Linus Carl PaulingA Glimpse of His Life and Works

Nobel Prize for Chemistry

Award Recipient for the Year 1954

Nobel Prize for Peace Award Recipient for the Year 1962

Presented by:Mr. Zakariya T. MuripagaI - MS ChemistryMSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

…Pauling was included in a list of the 20 greatest scientists of all time by the magazine New Scientist, with Albert Einstein being the only other scientist from the twentieth century on the list…

Early LifeLinus Carl Pauling is the first child of Herman Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle Darling (1881–1926).• Born on February 28, 1901 in Portland, Oregon, USA

to an impoverished family• Of German-Irish descent• During his early childhood finished reading the Holy

Bible, Darwin’s Book of Evolution and an avid reader of Encyclopaedia Britannica

• Showed superb academic excellence• After seeing a home experiment set by a friend and

classmate Lloyd A. Jeffress ,he made up his mind to become a chemist in 1914

I am the proud father

of Linus Pauling

Herman Henry William Pauling

Thank God, I am spared of reading

those piles of encyclopedia

thing…

Early Life• He collected insects and minerals and read

omnivorously• Ironically, entered college (Oregon Agricultural College)

without a high school diploma• Due to financial constraints was offered a teaching post

and he became a “boy professor”, being an instructor in OAC in 1919, giving seminar to elder professors about the nature of the chemical bond

• Strongly influenced by the work of G. N. Lewis and I. Langmuir and thus sparked his "strong desire to understand the physical and chemical properties of substances in relation to the structure of the atoms and molecules of which they are composed," which determined the course of his long life.

• Pauling resumed his student status and graduated in 1922 with a B.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering

The Intellectual Inspiration…

Gilbert Newton Lewis Irving Langmuir

In Pasadena, CaliforniaStart of Scientific Career…Pauling came to the California Institute of Technology as a graduate student in 1922 and remained there for more than forty years. • chose Caltech because he could obtain a doctorate

there in three years (Harvard required six) and because Arthur Amos Noyes--a physical chemist- -offered him a modest stipend as part-time instructor.

• Pauling's doctoral work was on the determination of crystal structures by X-ray diffraction analysis under the direction of Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson (1894-1945

• graduated in 1925 for his PhD in Chemistry• had published twelve papers, most on inorganic crystal

structures, including one with Peter Debye (1884-1966) on dilute ionic solutions (Debye and Pauling, 1925) and one with Richard Tolman (1881-1948) on the entropy of supercooled liquids at 0 K (Pauling and Tolman, 1925).

A Young ProfessionalGraduating with flying colors…Graduated his B. Sc. Chemical Engineering degree, with meritorious distinction, in 1922 in Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University, OSU)

Graduated his Ph. D. in physical chemistry and mathematical physics, summa cum laude, in 1925 in the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

The Irony: Technically graduated his High School in 1962, his school Washington High School awarded him his high school diploma

In Pasadena, CaliforniaStart of Scientific Career…• In April, 1926 he accompanied by his wife--Ava

Helen Miller-- was sent off for a fellowship in the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Munich, Germany.

• While in Europe he was among the first to consider the practical applications of quantum mechanics to molecular systems

• Came back to Caltech as assistant professor of Theoretical Chemistry and later promoted to full professor

CalTech and BeyondFine Achievements of a Lifetime…Among the remarkable work of Pauling was his contributions to the fields of Quantum chemistry, Biochemistry and most specifically his ideas on the Nature of Chemical Bond. He made insights on many a crucial concepts in chemistry, among them :• Pauling's ionic radii• Pauling's rules of stereochemistry of minerals• LCAO principle in Quantum Chemistry• Resonance (resonance structures)• Pauling’s electronegativity• Related studies in molecular biology: protein

structure, DNA & RNA, hemoglobin, antibody-antigen interaction et al

• Fierce Apostle of Vitamin C “Panacea”

Want some citrus

orange? It is rich

in Vitamin C which is excellent for the body.

Political IdeologyBeing a Lifelong Pacifist…Linus Carl Pauling is not only known for his scientific achievements but also for his ideals of world peace.• On August 1945 (during WWII), he made an active stance

on his campaigns of nuclear disarmament of USA fearing the implication of a cascading atomic/nuclear threats.

