link.springer.com10.1007/s10914... · Web view... American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN THE

Supporting online Material

PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTIONS AND THE PERCEIVED

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE NEOTROPICAL

FELID ENSEMBLE

JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION

MIRIAM MARIANA MORALES and NORBERTO PEDRO GIANNINI

MIRIAM MARIANA MORALES (corresponding author)

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

Centro de Estudios Territoriales Ambientales y Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad

Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, San Salvador de Jujuy, CP 4600, Argentina

Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de

Tucumán, CP 4000, Argentina

E-mail: [email protected]

NORBERTO PEDRO GIANNINI

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán,

Argentina

Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de

Tucumán, CP 4000, Argentina

Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street,

New York, NY 10024-5192, USA.

1

mailto:[email protected]

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER:

Table S1 PCA of extant Neotropical ensemble

Table S2 PCA of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble

Table S3 PCA of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble

Table S4 CPO individual results of extant Neotropical ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S5 CPO step forward results of extant Neotropical ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S6 CPO individual results of extant Neotropical ensemble, postcranial dataset

Table S7 CPO step forward results of extant Neotropical ensemble, postcranial dataset

Table S8 CPO individual results of extant Neotropical ensemble, combined dataset

Table S9 CPO step forward results of extant Neotropical ensemble, combined dataset

Table S10 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S11 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S12 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, postcranial dataset

Table S13 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, postcranial dataset

Table S14 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, combined dataset

Table S15 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble, combined dataset

Table S16 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S17 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, cranial dataset

Table S18 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, postcranial

dataset

Table S19 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, postcranial

dataset

Table S20 CPO individual results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, combined

dataset

Table S21 CPO step forward results of Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble, combined

dataset

Table S22 Summary of results of the extant Neotropical ensemble analyses

Table S23 Summary of results of the extant Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble analyses

Appendix S1 List of specimens used in this study

2

Appendix S2 Particular morphofunctional interpretations

3

Table S1 Results of Principal Component Analyses (PCA) performed for extant Neotropical ensemble

(12 species): eigenvectors of each variable from the first two axes and their corresponding eigenvalues,

percentage of total variation per axes and cumulative percentage from successive axes (%ac) for each of

the PCA performed. Cr, analyses with skull dataset; Pcr, analyses with postcranial dataset; Comb,

analyses with combined dataset; -SC, analyses with size corrected datasets. For acronyms see Appendix

S2 and S3 in and Morales and Giannini (2013)

4

Cr Cr-SC

Pcr Pcr-SC Comb Comb-SC

Variables

I II I II I II I II I II I II

Skull variables

APD 7.89 0.06 0.02 -0.01 - - - - 6.24 1.23 0.00 0.03ATL 19.22 0.87 0.01 0.01 - - - - 16.09 2.90 0.00 0.06CBL 44.36 -0.82 -0.21 -0.07 - - - - 37.08 7.57 -0.17 0.18CG 31.74 -0.44 -0.01 -0.06 - - - - 26.73 5.60 -0.01 0.12CL 4.63 0.03 0.03 0.00 - - - - 3.72 0.86 0.03 0.02cL 4.26 0.13 0.03 0.00 - - - - 2.81 -0.05 0.01 0.00Cm1 17.61 -1.11 -0.03 -0.05 - - - - 14.43 2.82 -0.04 0.08CPD 13.20 -0.57 0.04 -0.04 - - - - 10.58 1.96 0.00 0.05cW 3.13 0.04 0.02 0.00 - - - - 2.50 0.50 0.02 0.01CW 3.71 0.16 0.03 0.00 - - - - 3.06 0.69 0.03 0.01

5

ENW 8.48 0.74 0.04 0.01 - - - - 7.43 0.91 0.04 0.01FTL 26.93 -2.78 -0.15 -0.12 - - - - 22.29 4.44 -0.13 0.18ICW 15.53 0.71 0.06 0.00 - - - - 13.05 2.64 0.04 0.05IOW 10.09 0.58 -0.01 0.00 - - - - 9.20 1.75 0.01 0.05IP4W 19.52 2.19 -0.03 0.03 - - - - 16.04 0.70 -0.07 0.03IW 19.33 1.40 -0.09 0.03 - - - - 15.55 3.23 -0.12 0.08MD 6.85 -0.27 0.02 -0.02 - - - - 5.68 1.31 0.02 0.03MeD 12.54 -0.14 0.07 -0.02 - - - - 10.62 2.87 0.06 0.05MPW 19.35 0.44 -0.08 0.01 - - - - 15.81 3.87 -0.10 0.10OCW 8.24 0.41 -0.13 0.01 - - - - 6.69 0.93 -0.14 0.06OL 7.62 1.07 -0.13 0.02 - - - - 7.13 -0.32 -0.12 0.00OPD 15.10 -0.39 -0.04 -0.01 - - - - 12.53 2.67 -0.01 0.05P3-P4 9.83 1.22 -0.01 0.02 - - - - 8.03 0.39 -0.02 0.01P4 5.23 0.70 -0.02 0.02 - - - - 4.53 0.18 -0.02 0.01P4G 18.12 -1.18 -0.02 -0.05 - - - - 15.34 3.27 -0.01 0.08PC 6.40 2.88 -0.26 0.12 - - - - 6.30 -0.62 -0.22 -0.03PP4 2.06 0.31 -0.02 0.01 - - - - 1.72 -0.06 -0.02 0.00RD 19.46 1.19 0.02 0.00 - - - - 17.41 1.84 0.03 0.02TD 15.72 -1.04 -0.04 -0.07 - - - - 13.06 2.60 -0.05 0.13ZB 35.29 0.19 -0.05 -0.04 - - - - 29.46 5.68 -0.09 0.16ZD 5.34 0.70 0.05 0.01 - - - - 4.41 0.12 0.04 -0.01

Postcranial variables

A - - - - 12.24 -1.45 -0.16 -0.22 12.31 -1.41 -0.18 -0.07B - - - - 8.01 0.58 -0.02 -0.01 8.20 0.16 -0.01 -0.01BO - - - - 3.43 0.80 0.00 0.03 3.55 0.67 0.00 0.03

6

CA - - - - 3.96 0.72 0.01 0.01 4.09 0.60 0.01 0.01Cp - - - - 5.18 1.01 0.04 0.01 5.36 0.90 0.04 0.01CRU - - - - 7.82 0.47 0.04 -0.01 8.00 0.10 0.04 -0.02CTa - - - - 2.70 0.01 -0.03 -0.01 2.77 -0.01 -0.02 0.00DAP - - - - 1.91 0.13 -0.01 0.00 1.96 0.06 -0.01 0.00DCP - - - - 3.29 0.00 0.02 0.00 3.36 -0.15 0.02 -0.01DH - - - - 4.69 0.02 0.02 0.00 4.79 -0.22 0.02 -0.01DLCd - - - - 9.31 -0.11 0.01 0.00 9.48 -0.72 0.01 -0.04DMCd - - - - 9.46 0.16 0.02 0.01 9.65 -0.45 0.02 -0.03DR - - - - 5.36 0.46 0.03 -0.01 5.50 0.33 0.03 -0.01DT - - - - 4.00 0.62 0.00 -0.01 4.12 0.51 0.00 0.00DT - - - - 4.85 0.17 0.01 -0.02 4.96 0.02 0.01 -0.01DTa - - - - 2.56 -0.51 -0.01 -0.01 2.59 -0.66 -0.01 -0.01DU - - - - 6.77 0.15 0.05 0.00 6.93 -0.12 0.06 -0.01F - - - - 49.19 -3.62 -0.21 -0.10 49.93 -6.50 -0.20 -0.22Fi - - - - 36.72 -5.73 -0.46 -0.11 37.12 -7.81 -0.44 -0.15FMcI - - - - 2.20 -0.43 0.01 -0.01 2.22 -0.52 0.01 -0.01FN - - - - 3.98 0.40 0.00 -0.01 4.08 0.25 0.00 -0.01FTa - - - - 3.40 -0.05 -0.01 0.00 3.45 -0.22 -0.01 0.00G - - - - 14.71 0.54 0.06 0.02 15.03 -0.28 0.06 -0.04GL - - - - 12.46 -1.65 0.08 0.01 12.58 -2.88 0.08 -0.09GM - - - - 12.40 -0.40 0.12 0.00 12.63 -1.22 0.11 -0.06H - - - - 39.96 0.30 -0.29 -0.05 40.77 -1.57 -0.27 -0.06HD - - - - 11.37 1.12 0.04 0.01 11.68 0.71 0.05 0.00HLCd - - - - 5.94 0.24 0.01 -0.01 6.07 -0.04 0.01 -0.02HMCd - - - - 5.35 0.31 0.01 -0.01 5.48 0.10 0.01 -0.01IF - - - - 14.26 4.07 0.07 0.08 14.75 3.60 0.08 0.08IQ - - - - 17.21 -0.35 0.09 -0.07 17.48 -1.22 0.09 -0.11LDT - - - - 20.47 2.88 -0.10 0.11 20.88 0.87 -0.09 0.05

