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7/30/2019 Linux Chapter 11 Compress Backup Software
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Archiving, Compression, and
Managing Software Packages
Chapter Eleven
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Compressing Files
Compressing files
Useful way to use less space for rarely accessed data
Makes files smaller before transmitting them over network
gzip command Compress any file; best compression 60-70% of original size
Lempel-Ziv Compression
gzipv sample sample.gz
-v verbose option
zcat sample.gz to view compressed file contents
gunzip command
Uncompresses file compressed using gzip
gunzipv sample.gz
Alternative: gzipd sample.gz
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3
The gzip Utility (continued)
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The gzip Utility (continued)
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The gzip Utility (continued)
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Compressing Files
bzip2 command Compress any file; better compression than gzip
BurrowsWheeler transform and Huffman coding
bzip2v sample sample.bz2
-v verbose option
bzcat sample.bz2 to view compressed file contents
bunzip2 command
Uncompresses file compressed using gzip
bunzip2v sample.bz2
bzip2d sample.bz2
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The bzip2Utility (continued)
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The bzip2Utility (continued)
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System Backup
System backup: process whereby files are copied toan archive
Archive: location (file or device) that contains copy of
files Typically created by a backup utility
Should backup user files from home directories andany important system configuration files
Possibly files used by system services as well Several backup utilities available
tar, cpio, dump/restore, burning software
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System Backup (continued)
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Using tar for Archiving Files
tar archive
Tape Archive
Single file that can contain other files anddirectory structure
tar command
Create tar archive Specify files to be included in backup archive
on command line
Writes data to file name or device
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The tar Utility (continued)
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The tar Utility (continued)
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Using tar for Archiving Files
tar and compress an entire directorys contents
tarzcvf backup.tar.gz *
View contents of archive tarztvf backup.tar.gz *
tar to a tape device
tarcvf /dev/st0 *
Extract and uncompress
tarzxvf backup.tar.gz
Extract from a tape device tarxvf /dev/st0
Tarball archive and compressed .tar.gz or .tgz
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Using tar and cpio for Archiving Files
(continued) cpio command
Copy in and out
Similar to tar
Reads from STDIN channel for file names
Writes data back to STDOUT Examples
Archive
find /homeu horvathe | cpiovocBO horvathe.cpio
Extract
cpiovicBI horvathe.cpio
tar and cpio
Help create incremental or multilevel backup
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The cpio Utility (continued)
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The cpio Utility (continued)
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The dump/restore Utility
dump/restore: Used to back up files and
directories to device or file on filesystem
Works only with files on ext2 and ext3 filesystems
Designed to backup entire filesystems to an
archive
/etc/dumpdates: file used to store information
about incremental and full backups
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The dump/restore Utility
(continued)
Full backup: archiving all data on filesystem
Incremental backup: backs up only data that
has changed since last backup
Can perform up to nine different incremental
backups
dump command: create archives for full or
incremental backup
restore command: extract archives created
with dump
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The dump/restore Utility
(continued)
A sample back-up strategy
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The dump/restore Utility
(continued)
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Burning Software
tar, cpio, and dump utilities copy data to backupmedium in character-by-character or block-by-block
format
Typically used with tape, floppy, and hard disk media
Disc burning software: used to write files to CD orDVD media
Build CD or DVD filesystem, organize the data, and write it
all to CD or DVD
Ubuntu comes with k3b Disc Burner burning
software
Fedora comes with Brasero Disc Burner burning
software
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Managing Packages
Linux groups related files into packages for
easier management
Software package contains all files neededto install and use application
Red Hat Package Manager format
Abbreviated as rpm
Debian Package Manager format
Abbreviated as deb
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Managing Packages (continued)
Debian package format
Used by Debian Linux distributions
.deb file extension
dpkg old form for installing packages
apt Advanced Packaging Tool
dselect - utility manages Debian packages
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Synaptic Package Manager in
Ubuntu
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Using rpm to Manage Software
Packages rpm command-line utility maintains
database listing all software packages
installed on system Lists:
Files included in each package
Packages are dependent on other packages
Other information
rpm command
Install new software packages
Erase software acka es from s stem
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Using rpm to Manage Software
Packages (continued) Name of package file includes version
information
Example gedit-2.4.0-3.i386.rpm
Version 2.4.0
Release code 3
Platform i386
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Using rpm to Manage Software
Packages (continued) Rpm command options fall into categories
-q optionquery database and learn about packages
-i or -U optioninstall or upgrade package -e optionerase (uninstall) rpm package
-f option: together with q used to display the
