Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors

Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services – 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy) Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services – 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

Limb observations of the middle Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths:

Odin/SMR and future sensors Odin/SMR and future sensors

J. Urban, D. Murtagh J. Urban, D. Murtagh

… … and the Odin teamand the Odin team

Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (SwedenChalmers University of Technology, Göteborg (Sweden))

Workshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio ServicesWorkshop on Active Protection of Passive Radio Services28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy) 28-29 October 2004 – Cagliari (Italy)

OverviewOverview

Odin / Sub-Millimetre RadiometerOdin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer Odin/SMR observation modes:Odin/SMR observation modes:

Stratospheric modeStratospheric mode

Water isotope modeWater isotope mode

Mesospheric observationsMesospheric observations

Future sub-mm limb sensors Future sub-mm limb sensors


Odin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer Odin / Sub-Millimetre Radiometer


The Odin satelliteThe Odin satellite• Swedish led mini-satellite. Cooperation with Canada, Finland, France.

• Launched in February 2001. Design lifetime: 2 years.

• Circular quasi-polar sun-synchronous orbit: 625km altitude, 96min/orbit, 6h/18h equator crossing.

• Time sharing: 50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy.

• Limb-sounding in aeronomy mode: ~45-65 scans/orbit (~14 orbits/day)

• 2 instruments: SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer), OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System)

• Aeronomy science objectivesAeronomy science objectives: stratosphere + mesosphere: stratosphere + mesosphere..

stratospheric modestratospheric mode (ClO, N (ClO, N22O, HNOO, HNO33, O, O33), ), water isotope modewater isotope mode (H (H22O, HDO, HO, HDO, H22O-18, HO-18, H22O-17), O-17),

odd hydrogen / summer mesosphere modeodd hydrogen / summer mesosphere mode (H (H22O, OO, O33, CO), , CO), odd nitrogen modeodd nitrogen mode (NO, HNO (NO, HNO33, NO, NO2 2 ))


Odin Sub-Millimetre RadiometerOdin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer

4 sub-mm (ssb) radiometers4 sub-mm (ssb) radiometers in 485-580 GHz range, 1 mm channel at ~119 GHz. in 485-580 GHz range, 1 mm channel at ~119 GHz. 1.1 m telescope. 1.1 m telescope. 2 auto-correlators, 1 acousto-optical spectrometer2 auto-correlators, 1 acousto-optical spectrometer, 1 (3 channel) filter-bank. , 1 (3 channel) filter-bank.

A1: 541-558 GHz

B1: 563-581 GHz

B2: 547-564 GHz

C: 119 GHz

A2: 486-504 GHz

Atmospheric Signal

The Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer [Frisk et al., A&A, 402, 3, 2003]


Odin/SMR frequency coverageOdin/SMR frequency coverage

Swedish Space Corporation


Odin/SMR observation modesOdin/SMR observation modes

ClO, N2O, O3

O3, HNO3

7-70 km

H2O, H2O-18, O3

HDO, O3-18 7-110 km

Stratospheric Mode

Water Isotope Mode

Strat-scan

Stratmeso-scan

H2O, O3 (mesosphere) ~4 days / month

~10 days / month

Strat-meso modeH2O, O3, CO

Stratmeso-scan~1 day / month

Stratmeso-scanOdd hydrogen modeH2O, O3, CO, HO2 ~1 day / month


Odin/SMR stratospheric modeOdin/SMR stratospheric mode


Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: NOdin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: N22O, ClO, OO, ClO, O33 @ 501.8 GHz @ 501.8 GHz

Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E20-Sep 2002

~ 18 km

~ 25 km

~ 32 km

N2O

~ 40 km

CTSO-v223-offline

N2O

ClO

ClOO3

O3


Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: ClO @ 501.3 GHzOdin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: ClO @ 501.3 GHz

Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E

20 September 2002

CTSO-v223-offline


Odin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: OOdin/SMR Stratospheric Mode: O3 3 and HNO and HNO33 @ 544.6 GHz @ 544.6 GHz

O3

CTSO-v223-offline

Antarctic polar vortex - 78.4S/143.8E Northern mid-latitudes – 30.4N/346.1E20-Sep 2002

~ 18 km

~ 25 km

~ 32 km

~ 40 km

CTSO-v223-offline

O3

HNO3HNO3


O3 N2O ClO 501.8 GHz band

O3 HNO3 544.6 GHz band

20-21 March 200320-21 March 2003

Odin/SMR stratospheric mode: level 2 product / zonal meanOdin/SMR stratospheric mode: level 2 product / zonal mean


Arctic vortex 2002-03 @ 525KArctic vortex 2002-03 @ 525K

T

N2O

ClO

O3

(ECMWF)

9-10 Nov 9-10 Dec 13-14 Jan 19 Jan 23Jan 9-10 Feb 18-19 Feb 23-24 Mar

[Urban et al., GRL 31(7), 2004]


Odin/SMR water isotope modeOdin/SMR water isotope mode


Strato-mesospheric Water VapourStrato-mesospheric Water Vapour

• High concentration in troposphere.