7

LH - - - - 8.43 1.56 0.01 0.02 8.70 1.28 0.02 0.02LI - - - - 9.01 1.24 0.05 0.01 9.27 0.89 0.05 -0.02LI - - - - 21.60 0.99 -0.04 -0.04 22.07 -0.09 -0.03 -0.08LMFi - - - - 2.43 0.18 0.00 0.01 2.49 0.12 0.01 0.00LMM - - - - 3.04 0.10 0.00 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00LR - - - - 4.36 0.54 0.02 -0.01 4.48 0.46 0.02 0.00LSP - - - - 2.86 0.48 0.02 0.01 2.94 0.37 0.02 0.01LT - - - - 8.36 0.11 -0.03 0.02 8.55 -0.27 -0.02 -0.01LTC - - - - 10.31 0.20 0.04 -0.02 10.53 -0.24 0.04 -0.04MC - - - - 17.44 1.80 0.01 0.01 17.86 0.86 0.01 -0.02McI - - - - 5.18 0.11 -0.02 -0.02 5.29 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01McIII - - - - 14.98 -2.59 -0.05 -0.07 15.13 -3.43 -0.04 -0.10McV - - - - 12.15 -1.26 -0.02 -0.04 12.33 -1.92 -0.02 -0.07MtII - - - - 13.67 -3.22 -0.20 -0.04 13.76 -4.31 -0.19 -0.08MtIII - - - - 17.66 -4.54 -0.16 -0.06 17.72 -6.07 -0.15 -0.13MtV - - - - 13.57 -2.28 -0.18 0.03 13.71 -3.45 -0.17 -0.04N - - - - 13.06 -0.32 -0.01 0.00 13.30 -1.01 -0.01 -0.04NAc - - - - 3.04 0.03 -0.02 -0.01 3.10 -0.14 -0.02 -0.02O - - - - 8.38 1.08 0.03 0.01 8.63 0.77 0.03 -0.01P - - - - 45.28 0.32 0.12 -0.02 46.11 -2.64 0.12 -0.19PFi - - - - 4.70 -0.51 0.01 0.00 4.76 -0.77 0.01 -0.03PQ - - - - 2.43 0.26 0.00 0.01 2.49 0.13 0.00 0.00PQR - - - - 19.91 2.36 -0.05 -0.05 20.41 1.43 -0.05 -0.06PR - - - - 23.53 10.36 -0.23 0.56 24.52 7.61 -0.17 0.40Pu - - - - 6.87 2.04 -0.11 0.05 7.15 1.82 -0.10 0.07QN - - - - 3.47 0.05 0.02 -0.03 3.54 0.02 0.01 -0.02R - - - - 31.77 -0.17 -0.35 -0.01 32.38 -1.82 -0.32 -0.01RI - - - - 13.14 1.52 0.00 0.06 13.45 0.45 0.01 0.01RU - - - - 4.90 0.20 0.03 -0.01 5.01 0.06 0.03 -0.01

8

S - - - - 16.97 -1.38 0.10 0.01 17.16 -2.57 0.10 -0.10SA - - - - 10.46 3.10 -0.04 0.10 10.86 2.69 -0.03 0.09SF - - - - 7.38 -0.01 -0.07 0.03 7.54 -0.35 -0.06 0.01SN - - - - 10.50 0.34 0.00 0.00 10.74 -0.09 0.01 -0.01Sp - - - - 26.86 1.87 -0.12 0.13 27.46 0.24 -0.09 0.06SP - - - - 2.42 -0.19 0.00 0.00 2.46 -0.31 0.00 -0.01ST1 - - - - 9.89 0.90 -0.03 0.06 10.13 0.16 -0.02 0.02T - - - - 38.75 -4.73 -0.46 -0.08 39.25 -7.01 -0.43 -0.13Ta - - - - 6.68 0.16 -0.04 -0.02 6.85 0.02 -0.04 0.00TC - - - - 7.60 1.06 0.02 0.01 7.82 0.80 0.02 0.01TC6 - - - - 4.76 0.83 -0.05 0.03 4.87 0.61 -0.05 0.03TCa1 - - - - 3.72 -0.40 -0.02 0.02 3.79 -0.70 -0.02 0.00TF - - - - 5.69 0.34 -0.03 -0.01 5.81 0.04 -0.03 -0.01TL6 - - - - 11.42 -0.20 -0.01 0.01 11.61 -0.84 -0.01 -0.04U - - - - 42.76 1.01 -0.33 0.01 43.67 -1.20 -0.30 0.00WA - - - - 8.17 1.49 0.03 0.02 8.44 1.32 0.04 0.03WAc - - - - 5.60 0.12 0.01 -0.01 5.72 -0.07 0.01 -0.01WDR - - - - 3.32 0.36 0.02 -0.01 3.41 0.28 0.02 -0.01WF - - - - 3.81 0.14 -0.01 0.01 3.90 -0.06 0.00 0.00WFi - - - - 1.27 0.19 -0.01 0.00 1.31 0.12 -0.01 0.00WH - - - - 7.08 0.33 0.02 -0.02 7.26 0.10 0.02 -0.02WIII - - - - 2.34 -0.32 0.00 0.00 2.37 -0.46 0.00 -0.01WLCd - - - - 3.68 0.36 0.01 0.00 3.78 0.20 0.01 0.00WMc - - - - 9.27 0.31 0.05 -0.01 9.48 -0.02 0.05 -0.02WMCd - - - - 3.57 0.23 0.01 0.00 3.65 0.05 0.01 -0.01WMcI - - - - 2.53 -0.53 0.01 -0.01 2.55 -0.64 0.01 -0.02WMt - - - - 8.56 0.70 0.04 0.00 8.74 0.22 0.04 -0.01WP - - - - 9.53 1.33 -0.13 0.05 9.77 0.66 -0.12 0.04WPI - - - - 20.28 3.04 -0.03 0.08 20.83 1.80 -0.02 0.04

9

WR - - - - 3.30 0.14 0.01 -0.01 3.38 0.04 0.02 -0.01WTF - - - - 4.07 0.48 0.03 0.00 4.18 0.36 0.03 0.00

Eigenvalues

Λ9178.19 35.6 0.21 0.05 20392.37 312.8

41.12 0.49 27600.42 612.7

91.15 0.6

% 98.51 0.38 52.26 13.55 96.41 1.48 40.51 17.82 95.93 2.13 35.92 18.76

% ac. 98.51 98.89 52.26 72.27 96.41 97.89 40.51 58.33 95.93 98.06 35.92 54.68

10

Table S2 Results of Principal Component Analyses (PCA) performed for Neotropical ensemble +

Smilodon populator and S. fatalis (14 species): eigenvectors of each variable from the first two axes and

their corresponding eigenvalues, percentage of total variation per axes and cumulative percentage from

successive axes (%ac) for each of the PCA performed. Cr, analyses with skull dataset; Pcr, analyses with

postcranial dataset; Comb, analyses with combined dataset; -SC, analyses with size corrected datasets.

For acronyms see Appendix S2 and S3 in Morales and Giannini (2013)

11

Cr Cr-SC Pcr Pcr-SC

Comb Comb-SC

Variables


Skull variables

APD 8.10 -0.82 0.01 -0.01 - - - - 8.46 -0.13 -0.01 0.00ATL 21.06 2.01 0.01 0.01 - - - - 26.61 3.10 -0.01 0.04CBL 48.24 2.29 -0.21 -0.06 - - - - 58.72 5.72 -0.23 0.00CG 33.59 -0.70 -0.01 -0.05 - - - - 39.70 2.29 -0.05 0.03CL 5.48 1.35 0.04 0.00 - - - - 8.13 2.23 0.04 0.05cL 4.26 -0.54 0.03 0.00 - - - - 3.46 -0.55 0.00 -0.01Cm1 18.00 -2.40 -0.04 -0.05 - - - - 18.20 -1.20 -0.08 -0.04CPD 13.06 -2.67 0.04 -0.04 - - - - 11.38 -2.27 -0.01 -0.06cW 3.09 -0.49 0.02 0.00 - - - - 2.59 -0.60 0.01 -0.01