package to which a specific file belongs
Install new rpm files either from: Linux CD-ROM
Internet
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Using rpm to Manage Software
Packages (continued) Install package zsh-4.2.0-1.i386.rpm
rpm -uvh /tmp/zsh-4.2.0-1.i386.rpm
Can use regular expression to specifypackage names
rpm utility maintains internal database of
keys
Key is part of encryption information used
to digitally sign rpm file
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Using rpm to Manage Software
Packages (continued) Fedora keys located in /usr/share/rhn
--import imports keys into rpm database
Check for keys
rpm --checksig -v packagefilename
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Installing Programs Using RPM
Packages in RPM format have filenames that
indicate hardware architecture for which the
software was compiled
End with .rpm extension
To install an RPM package, use i option to
rpm command
Command used to install, query, and remove RPM
packages
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Installing Programs Using RPM
(continued)
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Installing Programs Using RPM
(continued)
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Installing Programs Using RPM
(continued) Most RPM packages are located on Internet Servers
Called software repositories
yum command: used to search Internet software
repositories for RPM packages Installs dependent packages if necessary
yum install packagename command
yum update packagenamecommand
KPackageKit: graphical utility for installing or updating
packages
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Installing Programs Using RPM
(continued)
The KPackageKit utility
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alien
Converts RPM to DEB Packages
sudo aptitude install alien
Download rpm
sudo alien --scripts --to-deb avg75flm-r45-
a0973.i386.rpm avg75flm_r45-1_i386.deb
Coverts to deb generated
Install Debian package
sudo dpkg --install avg75flm_r45-1_i386.deb
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Repairing Package Manager
sudo aptitude install -c
Checks apt may need to be run if Synaptic
package manager hangs sudo aptitude install --fix-missing
sudo aptitude -f install
Fix packages; even sudo dpkg --configure -a
Attempts to install all partially installed packages
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APT Tools
aptitude install package-name
Installs a package
aptitude reinstall package-name
Reinstalls a package
aptitude remove package-name
Removes a package
aptitude purge package-name
Removes package and configuration files
aptitude show packagename
Displays information about the package, including dependencies.
May also use apt-get for many commands
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APT Tools aptitude update
Updates the list of available packages from the apt sources
aptitude upgrade
Upgrades installed packages to the most recent versions.
aptitude safe-upgrade The safest way to upgrade is to use the action 'safe-upgrade'. The
new action will upgrade a package only if it does not impact other
packages, i-e: if it is necessary to add or remove a dependency
package during upgrade, safe-upgrade won't upgrade
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APT Tools aptitude full-upgrade
Upgrades installed packages to the most recent versions.
aptitude will upgrade to the latest version of a package even if it is
necessary to add or remove dependencies.
aptitude clean
Deletes packages in the APT cache.
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APT Tools
apt-cache search keyword
Searches for packages that match a keyword
apt-cache depends packagename Display dependencies; packages that must be
installed before this package can be used.
aptitude search packagename
Searches for packages have the packagename
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Repositories
Sites where packages can be downloaded
/etc/apt/sources.list
# comment
deb executable
deb-src source code
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dpkg
Monitors which software packages are installed
Location of packages
Dependencies
Will not download packages from a repository
dpkg --list packagename.deb
Information about packages
dpkg --install packagename.deb
Install packages
dpkg -- purge packagename
Delete package and configuration files
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dpkg
dpkg --status packagename Displays information about an installed
package
dpkg --search packagename
Search for packages with a name
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Updating the System
Automatically Download upgrades or security fixes for key
operating system packages installed on system
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Software Updates in Ubuntu
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Updating the System
Automatically Red Hat Network
Download upgrades or security fixes for key
operating system packages installed on system Subscribe to Red Hat Network service
May be entitled to annual subscription as part of
purchase
Individuals can use for free
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Updating the System
Automatically (continued) Red Hat Network
Uses icon on Panel in GNOME or KDE to
indicate status Check mark in blue circle
Flashing exclamation point in red circle
To register, double-click network alert icon on
panel
To configure, right-click alert icon
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Updating the System
Automatically (continued) up2date utility
Manage updated software
Configure overall settings for Red HatNetwork
System Tools then Red Hat Network on
GNOME main menu Tabs
General
Retrieval/installation
Package exceptions
C ili S C d i t
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Compiling Source Code into
Programs Procedure for compiling source code into binary
programs standardized among most OSS developers
Source files are typically stored in a .tar.gz file
make command: looks for Makefile and it to compilethe source code into binary using compiler
Makefile: contains most of the information and commands
necessary to compile a program, as well as instructions for
use of commented areas
make install command: copies complied
executable programs to correct location