• Enters stratosphere through TTL (cold trap): dry air in stratosphere.

• Relatively long-lived in stratosphere: distribution governed by global circulation.

• Seasonal variations due to variations of Ttropopause: tape recorder effect.

• Chemical production in stratosphere: methane oxydation.

• Sinks in middle atmosphere: photodissociation, reaction with O(1D), OH.

• Radiative balance of climate system: most important greenhouse gas,

indirect processes through cloud formation

• Middle atmospheric chemistry: source gas of HOx-family, controlling O3-

destruction in upper stratosphere and mesosphere


Stratospheric Water VapourStratospheric Water Vapour

•Sinks:

H2O + h H + OH

H2O + h H2 + O(1D)

H2O + O(1D) OH + OH

Tropospheric Air

CH4 +OH H2O + CH3

CH4 + O(1D) … H2O

•Sources:

• Increase of ~1% / year in the stratosphere over the last decades (Oltmans et al. 2000, Rosenlof et al. 2001, Nedoluha et al. 2003)

• Possible effects on ozone and climate (Kirk-Davidoff et

al. 1999, Shindell 2001, MacKenzie and Harwood 2004)


Odin/SMR water isotope mode Odin/SMR water isotope mode

Spectra + fit for H216O, H2

18O, and O3 – band 488.35-489.35 GHz

H2O

H218O

O3


Spectra + fit for HDO and 18O3 – band 489.95-490.75 GHz

HDO18O3

18O318O3

Odin/SMR water isotope mode Odin/SMR water isotope mode


Odin/SMR water isotope modeOdin/SMR water isotope mode

Retrieved profiles of H216O @ 488.9 GHz and HDO @ 490.4 GHz

• Simultaneous retrieval of H216O, O3, H2

18O / HDO, 18O3-asym, 18O3-sym, scan-bias, linear baseline (offset), temperature, and continuum

HDOH216O


Odin/SMR water vapour – Odin/SMR water vapour – 15 15 Dec 2001Dec 2001

Retrieval of water vapour H216O - band 488.35-489.35 GHz

zonal mean and global distribution

24 hours = 14 orbits x 50 scans / orbit

zonal mean H216O H2

16O at 30km


Odin/SMR water isotope mode: HOdin/SMR water isotope mode: H22O, HDO, O, HDO, δD 2

9-30

Ap

ril 2

002

2

9-30

Ap

ril 2

002

26

-27

Oct

ober

200

226

-27

Oct

ober

200

2

H2O @ 488.9 GHzH2O @ 488.9 GHz HDO @ 490.4 GHzHDO @ 490.4 GHz δD (HDO)δD (HDO)

Zonal mean of water vapour H216O and its isotope HDO


Odin/SMR mesospheric modesOdin/SMR mesospheric modes


Strato-mesospheric carbon monoxideStrato-mesospheric carbon monoxide

Sources:Sources: COCO22 photolysis (mesosphere + thermosphere), photolysis (mesosphere + thermosphere),

minor chemical source: CHminor chemical source: CH44 oxidation (stratosphere). oxidation (stratosphere).

Chemical sinks:Chemical sinks: CO + OH → CO2 + H Lifetime:Lifetime: comparable or longer than typical transport comparable or longer than typical transport

timescales, e.g. ~ 1 week around 50 km timescales, e.g. ~ 1 week around 50 km

transport processes dominate the CO distribution in most of the middle atmosphere

tracer for global meridional circulation, coupling of troposphere-stratosphere-tracer for global meridional circulation, coupling of troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere, … mesosphere, …

Global observations:Global observations:4.6 4.6 μμm IR emission:m IR emission: UARS/ISAMS (~6 month in 1991-92), Envisat/MIPAS (6/2002-UARS/ISAMS (~6 month in 1991-92), Envisat/MIPAS (6/2002-3/04), 3/04), mm/sub-mm emission:mm/sub-mm emission: Odin/SMR (several days since Aug 2001), AURA/MLS (?/2004-). Odin/SMR (several days since Aug 2001), AURA/MLS (?/2004-).


CO data analysisCO data analysis Global measurements: Global measurements: CO (J=5CO (J=5→4) @ 576.268 GHz→4) @ 576.268 GHz

– Strat-meso scan (7-110 km)Strat-meso scan (7-110 km) → → 7 Aug + 18 Nov 2001, 18 Nov 02, ~1-3 day/month since Oct 03; 7 Aug + 18 Nov 2001, 18 Nov 02, ~1-3 day/month since Oct 03; – Summer-meso scan (55-110 km) Summer-meso scan (55-110 km) → → 2-14 July 2002, -04).2-14 July 2002, -04).