12

CW 3.96 0.16 0.03 0.00 - - - - 4.53 0.27 0.02 0.02ENW 9.18 0.64 0.04 0.01 - - - - 11.70 0.82 0.04 0.02FTL 27.82 -3.20 -0.16 -0.12 - - - - 28.80 -1.29 -0.22 -0.08ICW 16.84 1.13 0.07 -0.01 - - - - 20.89 2.12 0.05 0.05IOW 11.78 2.57 0.00 0.00 - - - - 17.79 3.63 0.02 0.07IP4W 21.31 2.07 -0.02 0.03 - - - - 27.27 2.66 -0.06 0.00IW 20.55 0.44 -0.09 0.03 - - - - 23.07 1.27 -0.13 -0.05MD 7.22 -0.22 0.02 -0.02 - - - - 7.84 0.13 0.01 0.01MeD 13.37 0.11 0.07 -0.02 - - - - 15.44 1.02 0.05 0.04MPW 20.81 0.69 -0.08 0.01 - - - - 19.32 -0.12 -0.05 -0.02OCW 9.02 0.83 -0.13 0.01 - - - - 10.85 1.08 -0.15 -0.05OL 7.39 -1.50 -0.14 0.01 - - - - 5.26 -4.03 -0.15 -0.14OPD 16.48 1.00 -0.04 -0.01 - - - - 22.48 3.88 -0.02 0.06P3-P4 10.16 -0.28 -0.02 0.02 - - - - 9.59 -1.52 -0.05 -0.05P4 5.72 0.71 -0.02 0.02 - - - - 6.82 0.10 -0.03 -0.01P4G 18.62 -2.22 -0.02 -0.06 - - - - 19.58 -0.94 -0.06 -0.03PC 6.80 1.09 -0.26 0.12 - - - - 7.63 -1.48 -0.22 -0.15PP4 2.14 0.02 -0.02 0.01 - - - - 2.22 -0.27 -0.03 -0.02RD 21.09 1.15 0.02 0.00 - - - - 26.04 0.79 0.02 0.01TD 17.04 0.18 -0.04 -0.07 - - - - 22.39 3.20 -0.05 0.03ZB 36.69 -2.53 -0.06 -0.04 - - - - 39.83 -0.55 -0.16 -0.06ZD 5.83 0.49 0.05 0.01 - - - - 7.96 1.05 0.03 0.04


A - - - - 27.53 6.54 -0.05 -0.04 27.86 6.01 -0.07 0.00B - - - - 12.89 0.94 -0.01 0.01 13.13 0.73 -0.01 0.01

13

BO - - - - 9.25 3.40 0.05 0.04 9.45 3.28 0.02 0.06CA - - - - 7.90 1.75 0.04 0.01 8.07 1.65 0.02 0.03Cp - - - - 9.32 1.62 0.06 0.01 9.54 1.52 0.03 0.05CRU - - - - 13.18 1.34 0.05 -0.01 13.43 1.13 0.04 0.03CTa - - - - 3.74 -0.19 -0.03 0.01 3.82 -0.24 -0.03 -0.01DAP - - - - 3.21 0.32 -0.01 0.00 3.28 0.27 -0.01 0.00DCP - - - - 5.90 0.77 0.03 0.00 6.01 0.67 0.02 0.01DH - - - - 9.56 1.92 0.05 0.00 9.73 1.75 0.04 0.03DLCd - - - - 14.78 0.61 0.00 -0.01 15.02 0.33 0.01 -0.01DMCd - - - - 15.36 0.98 0.01 -0.01 15.63 0.70 0.03 0.00DR - - - - 8.87 0.84 0.04 0.00 9.04 0.71 0.03 0.02DT - - - - 4.83 -0.62 -0.02 -0.01 4.92 -0.68 0.00 -0.02DT - - - - 7.84 0.53 0.01 -0.01 7.98 0.41 0.01 0.01DTa - - - - 3.87 -0.19 -0.02 0.00 3.93 -0.28 -0.01 -0.01DU - - - - 10.74 0.56 0.05 -0.02 10.95 0.38 0.06 0.02F - - - - 68.72 -5.05 -0.39 -0.09 69.74 -6.49 -0.16 -0.33Fi - - - - 42.55 -11.64 -0.74 -0.07 43.05 -12.68 -0.44 -0.53FMcI - - - - 4.34 0.63 0.02 -0.01 4.40 0.54 0.02 0.01FN - - - - 6.07 0.27 0.00 -0.01 6.18 0.18 0.00 0.00FTa - - - - 5.56 0.35 -0.01 0.00 5.64 0.25 0.00 -0.01G - - - - 19.46 -1.68 -0.02 -0.03 19.80 -2.02 0.02 -0.04GL - - - - 20.06 0.31 0.08 -0.04 20.35 -0.16 0.10 0.01GM - - - - 18.20 -0.48 0.09 -0.04 18.51 -0.83 0.10 0.03H - - - - 61.53 1.51 -0.34 0.04 62.59 0.41 -0.23 -0.18HD - - - - 21.98 4.17 0.10 0.01 22.43 3.86 0.06 0.09HLCd - - - - 9.29 0.44 0.01 -0.02 9.45 0.29 0.02 0.00HMCd - - - - 9.76 1.46 0.02 0.00 9.94 1.30 0.02 0.01IF - - - - 21.21 1.53 0.06 0.06 21.67 1.31 0.04 0.06IQ - - - - 24.25 -1.18 0.05 -0.10 24.59 -1.63 1.24 -0.79

14

LDT - - - - 34.71 3.96 -0.07 0.15 35.28 3.29 -0.07 0.00LH - - - - 15.65 2.92 0.05 0.03 15.99 2.72 0.03 0.05LI - - - - 16.90 2.99 0.07 -0.01 17.25 2.78 0.06 0.05LI - - - - 33.61 1.36 -0.07 -0.05 34.21 0.79 0.00 -0.07LMFi - - - - 4.76 0.91 0.01 0.00 4.86 0.84 0.01 0.01LMM - - - - 4.93 0.33 0.00 0.00 5.03 0.26 0.00 0.00LR - - - - 8.15 1.44 0.04 0.00 8.32 1.34 0.03 0.03LSP - - - - 4.81 0.60 0.02 0.01 4.90 0.54 0.02 0.02LT - - - - 15.50 2.28 0.00 0.03 15.79 2.01 -0.01 0.02LTC - - - - 13.97 -0.99 0.00 -0.04 14.21 -1.22 0.04 -0.02MC - - - - 22.76 -1.95 -0.08 -0.01 23.18 -2.26 -0.04 -0.07McI - - - - 7.33 -0.24 -0.03 -0.01 7.46 -0.35 -0.02 -0.02McIII - - - - 16.75 -5.26 -0.16 -0.08 16.93 -5.67 -0.06 -0.15McV - - - - 13.75 -3.84 -0.11 -0.05 13.93 -4.14 -0.03 -0.11MtII - - - - 13.07 -6.91 -0.35 -0.04 13.17 -7.32 -0.23 -0.25MtIII - - - - 16.25 -9.54 -0.35 -0.08 16.33 -10.07 -0.19 -0.29MtV - - - - 12.89 -6.57 -0.33 0.02 13.03 -6.96 -0.23 -0.21N - - - - 17.11 -1.93 -0.08 -0.02 17.38 -2.26 -0.03 -0.06NAc - - - - 7.22 1.97 0.01 0.00 7.35 1.86 -0.01 0.03O - - - - 12.71 0.52 0.01 -0.01 12.98 0.36 0.02 0.01P - - - - 67.82 0.20 0.02 -0.11 68.92 -1.06 0.15 -0.09PFi - - - - 8.84 1.19 0.02 -0.01 8.98 1.02 0.02 0.01PQ - - - - 5.19 1.27 0.02 0.01 5.29 1.19 0.01 0.02PQR - - - - 26.84 -1.17 -0.13 -0.04 27.34 -1.55 -0.06 -0.10PR - - - - 45.44 11.53 -0.13 0.57 46.60 10.90 -0.23 0.15Pu - - - - 14.98 4.32 -0.06 0.09 15.34 4.15 -0.09 0.03QN - - - - 5.09 -0.04 0.01 -0.02 5.17 -0.11 0.02 0.00R - - - - 44.41 -2.53 -0.44 0.07 45.15 -3.36 -0.32 -0.23RI - - - - 21.25 1.73 -0.02 0.03 21.65 1.38 -0.03 0.03

15

RU - - - - 8.70 1.13 0.05 -0.02 8.85 1.00 0.05 0.02S - - - - 21.08 -3.66 -0.02 -0.07 21.33 -4.12 0.08 -0.10SA - - - - 22.20 6.11 0.02 0.12 22.73 5.83 -0.05 0.10SF - - - - 13.05 1.43 -0.07 0.02 13.29 1.20 -0.07 -0.02SN - - - - 15.46 -0.05 -0.02 -0.01 15.74 -0.30 0.01 -0.02Sp - - - - 48.62 6.93 -0.05 0.15 49.52 6.10 -0.05 0.04SP - - - - 4.64 0.68 0.01 0.00 4.72 0.59 0.01 0.01ST1 - - - - 15.32 0.71 -0.05 0.05 15.62 0.44 -0.04 -0.01T - - - - 45.34 -11.40 -0.74 -0.04 45.93 -12.47 -0.44 -0.53Ta - - - - 9.43 -0.32 -0.06 0.00 9.60 -0.46 -0.05 -0.03TC - - - - 13.56 2.07 0.04 0.01 13.84 1.89 0.03 0.04TC6 - - - - 10.86 3.11 -0.02 0.05 11.05 2.95 -0.06 0.03TF - - - - 8.68 0.27 -0.04 0.00 8.83 0.12 -0.03 -0.02TL6 - - - - 10.24 -5.13 -0.15 -0.04 10.36 -5.35 -0.06 -0.15U - - - - 61.04 -1.94 -0.43 0.09 62.11 -3.04 -0.31 -0.22WA - - - - 18.80 5.51 0.11 0.03 19.20 5.27 0.06 0.11WAc - - - - 10.10 1.37 0.02 0.00 10.29 1.20 0.02 0.02WDR - - - - 6.38 1.20 0.03 -0.01 6.50 1.12 0.02 0.03WF - - - - 7.18 1.14 0.01 0.01 7.32 1.02 0.00 0.01WFi - - - - 2.89 0.79 0.00 0.01 2.94 0.75 -0.01 0.01WH - - - - 13.35 2.25 0.05 0.00 13.61 2.03 0.03 0.04WIII - - - - 3.69 -0.02 0.00 -0.01 3.74 -0.10 0.01 -0.01WLCd - - - - 5.92 0.47 0.00 0.00 6.03 0.38 0.00 0.01WMc - - - - 15.62 1.48 0.06 -0.02 15.91 1.25 0.06 0.04WMCd - - - - 6.41 0.89 0.02 0.00 6.53 0.78 0.02 0.01WMcI - - - - 4.18 0.12 0.01 -0.01 4.24 0.03 0.01 0.00WMt - - - - 12.66 0.20 0.02 -0.01 12.88 -0.01 0.03 0.00WR - - - - 6.25 1.06 0.03 0.00 6.36 0.96 0.03 0.02WTF - - - - 7.80 1.51 0.05 0.00 7.96 1.39 0.04 0.03

