 in the current directory.

rm-i muon* Removes all of your muon data files

(careful!! rm * will remove ALL your files)

The "-i" makes the computer prompt before removing each file. If you really

want to work without a net, omit the "-i".

cp

data1 newdata/

will copy the file data1 to the directory newdata (assuming it has already been created)

mvdata1 newdata/ moves the file data1 to the folder newdata and deletes

the old one.


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An A-Z Index of the Bashcommand line for Linux.

alias Create an alias

apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)aptitudeSearch for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)aspell Spell Checkerawk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

bbasenameStrip directory and suffix from filenamesbash GNU Bourne-Again SHellbc Arbitrary precision calculator languagebg Send to backgroundbreak Exit from a loop builtin Run a shell builtinbzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)

c

cal Display a calendarcase Conditionally perform a commandcat Concatenate and print (display) the content of filescd Change Directorycfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxchgrp Change group ownershipchmod Change access permissionschown Change file owner and groupchroot Run a command with a different root directorychkconfigSystem services (runlevel)

cksum Print CRC checksum and byte countsclear Clear terminal screencmp Compare two filescomm Compare two sorted files line by linecommand Run a command - ignoring shell functions

continueResume the next iteration of a loop cp Copy one or more files to another locationcron Daemon to execute scheduled commandscrontab Schedule a command to run at a later timecsplit Split a file into context-determined piecescut Divide a file into several parts

ddate Display or change the date & timedc Desk Calculatordd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot recordsddrescueData recovery tooldeclare Declare variables and give them attributes df Display free disk spacediff Display the differences between two files

diff3 Show differences among three filesdig DNS lookupdir Briefly list directory contentsdircolorsColour setup for `ls'dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path

dirs Display list of remembered directoriesdmesg Print kernel & driver messagesdu Estimate file space usage

eecho Display message on screen egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expressioneject Eject removable mediaenable Enable and disable builtin shell commands env Environment variablesethtool Ethernet card settingseval Evaluate several commands/argumentsexec Execute a commandexit Exit the shellexpect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
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expand Convert tabs to spaces

export Set an environment variableexpr Evaluate expressions

ffalse Do nothing, unsuccessfullyfdformatLow-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxfg Send job to foreground

fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file typefind Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand words, and execute commandsformat Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer ProtocolfunctionDefine Function Macrosfuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file

ggawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse positional parameters

grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given patterngroupaddAdd a user security groupgroupdelDelete a groupgroupmodModify a groupgroups Print group names a user is ingzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

hhash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead Output the first part of file(s)help Display help for a built-in command history Command HistoryhostnamePrint or set system name

iiconv Convert the character set of a file

id Print user and group id'sif Conditionally perform a commandifconfigConfigure a network interfaceifdown Stop a network interfaceifup Start a network interface upimport Capture an X server screen and save the image to fileinstall Copy files and set attributes

jjobs List active jobs join Join lines on a common field

kkill Stop a process from runningkillall Kill processes by name

l

less Display output one screen at a timelet Perform arithmetic on shell variables link Create a link to a file

ln Create a symbolic link to a filelocal Create variables locate Find fileslogname Print current login namelogout Exit a login shell look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line printer control programlpr Off line printlprint Print a filelprintd Abort a print joblprintq List the print queuelprm Remove jobs from the print queue

ls List information about file(s)lsof List open files

mmake Recompile a group of programs
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man Help manual

mkdir Create new folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output one screen at a timemount Mount a file systemmtools Manipulate MS-DOS files

mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or rename files or directoriesmmv Mass Move and rename (files)

nnetstat Networking informationnice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines and write filesnohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-send Send desktop notificationsnslookupQuery Internet name servers interactively

oopen Open a file in its default applicationop Operator access

ppasswd Modify a user password

paste Merge lines of filespathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a network connectionpkill Stop processes from runningpopd Restore the previous value of the current directorypr Prepare files for printingprintcap Printer capability databaseprintenv Print environment variablesprintf Format and print data ps Process statuspushd Save and then change the current directorypv Monitor the progress of data through a pipepwd Print Working Directory

q

quota Display disk usage and limitsquotacheckScan a file system for disk usagequotactlSet disk quotas

rram ram disk devicercp Copy files between two machinesread Read a line from standard input readarray Read from stdin into an array variable readonlyMark variables/functions as readonlyreboot Reboot the systemrename Rename filesrenice Alter priority of running processesremsync Synchronize remote files via emailreturn Exit a shell function

rev Reverse lines of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)

rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)s

screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via sshscp Secure copy (remote file copy)sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed Stream Editorselect Accept keyboard inputseq Print numeric sequencesset Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File Transfer Programshift Shift positional parametersshopt Shell Options

shutdownShutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay for a specified timeslocate Find filessort Sort text files
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source Run commands from a file '.'

split Split a file into fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)strace Trace system calls and signalssu Substitute user identitysudo Execute a command as another usersum Print a checksum for a filesuspend Suspend execution of this shell

sync Synchronize data on disk with memoryttail Output the last part of filetar Store, list or extract files in an archivetee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a conditional expressiontime Measure Program running timetimeout Run a command with a time limittimes User and system timestouch Change file timestampstop List processes running on the systemtracerouteTrace Route to Hosttrap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characterstrue Do nothing, successfully

tsort Topological sorttty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a command

uulimit Limit user resources umask Users file creation maskumount Unmount a deviceunalias Remove an alias uname Print system informationunexpandConvert spaces to tabsuniq Uniquify filesunits Convert units from one scale to anotherunset Remove variable or function namesunshar Unpack shell archive scripts

until Execute commands (until error)uptime Show uptimeuseradd Create new user accountuserdel Delete a user accountusermod Modify user accountusers List users currently logged inuuencodeEncode a binary fileuudecodeDecode a file created by uuencode

vv Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')vi Text Editorvmstat Report virtual memory statistics

w

wait Wait for a process to complete watch Execute/display a program periodicallywc Print byte, word, and line counts

whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a programwhich Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute commandswho Print all usernames currently logged inwhoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTPwrite Send a message to another user

xxargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)xdg-openOpen a file or URL in the user's preferred application.yes Print a string until interruptedzip Package and compress (archive) files.

. Run a command script in the current shell!! Run the last command again### Comment / Remark
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Commands marked are bashbuilt-ins

Many commands particularly the Core Utils are also available under alternateshells(C shell, Korn shell etc).
http://www.freebsd.org/ports/shells.htmlhttp://www.freebsd.org/ports/shells.htmlhttp://www.freebsd.org/ports/shells.htmlhttp://www.freebsd.org/ports/shells.html

Documents

Linux Terminal Comands