LO-failure of 572 GHz radiometerLO-failure of 572 GHz radiometer correction for frequency shift! correction for frequency shift!

Profile retrieval:Profile retrieval: altitude range ~20-110 km, resolution ~3 km, single-profile precision 10-25 %. altitude range ~20-110 km, resolution ~3 km, single-profile precision 10-25 %.

7 Aug 2001 – 3N/120W

[Dupuy et al., GRL 2004, accepted]


Global CO data: seasonal variationGlobal CO data: seasonal variation

CO 7-8 Aug 2001

CO18-19 Nov 2001

N2O24-25 Nov 2001

N2O5 Aug 2001


• Simulation of limb-scan between 0 and 90 km

• H2O line at 556.9 GHz (most intense line between 0 and 1 THz)

Mesospheric water vapourMesospheric water vapour

H2O

O3

H2O

H2OH2O

O3

O3

39 km

82 km60 km

49 km


Odin/SMR H2O @ 556.9 GHzOdin/SMR H2O @ 556.9 GHz

Non-linear retrieval based

on OEM

Altitude range: ~33 to 90 km

Simultaneous Retrieval of (x=):

• H2O profile

• other lines present in the bandwidth (O3, HNO3)

• temperature

• continuum

• instrumental baseline

• pointing bias

4 5

1 32

1 2 3

4 5


Present and future missions Present and future missions

STEAM – STEAM – SStratosphere-tratosphere-TTroposphere roposphere EExchange xchange AAnd nd climate climate MMonitor onitor (proposed)(proposed)

Aura / MLS Aura / MLS – – MMicrowave icrowave LLimb imb SSounder on Auraounder on Aura(launched 15 July 2004)(launched 15 July 2004)

ISS: JEM / SMILES ISS: JEM / SMILES – – JJapanese apanese EExperiment xperiment MModule / odule / SSub-ub-MMillimeter illimeter LLimb imb EEmission mission SSounderounder(planned for launch in 2008)(planned for launch in 2008)


Scientific ObjectivesScientific Objectives Climate EvolutionClimate Evolution

– Detailed measurements of Detailed measurements of upper tropospheric Hupper tropospheric H22OO– IPCC identified lack of knowledge of the water vapour cycle IPCC identified lack of knowledge of the water vapour cycle

particularly in the upper and middle troposphere as a major particularly in the upper and middle troposphere as a major uncertainty in climate modelsuncertainty in climate models

– Water feedback provides a doubling of the COWater feedback provides a doubling of the CO22 temperature temperature increase in current climate modelsincrease in current climate models

Stratosphere-Troposphere ExchangeStratosphere-Troposphere Exchange– Highly spatially resolved measurements of Highly spatially resolved measurements of OO33, , HH22OO andand COCO

Ozone ChangesOzone Changes– Continued surveillance of Continued surveillance of ozoneozone and and ClOClO in post Odin and in post Odin and

EOS-Aura eraEOS-Aura era

STEAM – STEAM – SStratosphere-tratosphere-TTroposphere roposphere EExchange xchange AAnd climate nd climate MMonitoronitor


PreliminariesPreliminaries Swedish-Canadian-French conceptSwedish-Canadian-French concept Odin heritage in hardware [microwave (SMR) and UV/VIS-IR (OSIRIS)], Odin heritage in hardware [microwave (SMR) and UV/VIS-IR (OSIRIS)],

human and sciencehuman and science Microwave instrument:Microwave instrument:

2 channels:2 channels:– 320 GHz320 GHz: H: H22O, OO, O33, CO and N, CO and N22O O UT/LS UT/LS– 500 GHz500 GHz: O: O33, ClO, H, ClO, H22O and isotopes O and isotopes stratospherestratosphere

Optical / near infrared instrument:Optical / near infrared instrument:– to complement the microwave instrument and improve the microwave to complement the microwave instrument and improve the microwave

measurement analysis in the presence of cloudsmeasurement analysis in the presence of clouds– 8 channels: 8 channels: 450 nm-1.3 µm450 nm-1.3 µm– OO33, H, H22O, aerosol and cloud property (UT/LS)O, aerosol and cloud property (UT/LS)– Stratospheric OStratospheric O33

Limb imaging (multi-beam) observation scheme and 2-d tomographic Limb imaging (multi-beam) observation scheme and 2-d tomographic retrieval concept for high vertical and horizontal resolutionretrieval concept for high vertical and horizontal resolution