16

Eigenvalues

Λ 10409.56 67.85 0.21 0.05 42940.12 1031.3 2.32 0.5 58512.67 1223.71 2.83 1.9

% 98.1 0.64 50.64 12.91 96.53 2.32 58.24 12.56 96.56 2.02 42.74 28.74

% ac. 98.1 98.74 60.64 63.55 96.53 98.84 58.24 70.8 96.56 98.58 42.74 71.18

17

Table S3 Results of Principal Component Analyses (PCA) performed for Neotropical ensemble +

Smilodon populator, S. fatalis, and Homotherium serum (15 species): eigenvectors of each variable from

the first two axes and their corresponding eigenvalues, percentage of total variation per axes and

cumulative percentage from successive axes (%ac) for each of the PCA performed. Cr, analyses with

skull dataset; Pcr, analyses with postcranial dataset; Comb, analyses with combined dataset; -SC, analyses

with size corrected datasets. For acronyms see Appendix S2 and S3 in Morales and Giannini (2013)

18

Cr Cr-SC Pcr Pcr-SC

Comb Comb-SC

Variables


Skull variables

APD 8.35 -0.71 0.01 -0.01 - - - - 10.21 0.15 0.00 0.00ATL 21.55 2.03 0.01 0.01 - - - - 29.79 3.90 -0.03 0.03CBL 49.50 2.56 -0.20 -0.05 - - - - 67.73 7.14 0.05 0.05CG 34.23 -1.11 -0.01 -0.05 - - - - - - - -CL 5.61 1.41 0.04 0.00 - - - - 8.09 2.56 -0.04 0.00cL 4.32 -0.58 0.02 0.00 - - - - 4.04 -0.30 0.00 0.00Cm1 18.33 -2.74 -0.04 -0.05 - - - - 20.07 0.40 0.03 0.03CPD 13.19 -2.90 0.03 -0.04 - - - - 13.34 -1.18 0.01 0.01CW 4.01 0.03 0.03 0.00 - - - - 4.64 0.66 -0.02 0.00cW - - - - - - - - 2.94 -0.26 -0.01 0.00ENW 9.50 0.62 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -

19

FTL 28.64 -2.70 -0.15 -0.11 - - - - - - - -ICW 17.28 1.16 0.06 -0.01 - - - - 22.62 2.97 -0.05 0.02IOW 12.21 3.25 0.00 0.01 - - - - - - - -IP4W 21.74 1.40 -0.02 0.02 - - - - - - - -IW 20.81 -0.28 -0.09 0.04 - - - - - - - -MD 7.42 -0.11 0.02 -0.02 - - - - - - - -MeD 13.58 0.06 0.06 -0.01 - - - - 17.13 2.21 -0.05 0.02OCW 9.20 0.81 -0.12 0.00 - - - - 11.98 1.37 0.07 0.03OL 7.63 -1.82 -0.13 0.01 - - - - - - - -OPD 16.99 1.36 -0.03 -0.01 - - - - - - - -P3-P4 10.24 -0.47 -0.02 0.02 - - - - - - - -P4 5.85 0.76 -0.02 0.02 - - - - - - - -PC 7.24 1.74 -0.24 0.11 - - - - - - - -RD 21.78 1.24 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -TD 17.44 0.10 -0.04 -0.07 - - - - - - - -ZB 37.43 -3.11 -0.06 -0.05 - - - - - - - -ZD 6.03 0.33 0.05 0.01 - - - - - - - -


F - - - - 77.26 -1.18 -0.06 -0.05 78.18 -3.32 0.20 -0.12Fi - - - - 51.37 -10.14 -0.19 -0.04 51.83 -11.56 0.39 -0.03H - - - - 72.18 2.04 -0.04 0.03 73.15 1.09 0.14 0.02HD - - - - 22.99 5.19 0.05 0.01 23.37 4.67 -0.06 -0.01IQ - - - - 26.61 1.41 0.04 -0.02 26.93 0.82 -0.03 -0.07LI - - - - 37.37 2.88 0.01 -0.02 37.90 2.12 0.03 -0.07

20

N - - - - 19.01 -0.79 -0.01 -0.02 19.24 -1.26 0.04 -0.03P - - - - 74.84 4.56 0.07 -0.07 75.82 2.60 -0.02 -0.21R - - - - 57.08 -4.41 -0.09 0.08 57.79 -4.56 0.20 0.10SA - - - - 23.24 6.71 0.02 0.01 23.69 6.44 -0.03 0.01Sp - - - - 50.84 10.09 0.02 0.02 51.63 8.75 0.01 -0.02T - - - - 53.84 -9.53 -0.19 -0.04 54.36 -10.98 0.39 -0.03Ta - - - - 10.87 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 11.02 -0.11 0.03 0.01U - - - - 73.22 -1.98 -0.08 0.08 74.19 -2.65 0.19 0.09WA - - - - 20.52 5.59 0.05 0.01 20.88 5.34 -0.07 -0.02

Eigenvalues

Λ10073.67 73.2

80.19 0.05 37596.84 459.03 0.11 0.03 45780.84 566.31 0.47 0.1

% 97.9 0.71 51.64 12.9 98.01 1.2 69.25 16.51 97.79 1.21 65.95 13.31

% ac. 97.9 98.62

51.64 64.54 98.01 99.21 69.25 85.76 97.79 99 65.95 79.25

21

Table S4 Results of Cannonical Phylogenetic Ordination (CPO) performed for Neotropical ensemble.

Individual tests for each clade using skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Cr, untransformed

skull dataset; Cr-SC, size corrected skull dataset

Cr Cr-SC

Clade

Variance % F P Variance % F P

2 39.9 202.211 0.0002* 4.4 14.042 0.0002*

3 50.3 308.131 0.0002* 15.0 53.731 0.0002*

4 35.1 164.829 0.0002* 8.2 27.085 0.0002*

5 21.5 83.668 0.0002* 6.8 22.420 0.0002*

6 16.9 61.947 0.0002* 5.2 16.693 0.0002*

7 6.2 20.278 0.0002* 2.1 6.584 0.0004*

8 5.9 19.220 0.0002* 2.0 6.283 0.0002*

9 1.7 5.223 0.0232 2.9 9.071 0.0002*

10 15.0 53.975 0.0002* 8.9 29.970 0.0002*

* Statistically significant and included in the stepwise method.

22

Table S5 Results of Cannonical Phylogenetic Ordination (CPO) performed for Neotropical ensemble

after step forward selection of variables, using skull dataset. Cr, untransformed skull dataset; Cr-SC, size

corrected skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative variance

Test Clade Variance Ac. % F P

Cr 3 50.3 308.131 0.0002

2 66.4 145.409 0.0002

4 69.3 28.721 0.0002

6* N/A 0.606 0.4538

Cr-SC 3 15.0 53.731 0.0002

7 17.1 7.752 0.0002

4 18.3 4.374 0.0008

6 20.0 6.429 0.0004

8 21.2 4.768 0.0008

2 22.2 3.817 0.0020

* Excluded from the forward stepwise selection process (P > 0.01).

