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Light Weight Ablator Response Model Development & Challenges
N. N. Mansour NASA Ames Research Center
Ablator Response model validated from fundamental experiment to flight data
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Needs for Thermal Protection Systems (TPS)
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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TPS Systems
Two type of TPS materials
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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NASA - Space Exploration
Current thinking • Low Earth Orbits (LEO) – Private providers • Beyond LEO – Both Private & NASA providers
Ø Ablators will play a major role in NASA’s atmospheric entry missions
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Widely used class of materials ü Stardust ü MSL ü Dragon ü AQ61 ü …
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) heatshield
Dragon capsule, SpaceX
Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA)
Carbon-Phenolic class of ablators PICA: member of the family of Lightweight Carbon
Ablators (LCAs) that was developed at NASA Ames Research Center as a lightweight thermal protection system (TPS) material for the Stardust mission
= +
Excellent Performance: [250 W/cm2 to 1100 W/cm2]
carbon Fiberform™ resin
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Flight data: MEDLI
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
Mahzari et al. AIAA 2013-0185
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Performance of Current State Of the Art
Mahzari et al. AIAA 2013-0185 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Performance of Current State Of the Art
Mahzari et al. AIAA 2013-0185
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Flight data: MEDLI
Mahzari et al. AIAA 2013-0185 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Historical standpoint (1968)
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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. Context Today’s standpoint (2008)
Have we reached the limita/ons of Kendall’s model (used in current codes)?
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
12/32 Chart from Rich Young, NASA ARC ⇒ Final shape reconstructed using data from 10 ablation sensors in heatshield Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Need: understand then build phenomenological models
• Improve global understanding
• Determine the important phenomena
• Derive phenomenological models
• Validate
• 3D design (gap, holes, etc.)
• Couple to environment
à Revisit the physics
à Analysis of the orders of magnitude
à Multiscale approach (micro-to-macro)
à Experiments on laboratory material
à Development of 3D simulation tool
à Development of coupling tools (multi-physics)
Methods
Keep the study as general as possible, but the physics changes from one material to another, and from one atmospheric re-entry to another.
Steps
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Type 1 model
Physics and Chemistry in Ablative Materials
1 - Virgin PICA
SEM micrographs (1)
1
3 - Charred PICA
3
2 - Partially charred 2
4 - Partially ablated
4
Stardust, Jan. 15, 2006
Imag
e cr
edit:
NA
SA
[1] M. Stackpoole et al., Post-Flight Evaluation of Stardust Sample Return Capsule Forebody Heatshield Material, AIAA 2008-1202
(1)
14
Towards “High-Fidelity Model” • Type 1: Heat transfer, pyrolysis, simplified transport of the pyrolysis gases, equilibrium chemistry, surface ablation (current state-of-the-art) • Type 2: Type 1 augmented with an averaged momentum equation for the transport of the pyrolysis gases
• Type 3: High-fidelity model (Type 2 + finite-rate chemistry, multi-component diffusion, in-depth ablation/coking, explicit radiative transfer model, …)
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Phenomenology
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H2 +
C6H6 + H2O
C6 + 3 H2
3 C2H2
C (s)
2 O
O2
2 C (s) + O2 ! 2 CO
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Macroscopic phenomenology Macroscopic illustration Microscopic illustration
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Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Building a model for PICA class
(1)
[1] M. Stackpoole et al., Post-Flight Evaluation of Stardust Sample Return Capsule Forebody Heatshield Material, AIAA 2008-1202
1. Pyrolysis experiments and
modeling (TGA + mass spec/Flash hea/ng)
2. Abla/on experiments and
modeling (Side arm reactor/etc.)
3. Pyrolysis-‐abla/on coupling
(ICP tes/ng) 4. Flow Env. Material Res. Coupling
(Flight data/ICP tes/ng)
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Pyrolysis experiments & modeling
Reactor Condensor
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Pyrolysis experiments & modeling
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Pyrolysis experiments & modeling
Detailed model of the pyrolysis
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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PATO validation study
Adding water effects reproduces the observed hump in the MEDLI data Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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Virgin material
Pyrolysis zone
Abla/on zone
≈ 400 K
≈ 1200 K
≈ 1400 K Coking zone
≈ 3000 K
OH
Phenolic polymer
H2 +
C6H6 + H2O
C6 + 3 H2
3 C2H2
C (s)
2 O
O2
2 C (s) + O2 2 CO
Boundary layer
Non-‐viscous flow
coking
rad.
Heat
≈ 6000 K
Stardust
TPS core
Macro illustra?on
[Lachaud et al., JSR, 47 (2010), 910-‐921]
[Stackpoole et al., AIAA 2008-‐1202]
Micro-‐scale simula?on of carbon/phenolic
abla?on
Spallation
High-fidelity modeling
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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HYMETS testing for spallation
Dual-‐exposure camera s/ll frames during FiberForm tes/ng in the HYMETS arcjet. Images are combined from several frames (Credit: Jennifer Inman and Steve Jones).
Term in FIAT is added to the Bc’ to account for spallation
Both Fiberform and PICA have been tested
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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!"#"$%&'()*+%,*"-./%0*/)"-
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Tomography
X-ray Rotation stage
Camera
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Tomography
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Porous Media Analysis (PuMA) tool
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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Exact solution for an oxidizing fiber
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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PuMA verification
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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Comparison to analytical solution
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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PuMA
Nov. 17, 2014 Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch
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DPLR/Ablator Response Model coupling
DPLR and Material response model: – Communication between the two codes – Parallelization strategy
Hunter negotiates between: • DPLR • Material response • Grid generation
Hunter/LibMesh
CFD ARM
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
Time dependent energy soak into a simplified capsule structure for the MPCV.
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Summary
• Material performance tests (ICP, ArcJets, Flight data, etc.) as well as basic laboratory testing campaigns are needed to advance material response models to match advancements in our ability to model the flow physics (i.e. the environment).
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014
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Team + Collaborators
• J. Lachaud • F. Panerai • A. Martin • T. Magin • I. Cozmuta • J. Scoggins • J-M. Bouilly • S. Sepka • D. Parkinson • A. MacDowell • A. Haboub • H-W. Wong • J. Peck • R. Jaffe
• Y. Dubief • R. Cocker • A. Amar • G. Palmer • Y-K. Chen • M. Barnhardt • S. Muppidi • B. Kirk • C. Henze • A. Omidy • J. Ferguson • A. Wray
Inauguration of the École Centrale Plasma Torch Nov. 17, 2014