SWIFT - SWIFT - SStratospheric tratospheric WWind ind IInterferometer nterferometer FFor or TTransport studies (?)ransport studies (?)



mm-Channel (UT/LS)mm-Channel (UT/LS)STEAM – STEAM – SStratosphere-tratosphere-TTroposphere roposphere EExchange xchange AAnd climate nd climate MMonitoronitor


STEAM retrievals: mm-channelSTEAM retrievals: mm-channel

cloud-free atmospherecloud-free atmosphere 1-D retrievals (as for Odin)1-D retrievals (as for Odin) tropopause: 12 kmtropopause: 12 km



Sub-mm Channel (Stratosphere)Sub-mm Channel (Stratosphere)

Odin Windows



Microwave Limb Sounder on EOS AuraMicrowave Limb Sounder on EOS Aura

EOS Aura Satellite launched on 15 July 2004.

Latitude coverage from 82oS-82oN.

3495 profiles per day

6 year lifetime

W. Read - JPL


EOS/MLS Spectral CoverageEOS/MLS Spectral Coverage

190 GHz

240 GHz

640 GHz

2.5 THz

119 GHz

ClON2OHCl

OH

CO

H2ON2O

O2

W. Read - JPL


Y. Kasai, NICT, Tokyo


JEM/SMILES - frequency bands

Y. Kasai, NICT, Tokyo


Summary / Conclusions / PerspectivesSummary / Conclusions / PerspectivesLimb-sounding at sub-mm wavelengths well established tool Limb-sounding at sub-mm wavelengths well established tool for middle atmospheric research:for middle atmospheric research:

OdinOdin carrying carrying SMRSMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) launched in February 2001.launched in February 2001.– frequency range: ~frequency range: ~485-580 GHz485-580 GHz (4 tuneable sub-mm SSB radiometer), 119 GHz (4 tuneable sub-mm SSB radiometer), 119 GHz– now: ~3 years of observations starting from Nov 2001 (quasi-global coverage).now: ~3 years of observations starting from Nov 2001 (quasi-global coverage).– 50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy,50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy,– aeronomy mode: stratospheric and mesospheric research objectives.aeronomy mode: stratospheric and mesospheric research objectives.

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) launched on 15 July 2004 (EOS/AURA satellite). launched on 15 July 2004 (EOS/AURA satellite).– Radiometers at Radiometers at 119, 190, 240, 640, and 2500 GHz119, 190, 240, 640, and 2500 GHz (DSB), (DSB),– Research focus on UT/LS and stratosphere.Research focus on UT/LS and stratosphere.

JEM/SMILES (Sub-millimeter Limb Emission Sounder) JEM/SMILES (Sub-millimeter Limb Emission Sounder) on Int. Space Station. on Int. Space Station. – to be launched in 2007 (?),to be launched in 2007 (?),– SIS receiver (SSB), 2 bands around SIS receiver (SSB), 2 bands around 625 and 649 GHz,625 and 649 GHz, stratospheric target species. stratospheric target species.

Proposed sub-mm instruments for UT/LS research: Proposed sub-mm instruments for UT/LS research: – STEAM – STEAM – Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate MonitorStratosphere-Troposphere Exchange And climate Monitor– MASTER MASTER (+ (+ MarschalsMarschals, airborne demonstrator), airborne demonstrator)

Wideband (8-12 GHz) channels in Wideband (8-12 GHz) channels in ~320-360 GHz~320-360 GHz range for UT/LS sounding, range for UT/LS sounding, stratospheric channels around stratospheric channels around ~488-505 GHz~488-505 GHz..


AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Odin/SMR retrieval groupOdin/SMR retrieval group::

E. Le FlochmoE. Le Flochmoëën, J. De La Non, J. De La Noë, E. Dupuy, L. El Amraoui, F. Jégou, P. Ricaudë, E. Dupuy, L. El Amraoui, F. Jégou, P. RicaudObservatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, L3AB, Floirac, FranceObservatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, L3AB, Floirac, France

J. Urban, N. Lautié, C. Jiménez, P. Eriksson, D. Murtagh, M. OlbergJ. Urban, N. Lautié, C. Jiménez, P. Eriksson, D. Murtagh, M. OlbergChalmers University of Technology, GChalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Swedenöteborg, Sweden

U. FriskU. FriskSwedish Space Corporation, Solna, SwedenSwedish Space Corporation, Solna, Sweden

Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes) and the French Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES).

… … also thanks to also thanks to Y. Kasai, Communications Research Laboratory (Tokyo, Japan) Y. Kasai, Communications Research Laboratory (Tokyo, Japan) W. Read, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena , USA)W. Read, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena , USA)

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Limb observations of the middle atmosphere at sub-mm wavelengths: Odin/SMR and future sensors