23


Individual tests for each clade using postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Pcr,

untransformed postcranial dataset; Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset

Pcr Pcr-SC

Clade


2 30.1 9.482 0.0462 13.0 3.290

0.0462

3 53.1 24.926 0.0012* 16.8 4.448

0.0002*

4 41.3 15.460 0.0004* 16.3 4.292

0.0002*

5 19.7 5.393 0.0280 11.4 2.839

0.0006

6 13.4 3.406 0.0802 10.9 2.690

0.0024

7 6.0 1.407 0.2054 7.5 1.772

0.0458

8 0.2 0.036 0.9976 4.1 0.940

0.4862

9 26.5 7.930 0.0122* 12.2 3.056

0.0018*


24


after step forward selection of variables, using postcranial dataset. Pcr, untransformed postcranial dataset;

Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac.,

cumulative variance

Analysis Clade Variance Ac. % F P

Pcr 3 53.1 24.926 0.0012

9* N/A 5.695 0.0510

Pcr-SC 3 16.8 4.448 0.0002

9 26.3 2.711 0.0028

6 33.5 2.176 0.0040

4* N/A 1.689 0.0374


25


Individual tests for each clade using combined dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Cr-Pcr,

untransformed combined dataset; Cr-Pcr-SC, size corrected combined dataset

Cr-Pcr Cr-Pcr-SC

Clade


2 35.0 11.313 0.0412 10.1 2.348

0.0412

3 50.9 21.776 0.0008* 11.2 2.641

0.0006*

4 39.7 13.805 0.0010* 10.7 2.528

0.0006*

5 18.4 4.740 0.0342 6.8 1.535

0.0482

6 12.4 2.983 0.0960 6.2 1.393

0.0904

7 6.4 1.444 0.2206 7.5 1.715

0.0246

8 0.2 0.035 0.9920 3.8 0.827

0.6696

9 23.0 6.282 0.0180 9.4 2.186

0.0036*


26


after step forward selection of variables, using combined dataset. Pcr, untransformed postcranial dataset;

Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac.,

cumulative variance


Cr-Pcr 3 50.9 21.776 0.0008

4* N/A 1.022 0.3226

Cr-Pcr-SC 3 11.2 2.641 0.0006

9 19.9 2.182 0.0050

4* N/A 1.154 0.2722


27

Table S10 Results of Cannonical Phylogenetic Ordination (CPO) performed for Neotropical + Smilodon

ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Cr,

untransformed skull dataset; Cr-SC, size corrected skull dataset.

Cr Cr-SC

Clade


1 12.6 44.661 0.0002* 3.6 11.532 0.0002*

2 45.9 262.360 0.0002* 4.1 13.351 0.0002*

3 49.0 297.062 0.0002* 14.2 51.205 0.0002*

4 33.7 157.290 0.0002* 7.9 26.448 0.0002*

5 20.9 81.402 0.0002* 6.6 21.844 0.0002*

6 16.5 60.994 0.0002* 5.0 16.185 0.0002*

7 5.9 19.465 0.0004* 2.0 6.467 0.0002*

8 5.6 18.381 0.0002* 2.0 6.158 0.0002*

9 1.9 5.838 0.0160 2.8 8.753 0.0002*

10 10.8 37.538 0.0002* 8.3 27.971 0.0002*


28


ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using skull dataset. Cr, untransformed skull dataset;

Cr-SC, size corrected skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative

variance

Analysis

Clade Variance Ac. % F P

Cr 3 49.6 303.991 0.0002

2 61.1 90.769 0.0002

4 65.0 34.318 0.0002

1* N/A 6.250 0.136

Cr-SC 3 14.2 51.205 0.0002

1 17.8 13.439 0.0002

7 19.8 7.789 0.0002

4 21.0 4.501 0.0004

6 21.6 6.137 0.0002

8 22.8 4.703 0.0008

2 23.8 3.840 0.0016


29


ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Pcr,

untransformed postcranial dataset; Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset

Pcr Pcr-SC

Clade


1 57.6 33.926 0.0372 22.0 7.065

0.0372

2 60.0 37.492 0.0026* 24.8 8.259

0.0026*

3 46.2 21.503 0.0002* 17.9 5.447

0.0002*

4 34.5 13.178 0.0002* 17.0 5.115

0.0002*

5 18.5 5.662 0.0104* 12.0 3.399

0.0010*

6 14.0 4.057 0.0338 11.0 3.099

0.0032*

7 4.5 1.191 0.2508 6.3 1.685

0.0940

8 0.1 0.036 0.9280 3.9 1.013

0.3580

9 7.0 1.868 0.1276 7.5 2.018

0.0512


30


ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using postcranial dataset. Pcr, untransformed

postcranial dataset; Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1.

Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative variance


Pcr 2 60.0 37.492 0.0026

4 72.3 10.626 0.0026

5* N/A 0.058 0.9266

Pcr-SC 2 24.8 8.259 0.0026

4 34.5 3.561 0.0002

6 40.1 2.153 0.0042

3* N/A 1.906 0.0114


31


ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using combined dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Cr-

Pcr, untransformed combined dataset; Cr-Pcr-SC, size corrected combined dataset

Cr-Pcr Cr-Pcr-SC

Clade


1 57.7 32.703 0.0406 16.1 4.597

0.0406

2 62.8 40.527 0.0024* 16.9 4.885

0.0046*

3 44.8 19.478 0.0004* 18.0 5.257

0.0002*

4 33.5 12.098 0.0002* 14.5 4.077

0.0008*

5 17.5 5.088 0.0118 8.0 2.101

0.0262

6 13.2 3.639 0.0496 6.9 1.789

0.0560

7 4.9 1.242 0.2434 6.3 1.624

0.1006

8 0.2 0.040 0.9176 2.8 0.691

0.7032

9 5.7 1.444 0.2214 12.0 3.271

0.0036*


32


ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using combined dataset. Cr-Pcr, untransformed

combined dataset; Cr-Pcr-SC, size corrected combined dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1.

Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative variance


Cr-Pcr 2 62.8 40.527 0.0024

3 74.6 10.706 0.0046

4* N/A 2.150 0.1474

Cr-Pcr-SC 3 18.0 5.257 0.0002

2 30.2 4.005 0.0004

4* N/A 1.221 0.2296


33


+ Homotherium ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in

Fig. 1. Cr, untransformed skull dataset; Cr-SC, size corrected skull dataset.

Cr Cr-SC

Clade


1 14.0 52.229 0.0002* 2.0 6.463 0.0002*

2 43.0 240.923 0.0002* 4.3 14.328 0.0002*

3 51.0 332.816 0.0002* 14.0 52.136 0.0002*

4 34.7 170.163 0.0002* 9.1 31.977 0.0002*

5 21.3 86.581 0.0002* 6.6 22.684 0.0002*

6 16.9 65.245 0.0002* 5.5 18.803 0.0002*

7 6.4 21.891 0.0002* 1.9 6.060 0.0002*

8 6.0 20.585 0.0002* 1.7 5.395 0.0002*

9 2.4 7.819 0.0058* 2.2 7.256 0.0002*

10 12.8 46.949 0.0002* 8.2 28.682 0.0002*

11 11.5 41.442 0.0002* 1.6 5.319 0.0002*


34


+ Homotherium ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using skull dataset. Cr, untransformed

skull dataset; Cr-SC, size corrected skull dataset. Clades are numbered as in Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac.,

cumulative variance

Analysis

Clade Variance Ac. % F P

Cr 3 51.0 332.816 0.0002

2 68.4 176.180 0.0002

1 70.9 26.913 0.0002

4 73.2 27.121 0.0002

11* N/A 1.990 0.1526

Cr-SC 3 14.0 52.136 0.0002

4 15.6 6.084 0.0002

1 17.0 5.234 0.0002

2 18.2 4.656 0.0002

5 19.1 3.566 0.0010

6 21.4 9.312 0.0002

8* N/A 3.449 0.0012


35


+ Homotherium ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered

as in Fig. 1. Pcr, untransformed postcranial dataset; Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset

Pcr Pcr-SC

Clade Variance % F P Variance % F P

1 58.6 43.824 0.0024* 26.5 11.178 0.0076*

2 65.6 59.040 0.0002* 21.3 8.374 0.0020*

3 48.5 29.215 0.0002* 9.8 3.355 0.0048*

4 37.6 18.717 0.0002* 7.7 2.582 0.0122

5 19.9 7.687 0.0054* 6.9 2.303 0.0276

6 15.9 5.866 0.0174 6.4 2.116 0.0510

7 6.0 1.988 0.1394 0.9 0.290 1.0000

8 6.0 1.988 0.1188 0.9 0.290 1.0000

9 0.5 0.157 0.7238 0.9 0.291 1.0000

10 2.9 0.910 0.3446 5.3 1.748 0.1612


36


+ Homotherium ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using postcranial dataset. Pcr,

untransformed postcranial dataset; Pcr-SC, size corrected postcranial dataset. Clades are numbered as in

Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative variance


Pcr 2 65.6 59.040 0.0002

3 76.1 13.114 0.0024

1 84.6 15.911 0.0004

4* N/A 2.750 0.1034

Pcr-SC 1 26.5 11.178 0.0076

2* N/A 2.688 0.0980


37


+ Homotherium ensemble. Individual tests for each clade using combined dataset. Clades are numbered

as in Fig. 1. Cr-Pcr, untransformed combined dataset; Cr-Pcr-SC, size corrected combined dataset

Cr-Pcr Cr-Pcr-SC

Clade Variance % F P Variance % F P

1 58.8 42.901 0.0024* 17.8 6.507 0.0130

2 67.4 62.044 0.0002* 31.9 14.069 0.0004*

3 47.4 27.046 0.0004* 16.5 5.918 0.0012*

4 36.8 17.436 0.0002* 18.2 6.685 0.0002*

5 18.9 7.003 0.0070* 7.6 2.474 0.0458

6 15.1 5.326 0.0224 7.2 2.322 0.0624

7 6.5 2.072 0.1218 8.8 2.910 0.0374

8 6.5 2.072 0.1276 8.8 2.910 0.0320

9 0.6 0.171 0.7286 2.9 0.901 0.4172

10 2.3 0.705 0.4256 3.8 1.174 0.2842


38


+ Homotherium ensemble after step forward selection of variables, using combined dataset. Cr-Pcr,

untransformed combined dataset; Cr-Pcr-SC, size corrected combined dataset. Clades are numbered as in

