LING 303

Phonology I

vw

Today…

Finish Tongue Root

– [±ATR] in vowels (continued)

– [±ATR] in consonants

– [radical]?

Start Larynx

– [±voice]

Akan (Ghana)

hyperlink

notice subscript symbols:

– ̙ for [–ATR]

– ̘ for [+ATR]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/akan/akan.html

Wolof (Senegal)

do r-e ‘to hit with’ x l-ε ‘to look with’re r-e ‘to be lost in’ dεm-ε ‘to go with’gæn-e ‘to be better in’ x m-ε ‘to know in’do r-le ‘to help hit’ j x-lε ‘to help give’re r-le ‘to lose property’ dε -lε ‘to lose

a relative’yæg-le ‘to be better in’ t kk-lε ‘to help tie’

Wolof

re r-o n ‘was lost’ rε r- n ‘had dinner’ow-o n ‘came’ j x- n ‘gave’bægg-o n ‘wanted’ t kk- n ‘tied’

Wolof

le b-æl ‘to tell stories for’ bey- l ‘to cultivate for’fo t-æl ‘to launder for’ w r- l ‘to fast for’jænd-æl ‘to buy for’ w x- l ‘to speak for’

Wolof

genn-ændo ‘to go outtogether’

dεnd- nd ‘to be neighbors’

tox-ændo ‘to smoketogether’

t pp- nd ‘to imitate’

dækk-ændo ‘to livetogether’

w x- nd ‘to say together’

[ATR] in consonants?

Arabic

– hyperlink

Raised ˁ (pharyngealization) is [–ATR]

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/arabic/arabic.html

Palestinian Arabicb̙a̙l̙l̙a̙ː s̙ ‘thief’

ħ̙a̙ð̙ː ‘luck’

ʔ̙a̙b̙s̙a̙t̙ ‘simpler’

b̙a̙ː s̙ ‘bus’

m̙a̙n̙a̙ː f̙i̙ð̙ ‘ashtrays’

x̙a̙j̙ːa̙ː t̙ ‘tailor’

n̙a̙ʃ̙a̙ː t̙ ‘energy’

t̙a̙m̙ʃ̙i̙ːt̙a̙ ‘hair stylist’

Pharyngealse.g., Stoney (Morley, AB)

[ i] ‘brown’ [ o a] ‘fish’

[a án] ‘on top’ [ no] ‘growling’

[bó a] ‘blow’ [ga ní a] ‘choose’

[na é] ‘stomach’ [ já e] ‘mountain’

Nuuchahnulth (Vancouver Island, BC)

[ʕaːħuːsʔatħ] ‘Ahousaht’

[ʔiːħ] ‘big’

[ʕiniːtɬ] ‘dog’

[wiːʕiːk] ‘stingy’

[j’imħaː] ‘to be ashamed’

[ʕiħʃitɬ] ‘to cry’

Agul (Dagestan, Russia)

[muʕə] ‘bridge’ [muʕar] ‘bridges’

[muħ] ‘barn’ [muħar] ‘barns’

Several Afro-Semitic languages have pharyngeals

Tigrinya

Arabic

Hebrew

– hyperlink

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/hebrew/hebrew.html

[radical]?

Used by most phonologists to

characterize pharyngeals

I’m suspicious of this alleged

phonological features

– It never spreads

– It occurs only in a minuscule fraction of the

world’s languages (which have pharyngeals)

I prefer to think as pharyngeals as [+low]

glides

[±voice]

Speech errors (from Fromkin 1978)

reveal >e [ ifi ]

big and fat >e pig and vat

I’ll wring her neck >e I’ll [ k] her [n g]

Japanese

a. ju + to u → judo u

‘hot water’ ‘tofu’ ‘boiled tofu’

b. jo + sakura → jozakura

‘night’ ‘cherry’ ‘blossoms at night’

c. ko + tanuki → kodanuki

‘child’ ‘raccoon’ ‘baby raccoon’

d. mizu + seme → mizuzeme

‘water’ ‘torture’ ‘water torture’

Japanese ctd.

e. ori + kami → origami

‘fold’ ‘paper’ ‘origami’

f. jama + tera → jamadera

‘mountain’ ‘temple’ ‘mountain temple’

g. iro + kami → irogami

‘colour’ ‘paper’ ‘colored paper’

h. take + saru → takezaru

‘bamboo’ ‘filet’

Zoque

paloma ‘bird’ m-baloma ‘my bird’

pama ‘clothing’ m-bama ‘my clothing’

burru ‘burro’ m-burru ‘my burro’

tatah ‘father’ n-datah ‘my father’

tˢima ‘calabash’ n-dzima ‘my calabash’

disko ‘disk’ n-disko ‘my disk’

tʃoʔŋgoja ‘rabbit’ ɲ-dʒoʔŋgoja ‘my rabbit’

kama ‘cornfield’ ŋ-gama ‘my cornfield’

gallu ‘rooster’ ŋ-gallu ‘my rooster’

[±voice]

Assimilation of [+voice] is very common, especially with nasals.

In Japanese an obstruent regularly becomes voiced after a nasal.– The gerundive suffix -te (e.g., mi-te ‘seeing’) becomes

-de after a nasal (e.g., jon-de ‘reading’, in-de ‘dying’).

In the Puyo Pungo dialect of Quechua too.– The genitive suffix -pa (e.g., sinik-pa ‘porcupine’s’)

changes to -ba after a nasal (e.g., kam-ba ‘yours’, hatum-ba ‘the big one’s’).

[±voice] assimilation

+cons –son

+nas +voi –voi

More [±voice]

assimilation

[±voice] assimilation triggered by obstruents is also very common.

A well-known case of progressive assimilation is that observed with the regular verbal and nominal inflections in English, such as the plural pot+[s] vs. pan+[z] and the past tense hack+[t] (hacked) vs. drag+[d] (dragged).

Isthmus Zapotec

geta bere doʔo ja:ga diʔidʒa palu ku:ba tapa

‘corncake’‘chicken’‘rope’‘wood’‘word’‘stick’‘dough’‘four’

sketaluʔspereluʔ stoʔoluʔ sja:galuʔ stiʔidʒaluʔ spaluluʔ sku:baluʔstapaluʃ

‘your corncake’‘your chicken’‘your rope’‘your wood’‘your word’‘your stick’‘your dough’‘your four’