• Actively participated in protests against nuclear weapon s development

• Signed petitions and spoke eloquently about the danger of the impending atomic weapons age

• Outwardly warning people of nuclear falloutBecause of the deeds, those were enough to label Linus Carl Pauling as a security risk to the US and was closely watched by the FBI and at times banned to travel out of the US.• His efforts paid later on as US and other countries agreed

to the worldwide Nuclear Disarmament.

“I like people. I like animals, too—whales and quail, dinosaurs and dodos. But I like human beings especially, and I am unhappy that the pool of human germ plasm, which determines the nature of the human race, is deteriorating.”Linus Pauling (1901 - 1994)U.S. Scientist.Said on winning the Nobel Prize for Peace. Referring to radioactive fallout.

from The New York Times

Pauling’s comment on hydrogen bonding:…Because of its small bond energy and the small activation energy involved in its formation and rupture, the hydrogen bond is especially suited to play a part in reactions occurring at normal temperatures… it will be found that the significance of the hydrogen bond for physiology is greater than that of any other single structural feature…

HEART over MINDRomantic side…Pauling’s one true love and lifelong companion is Ava Helen Miller

Their love story started sometime when Linus was a professor of chemistry in his final year in OAC as he was given opportunity to teach, this time an introductory chemistry course for young women students of home economics. This new teaching episode had important consequences for his future. One of the students was Ava Helen Miller, who became his wife in a marriage that lasted almost sixty years.

Pauling married Ava Helen Miller of Beaver Creek, Oregon, in 1923. She is of English-Scottish and German descent. They have four children, Linus (Carl) Jr. (1925), Peter Jeffress (1931), Linda Helen (1932) and Edward Crellin (1937), and thirteen grandchildren.

Linus Carl Pauling and Ava Helen

Miller through thick and thin…

(The photo above shows the couple

inspecting the Nobel Prize Award of Linus Pauling; the left photo is taken sometime

after Pauling graduated his PhD)

PAULING as a MANhis Persona, his human nature…Pauling lived a long and productive life• As scientist, influenced several generations of chemists

and biologists until the present• As political activist, challenged the political and military

establishment of the US and helped to change them• As health crusader persuaded millions of people to take

supplemental vitaminsHis lectures were spellbinding, and he had a characteristically simple and direct literary stylePauling was certainly aware of his own intellectual superiority, but he could be patient in dealing with the slowness of the slow wittedI believe he was basically rather shyHe was a formidable thinker, both at the problem-solving level and about fundamentals and he had a remarkable capacity to visualize complex three-dimensional structures

PAULING as a MANhis Persona, his human nature…In addition to his Nobel Prizes Pauling was awarded dozens of honors and distinctions, including honorary doctorates from Oregon State College, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Reed College, and the Universities of Chicago, Princeton, Yale, Cambridge, London, Oxford, Paris, Toulouse, Montepellier, Lyon, Liège, Humboldt (Berlin), Melbourne, York (Toronto), New Brunswick, and Warsaw. His election to membership in the National Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London, Académie Française des Sciences, and Akademiya Nauk SSR may be specially mentioned. He published a heave of articles and books, scientific and literary alike. He certainly did become not merely as bread winner to his family but a responsible father (to four children), caring son and a brother; and a loyal friend.His name will always be remembered.

The MASTER Piece

A NOBLE LegacyHis Nobel Memoirs…Nobel Prize for Chemistry Award Recipient for the Year 1954The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 was awarded to Linus Pauling: "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances".Nobel Prize for Peace Award Recipient for the Year 1962

Science is the Search for Truth.Linus Carl Pauling

ReferencesAs cited in the websites:

en.wikipedia.orgwww.chemicalheritagefoundation.comwww.nobelprize.orgwww.linuspaulingbiography.com

• Dunitz, Jack D. (November 1996). "Linus Carl Pauling, February 28, 1901–August 19, 1994" (– Scholar search). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 42: 316–338. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0020. Goertzel, Ted; Ben Goertzel (1995). Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics. Basic Books. ISBN 0465006728.

• Hager, Thomas (1995). Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684809095.

• Hager, Thomas (1998). Linus Pauling and the Chemistry of Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195139720.

• Marinacci, Barbara; Ramesh Krishnamurthy (1998). Linus Pauling on Peace. Rising Star Press. ISBN 0933670036.

• Mead, Clifford; Thomas Hager (eds.) (2001). Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker. Oregon State University Press. ISBN 0870714899.

• Serafini, Anthony (1989). Linus Pauling: A Man and His Science. Paragon House. ISBN 155778440X.