Fig. 1. Abbreviations: Ac., cumulative variance


Cr-Pcr 2 67.4 62.044 0.0002

3 77.1 12.225 0.0016

1 85.3 15.510 0.0002

4* N/A 2.894 0.0880

Cr-Pcr-SC 2 31.9 14.069 0.0004

4 38.7 3.228 0.0032

3* N/A 1.557 0.1412


39

Table S22 Summary of results of the Neotropical ensemble. Analyses using skull, postcranial and

combined datasets with and without size correction. Cr, skull dataset; Pcr, postcranial dataset; Cr-Pcr,

combined dataset; -SC, size corrected. %PC1 and %PC2 indicates percentage of variation explained by

first and second axes of each of the Principal Component Analyses (PCA). Important variables in each

analysis and each axes are listed for comparative purposes with the following abbreviations: A, length of

the origin area of the m. ancouneus; CBL, condylobasal length; CG, load arm of the canine; Fi, length of

the fibula; FTL, fossa temporalis length; GL, origin of the gastrocnemius caput laterale; GM, origin of the

gastrocnemius caput mediale; ICW, intercanine width; IP4W, inter-carnassial width; IQ, length of the

ischium; MeD, mental depth; MtIII, length of the third metatarsal; P, length of the pelvis; PC, postorbital

constriction; PR, pectoral ridge; R, length of the radio; S, length of the symphysis pelvis; T, length of the

tibia; U, length of the ulna; ZB, zygomatic breath. Percentage of morphological variation explained by the

group of retained clades in forward stepwise selection in CPO is indicated (% Filog). Retained clades

after stepforward are listed in the order they were retained, and were (see Fig. 1): 2 feline versus

panterines, 3 (Leopardus), 4 (((L. jacobita (L. braccatus, L. colocolo, L. pajeros))((L. tigrinus (L. guigna,

L. geoffroyi))), 6 (L. guigna, L. geoffroyi), 7 ((L. jacobita (L. braccatus, L. colocolo, L. pajeros)), 8 (L.

braccatus, L. colocolo, L. pajeros), 10 (P. yagouaroundi, P. concolor)

Cr Cr-SC

Pcr Pcr-SC Cr-Pcr

Cr-Pcr-SC

% PC1 98.51 52.26 96.41 40.51 95.93 35.92

Positive variables on PC1

All MeDICW

All PGMSIQGL

All PGMSIQGL

Negative variables on PC1

- PCCBL

- FiTRU

- FiTRU

% PC2 0.38 13.55 1.48 17.82 2.13 18.76

Positive PC PC PR PR PR PR

40

variables on PC2

IP4W CBLZBCGFTL


FTL FTL FiT MtIII

AFiFT

FiT FMtIII

FPFiT MtIIIIQ

N° of groups bysize

3 - 4 - 4 -

Retained clades (CPO)

324

374682

3 3106

3 310

% Filog. 69.3 22.2 53.1 33.5 50.9 19.9

41

Table S23 Summary of results of the Neotropical + Smilodon + Homotherium ensemble. Analyses using

skull, postcranial and combined datasets with and without size correction. Cr, skull dataset; Pcr,

postcranial dataset; Cr-Pcr, combined dataset; -SC, size corrected. %PC1 and %PC2 indicates percentage

of variation explained by first and second axes of each of the Principal Component Analyses (PCA).

Important variables in each analysis and each axes are listed for comparative purposes with the following

abbreviations: ATL, alveolar lower toothrow length; CBL, condylobasal length; CG, load arm of the

canine; CL, canine length; Cm1, load arm of the lower carnassial; CPD, coronoid process depth; F, length

of the femur; Fi, length of the fibula; FTL, fossa temporalis length; HD, distal width of the humerus;

ICW, intercanine width; IP4W, inter-carnassial width; IOW, interorbital width; IQ, length of the ischium;

MeD, mental depth; OL, orbital length, OPD, occipital plate depth; P, length of the pelvis; PC, postorbital

constriction; R, length of the radio; SA, length of the spinous process of the axis; Sp, length of the spine

of the scapula; T, length of the tibia; U, length of the ulna; WA. length of the wing (= transverse process)

of the atlas; ZD, zygomatic depth; ZB, zygomatic breath. Percentage of morphological variation

explained by the group of retained clades in forward stepwise selection in CPO is indicated (% Filog).

Retained clades after stepforward are listed in the order they were retained, and were (see Fig. 1): 1

Machairodontinae† vs Felinae; 2 feline versus panterines, 3 (Leopardus), 4 ((L. braccatus, L. pajeros)((L.

tigrinus (L. guigna, L. geoffroyi))), 5 (L. tigrinus (L. guigna, L. geoffroyi)), 6 (L. guigna, L. geoffroyi), 8

(L. braccatus, L. pajeros)

Cr Cr-SC Pcr Pcr-SC Cr-Pcr Cr-Pcr-SC

% PC1 97.9 51.6 98.0 69.3 97.8 60.0


All MeDICWZD

All WAHD

All TFiRFU


- PCCBLFTL

- TFiRU

- WAHDMeDICWCLATLIQ

42

% PC2 0.7 12.9 1.2 16.5 1.2 13.3


IOWCBLATLIP4WPCCLOPD

PC SpSAWA

RU

SpCBLSA

RUCBL


ZBCPDCm1FTLOLCG

FTL FiT

PFTFi

FiT

PF

N° of groups bysize

4 - 4 - 4 -

Retained clades (CPO)

3214

3412568

231

1 231

24

% Filog. 73.2 21.4 84.6 26.5 85.3 38.7

43

Appendix S1 List of specimens used in this study. Abbreviation of institutions: American Museum of

Natural History, New York, U.S.A. (AMNH); Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

(CNP); Colección Boliviana de Fauna, La Paz, Bolivia (CBF); Centro de Ecología Aplicada, Junín de Los

Andes, Argentina (CEA; Administración de Parques Nacionales); Colección de Mamíferos del Instituto

Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, Mendoza, Argentina (CMI); Colección del Grupo de

Ecología Comportamental de Mamíferos, Bahía Blanca, Argentina (CGECM); Colección Mamíferos

Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina (CML); Colección Privada Marcelo Carrera, Puerto Madryn, Argentina (MC);

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A. (FMNH); Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales

“Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina (MACN and MACN-PV); Museo de Ciencias

Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina (MCN-UNSa); Museo de Historia

Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú (MUSM); Museo de La Plata, La Plata,

Argentina (MLP); Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Lorenzo Scaglia”, Mar del Plata, Argentina

(MMP); Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay (MNHN); Museo Noel Kempf,

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (MNK); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington D.C., U.S.A. (USNM); and Texas Memorial Museum (TMM). Other abbreviations are: Cr,

skull only; Cr-Pcr, skull and postcranium

Homotherium serum (2)

Unknown sex (2): TMM 933-3231 (Cr-Pcr), TMM 933-3582 (Cr).

Leopardus braccatus (10)

Unknown sex (4): MNHN 971 (Cr), MNHN 3224 (Cr), MNHN 3413 (Cr-Pcr); ZVC-M 1492 (Cr).

Males (2): MNHN 2926 (Cr), MNHN 4706 (Cr).

Females (4): MNHN 1315 (Cr), MNHN 1375 (Cr), MNHN 2432 (Cr-Pcr), MNHN 4705 (Cr).

Leopardus colocolo (1)

Unknown sex (1): USNM 391853 (Cr).

Leopardus geoffroyi (75)

44

Unknown sex (33): CGECM 6 (Cr), CGECM 60 (Cr), CGECM 63 (Cr), CGECM 90 (Cr); CMI 7063

(Cr); CNP 571 (Cr), CNP 575 (Cr), CNP 1977 (Cr); MACN 34.335 (Cr-Pcr), MACN 21981 (Cr),

MACN 22099 (Cr), MACN 22933 (Cr), MACN 23455 (Cr-Pcr); MC 6 (Cr), MC 1717 (Cr), MC 1718

(Cr), MC 1831 (Cr), MC 1908 (Cr); MLP 3.XII.02.31 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 17.XII.01.7 (Cr), MLP

27.XII.01.15 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 27.XII.01.19 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 27.XII.01.20 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 27.XII.01.21

(Cr), MLP 27.XII.01.22 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 675 (Cr), MLP 724 (Cr), MLP 1303 (Cr); MMPMa 4107 (Cr),

MMPMa 4657 (Cr); MNHN 1316 (Cr), MNHN 2670 (Cr), MNHN 4069 (Cr).

Males (20): CML 312 (Cr), CML 1490 (Cr); MACN 39.209 (Cr); MC 2 (Cr), MC 3 (Cr), MC 274 (Cr),

MC 285 (Cr), MC 620 (Cr), MC 858 (Cr), MC 1913 (Cr); MCN- UNSa M-004887 (Cr), MCN- UNSa

M-000276 (Cr); MLP 8.IX.98.2 (Cr), MLP 9.X.92.1 (Cr); MNHN 312 (Cr), MNHN 711 (Cr), MNHN

1157 (Cr), MNHN 1326 (Cr), MNHN 1334 (Cr), MNHN 2460 (Cr).

Females (22): CNP 2188 (Cr-Pcr); MACN 14590 (Cr), MACN 15425 (Cr); MC 4 (Cr), MC 258 (Cr), MC

858.1 (Cr), MC 890 (Cr); MCN- UNSa M-004386 (Cr), MCN- UNSa M-004987 (Cr); MCN- UNSa

Uncataloged 31 (Cr); MLP 1884 (Pcr); MMPMa 4110 (Cr); MNHN 1186 (Cr-Pcr), MNHN 1317 (Cr),

MNHN 1353 (Cr), MNHN 2022 (Cr), MNHN 2470 (Cr-Pcr), MNHN 2477 (Cr), MNHN 2478 (Cr),

MNHN 2481 (Cr), MNHN 2537 (Cr), MNHN 2669 (Cr).

Leopardus guigna (9)

Unknown sex (3): CGECM 80? (Cr), CGECM 94 (Cr); MLP 1297 (Cr).

Males (4): AMNH 33283 (Cr); CEA Uncataloged (Cr-Pcr); FMNH 24359 (Cr), FMNH 24417 (Cr).

Females (2): AMNH 33285 (Cr), AMNH 93323 (Cr).

Leopardus jacobita (4)

Unknown sex (4): CBF 445 (Cr); CEA Uncataloged (Cr); CGECM 27 (Cr); MUSM 6015 (Cr).

Leopardus pajeros (22)

Unknown sex (9): CGECM 1 (Cr), CGECM 22 (Cr); CNP 574 (Cr); MACN 17816 (Cr), MACN 23176

(Cr-Pcr); MUSM 23107 (Cr), MUSM 23124 (Cr), MUSM 23183 (Cr), MUSM JO 01 (Cr).

Males (7): FMNH 52488 (Cr-Pcr); MACN 15582 (Cr); MC 280 (Cr); MUSM 415 (Cr), MUSM 417 (Cr),

MUSM 420 (Cr), MUSM 421 (Cr).

45

Females (6): CML 6226 (Cr); FMNH 68318 (Cr); MACN 30.103 (Cr); MC 774 (Cr), MC 1728 (Cr);

MLP 1913 (Cr-Pcr).

Leopardus pardalis (41)

Unknown sex (20): CBF 447 (Cr), CBF 1967 (Cr); CML 6230 (Cr), CML 6231 (Cr); MACN 29.840 (Cr),

MACN 31.247 (Cr), MACN 31.238 (Cr); MLP 265 (Cr), MLP 733 (Cr), MLP 734 (Cr), MLP 1292

(Cr), MLP 1298 (Cr); MUSM 2155 (Cr), MUSM 2157 (Cr), MUSM 5315 (Cr), MUSM 5739 (Cr),

MUSM 7207 (Cr); MNK 1233 (Cr); USNM 12182/A14182 (Cr-Pcr), USNM 113267 (Cr).

Males (12): CBF 4668 (Cr); CML 2407 (Cr); MACN 49.343 (Cr-Pcr), MACN 50.100 (Cr), MACN

50.101 (Cr), MACN 50.540 (Cr), MACN 51.73 (Cr), MACN 13464 (Cr); USNM 14180/12180 (Cr),

USNM 44565 (Cr), USNM 44602 (Cr), USNM 96216 (Cr).

Females (9): CBF 4669 (Cr); MACN 50.98 (Cr), MACN 50.102 (Cr), MACN 13058 (Cr), MACN 20451

(Cr); MUSM 6557 (Cr), MUSM 11170 (Cr); USNM 287774 (Cr-Pcr); MNHN 6802 (Cr).

Leopardus tigrinus (10)

Unknown sex (2): MNHN 4585 (Cr), USNM 374861 (Cr).

Males (4): AMNH 34349 (Cr); MACN 51.121 (Cr), MACN 52.56 (Cr); USNM 395089 (Cr).

Females (4): AMNH 80396 (Cr); FMNH 70570 (Cr-Pcr); MACN 48.294 (Cr), MACN 51.142 (Cr).

Leopardus wiedii (23)

Unknown sex (6): MACN 50.94 (Cr), MACN 19148 (Cr); MNHN 5484 (Cr); MNHN 6801 (Cr); MUSM

5316 (Cr); USNM 305072 (Cr-Pcr).

Males (10): CBF 6143 (Cr); CML 5738 (Cr); MACN 50.95 (Cr), MACN 50.97 (Cr), MACN 52.26 (Cr);

MNHN 888 (Cr), MNHN 1163 (Cr), MNHN 1401 (Cr); MNK 2414 (Cr); MNH 68169 (Cr).

Females (7): CBF 4670 (Cr); MACN 51.137 (Cr); MCN- UNSa M-007993 (Cr); MNHN 1162 (Cr),

MNHN 2781 (Cr); MNK 1 (Cr); USNM 179162 (Cr).

Panthera onca (24)

46

Unknown sex (10): CML 7258 (Cr), CML 7259 (Cr); MACN 7.8 (Cr), MACN 8.42 (Cr), MACN 8.43

(Cr), MACN 17.1 (Cr), MACN 26.217 (Cr), MACN 38.265 (Cr); USNM A49393 (Cr-Pcr), USNM

100123 (Cr).

Males (10): AMNH 139959 (Cr-Pcr); MCN- UNSa M-006791 (Cr); MNHN 2782 (Cr); MUSM 9397

(Cr), MUSM 15899 (Cr); USNM 4128 (Cr), USNM 14177/12177 (Cr), USNM 67403 (Cr), USNM

244507 (Cr); MUSM 23350 (Cr).

Females (4): MCN- UNSa Uncataloged 4 (Cr); MNK 3572 (Cr); MUSM 2679 (Cr); USNM 256388 (Cr).

Puma concolor (77)

Unknown sex (36): CBF 2007 (Cr); CML 4623 (Cr), CML 5484 (Cr), CML 6285 (Cr), CML 6360 (Cr);

MACN 4.378 (Cr), MACN 24.19 (Cr), MACN 25.61 (Cr), MACN 32.80 (Cr), MACN 36.615 (Cr),

MACN 39.208 (Cr), MACN 13059 (Cr), MACN 13074 (Cr), MACN 13328 (Cr), MACN 13330 (Cr),

MACN 13339 (Cr), MACN 13341 (Cr), MACN 13343 (Cr), MACN 13345 (Cr), MACN 13346 (Cr),

MACN 14024 (Cr-Pcr); MCN- UNSa Uncataloged P9 (Cr), MCN- UNSa Uncataloged P10 (Cr),

MCN- UNSa Provisorio P11 (Cr); MLP 2.VI.60.4 (Cr), MLP 4.VII.98.6 (Cr), MLP 9.X.92.2 (Cr), MLP

13.IV.99.45 (Cr-Pcr), MLP 31.VIII.98.2 (Cr), MLP 729 (Cr), MLP 741 (Cr), MLP 1170 (Cr), MLP

1309 (Cr); MUSM 2677 (Cr), MUSM 23156 (Cr), MUSM 23342 (Cr).

Males (27): AMNH 144512 (Cr), MACN 29.841 (Cr), MACN 38.44 (Cr), MACN 48.344 (Cr), MACN

48.345 (Cr), MACN 53.58 (Cr), MACN 53.59 (Cr), MACN 13457 (Cr), MACN 13461 (Cr), MACN

20629 (Cr); MCN- UNSa M-000176 (Cr), MCN- UNSa M-002381 (Cr), MCN- UNSa Uncataloged

Col. M. Vusetich 118 (Cr); MLP 1311 (Cr); USNM 57936 (Cr), USNM 99658 (Cr), USNM 108693

(Cr), USNM 125719 (Cr), USNM 137122 (Cr), USNM 171186 (Cr), USNM 194310 (Cr), USNM

211519 (Cr), USNM 244856 (Cr-Pcr), USNM 249896 (Cr), USNM 251419 (Cr), USNM 262116 (Cr),

USNM 273256 (Cr).

Females (14): CBF 441 (Cr); CNP 1978 (Cr); MACN 30.25 (Cr), MACN 13045 (Cr), MACN 13046 (Cr),

MACN 13047 (Cr), MACN 13048 (Cr), MACN 13462 (Cr), MACN 15307 (Cr), MACN 20630 (Cr);

MLP 1633 (Cr); MNK 3561 (Cr); USNM 244857 (Cr-Pcr), USNM 77973 (Cr).

Puma yagouaroundi (25)

47

Unknown sex (8): MACN 23173 (Cr-Pcr); MNHN 4945 (Cr); MLP 709 (Cr), MLP 737 (Cr), MLP 749

(Cr); MMPMa 577 (Cr); MUSM 23334 (Cr); USNM 7036 (Cr).

Males (8): AMNH 133970 (Cr-Pcr); MACN 52.59 (Cr), MACN 14053 (Cr), MACN 17254 (Cr); MC 900

(Cr); MCN- UNSa M-001179 (Cr); USNM 281396 (Cr), USNM 546106 (Cr).

Females (9): CML 2402 (Cr), CML 3727 (Cr), CML 4073 (Cr-Pcr); MACN 50.104 (Cr), MACN 50.555

(Cr), MACN 18586 (Cr); USNM 1373 (Cr), USNM 1426 (Cr), USNM 180223 (Cr).

Smilodon fatalis (1)

Unknown sex (1): MACN-PV 11264 (Cr).

Smilodon populator (2)

Unknown sex (2): MACN-PV 46 (Cr-Pcr), MACN-PV 18057 (Cr).

48

Appendix S2 Particular morphofunctional interpretations.

Skull morphology: many of the differences between Smilodon and felines recovered in this study

were previously reported, especially regarding skull morphology; according to our results Smilodon

species (with respect to felines) were described as having longer and narrower skulls (CBL, ZB), m.

temporalis less developed (FTL, ZB, CPD), wider palatal (IP4W) and interorbital width (IOW), shorter

loading arms at the carnassials (P4G, Cm1), antero-posteriorly longer canines (which reflect the large

base for the sabertooth), longer tooth row in the mandible (ATL) and smaller eyes (OL). Among other

things, this supports the reported weaker bite force of machairodonts with respect to felids (see Simpson

1941; Emerson and Radinsky 1980; Akersten 1985; Biknevicius 1996; Turner and Antón 1997;

Schmieder 2000; Merriam and Stock 2001; Antón et al. 2004; Christiansen 2007). When correcting for

size effect, Smilodon species appeared mixed with large felids in morphospace, resembling to some extent

results in Prevosti et al. (2010). This means that much of the differences between extant felids and

machairodonts, and their associated functions, must be explained by allometry.

Prectoral ridge versus hind limb length: The inverse relationship between length of the pectoral

ridge and length of the hind limb segregated P. onca and S. populator in Neotropical and Neotropical +

Smilodon ensemble, respectively. The development of the pectoral muscles (associated with the pectoral

ridge) was related to adduction of the front leg and is important for both activities, climbing and bringing

large prey down (e.g., Taylor 1974; Gebo and Sargis 1994). It is important to mention that the

development of the length of the pectoral ridge in P. onca and S. populator is concomitant with a great

antero-posterior development of it (pers. obs.), but this information was not included in the measurement

set (see below and supplemental material of Morales and Giannini 2013). Gonyea (1976a) associated the

short legs of P. onca with the occupation of cluttered habitat, but the historical distribution of the jaguar

includes open areas such as the Pampas and Northern Patagonia in Argentina (Lemhan-Nitsche 1907;

Carman 1984; Swank and Teer 1989; Sanderson et al. 2002). Also, this character could be better related

to the capability of hunting large prey in both, P. onca and S. populator (Schmieder 2000; Meachen-

Samuels and Van Valkenburgh 2009; Lewis and Lague 2010). These proportions suggest that S.

populator would have been able of powerful but slow movements, which would give away its cursorial

abilities to the advantage of the behavior of hunting by ambush (Argot 2004b). Results (especially of the

49

extant Neotropical ensemble) also recover particular limb proportions of L. wiedii and P. concolor (i.e.,

long hind limbs), which we associate with their ability to jump (Howell 1994 in Gonyea 1976a) and

probably to accelerate (see also discussion below). Differences found in this paper coincide with those

previously reported by Gonyea (1976a, for P. onca and P. concolor) and Schmieder (2000, for Smilodon).

The long hind limbs of P. concolor have been suggested to be associated to mountain terrains occupied

by it along its distributional range (Gonyea 1976a) as adaptation for jumping. Among small felids, L.

wiedii exhibits the longer hind limbs, what would allow it to move ricocheting between stems. This felid

is known to reach 2.44 m high and 3.66 m long (Petersen 1979). In turn, a shorter pectoral crest can be a

consequence of small size, which facilitates actions without real adaptations (Jenkins 1974; Morales and

Giannini 2013). All small Neotropical felids are able to climb trees (Oliveira 1994; Sunquist and Sunquist

2002, 2009) and none of them present well developed pectoral crest (M.M. pers. obs.). Thus, L. wiedii

may not need such crest as, for example, the jaguar does due to its size. Because L. wiedii consumes only

small prey (Konecny 1989; Redford and Eisenberg 1992; Emmons and Feer 1997; Wang 2002), it does

not need a well-developed pectoral musculature for hunting. This may seem contrary to the importance of

the development of the pectoral muscles, but it would be in line with the idea that the length of the

pectoral crest (not its antero-posterior development) can be related to the degree of freedom of the

forelimb for circumduction around the shoulder joint. The opposite case to L. wiedii was found in

Acynonix jubatus (Morales and Giannini 2013), the most cursorial felid, but with a very long pectoral

ridge (but no antero-posterior development of it; see variables definition in Supplemental Material of

Morales and Giannini 2013); this would help to keep a more parasagittal movement during fast running.

In contrast to the cheetah, a short insertion of the pectoral muscles near the articulation of the shoulder

would allow wider and faster circumduction movements (Maynard-Smith and Savage 1955), useful for

the arboreal way of life of L. wiedii.

Length of the spine of the scapula: A deep scapula (E) was previously described for S. populator

(Turner and Antón 1997) and S. fatalis (Schmieder 2000). This bone may contribute to the length of the

front leg; if the scapula is aligned and in the same plane as the other elements of the leg, its rotation will

contribute to the length of the stride (Pough et al. 1996 in Schmieder 2000).

50

Length of the origin area of the m anconeus: Two species presents especially developed m.

anconeus (A), S. populator (Fig. 3F) and L. wiedii (Fig. 3C). The m. anconeus is an extensor of the elbow

articulation and its development would be related to larger strength for pronation (Gleason et al. 1985)

and better stability for the elbow joint (Argot 2001; Szalay and Sargis 2001; Evans 1993), both important

functions when bringing large prey down (Turner and Antón 1997; Morales and Giannini 2013)

particularly important for S. populator. As an extensor synergic to the m. triceps, it could also be related

to movements of more precision needed in arboreal species. All three are key functions in arboreal

species such as L. wiedii (Argot 2001; Andersson 2003; Muizón and Argot 2003).

Length of the origin area of the m. gastrocnemius caput laterale and mediale: The m.

gastrocnemius with its medial and lateral heads is a strong extensor of the tarsal joint (Smith et al. 1977;

Walmsley et al. 1978). This muscle appears better developed in large species (Fig. 3C, D). A larger origin

area could be related to a more developed muscle (Sargis 2002) or may be an area that supports larger

forces in large species (see below for further discussion).

Length of the ischium: The length of the ischium (IQ) represents the loading arm of the hamstring

muscles, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus, which extends the thigh and the tarsal

joint and helps flexion of the stifle joint (Taylor and Weber 1951; Spoor and Badoux 1988; Evans 1993;

Andersson 2003, 2004; see also Morales and Giannini 2013).

Although in the transformed postcranial dataset S. populator is among short IQ species (Fig. 3D),

it is interesting to note than in a general view (transformed combined dataset; Fig. 3H), IQ length seems

proportionally similar to extant large Neotropical species, P. onca and P. concolor. Therefore, femur

extension could be comparable to these two large species, although some other allometric components

could also counteract this mechanical advantage. In this latter analysis, variation of the length of the

ischium (IQ) unexplained on PC1 segregates S. populator of P. onca and P. concolor, showing a shorter

loading arm for hamstring muscles of this species. The same is for the length of the hind limb zeugopod,

which shows the shorter hind limbs of S. populator, intermediate in P. onca, and longer in P. concolor.

The relative importance of the hamstring muscles and the m. gastrocnemius in S. populator

(Neotropical + Smilodon ensemble), P. onca and P. concolor (and in a lesser extent in L. pardalis) may

be related to their larger size, and in the case of the Neotropical ensemble to their scansorial way of life.

51

Because of their size, these species require a larger propulsion force generated by the hind limbs to raise

the body while running and climbing.

Head size versus hind limb length: The pattern found from the combination of cranial and

postcranial datasets of the Neotropical ensemble reminds (although not exactly the same) the one found in

the African ensemble: lightly built, long-legged felids with small heads and weak bite forces vs. the

opposite (see below and Morales and Giannini 2013). Cranial variables recovered were: the condylobasal

length (CBL) and zygomatic breadth (ZB), both related to the size of the skull; the length between the

glenoid fossa and the canine teeth (CG), which corresponds to the resistance arm of the chewing system

at the canine; and the length of the fossa for the m. temporalis (FTL), related to the available space for the

origin of the m. temporalis. Thus, PCA recovers a pattern of more stout species with larger skull, longer

rostrum and stronger bit force (larger m. temporalis), and with longer pectoral crests, versus more

jumping specialized species, P. concolor and L. wiedii (in relation to similar-size species), with smaller

heads and longer hind limbs. This would support the idea of the need of diminishing weigh for strenuous

activities. Probably, differences in this pattern between both ensambles, Neotropical and African, are due

to the lack of highly cursorial specialized felids of mid-to-large size that are present in Africa.

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