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Lifecycle Metadata for Digital Objects
September 11, 2002
Major archival and digital library metadata schemes
NHPRC Initiative, 1991
• Research Issues in Electronic Records
• http://www.archives.gov/nhprc_and_other_grants/electronic_records/research_issues_report.html#recommendations
• 1992 review of research agenda, MN Historical Society
University of Pittsburgh Project
• 1992-1996• “Business Acceptable Communications”• “Warrant” for functional requirements
– Legal– Records Management– Management– Medical– Archival
Pittsburgh metadata reference model in six layers
• Handle
• Terms & Conditions
• Structural• Contextual• Content• Use History
Handle layer
• Unique identifier– Record declaration– Transaction domain– Transaction instance
• Discovery metadata– Description standard– Descriptors– Language
Terms & Conditions Layer
• Restrictions status
• Access conditions
• Use conditions
• Disposition requirements
Structural Layer
• File identification metadata
• File encoding metadata
• File rendering metadata
• Record rendering metadata
• Content structure metadata
• Source metadata
Contextual Layer
• Transaction context metadata
• Responsibility metadata
• System accountability metadata
Indiana University test of BAC
• Evaluating administrative recordkeeping systems at IU
• Testing functional requirements• Mapping metadata requirements
– Elimination of “metadata encapsulated objects”– Reduction in structural metadata– Pulled back from record-level metadata to record, file,
class levels– Influenced by MoReq– Lacks understanding of implementation issues
InterPARES Project
• Initially a University of British Columbia project that led to DoD STD 5015.2
• Aim to establish characteristics of a reliable and authentic electronic record
• InterPARES is international project funded by NHPRC, SSRC, etc.
• Aim to establish rest of record life cycle
InterPARES case studies
• Examine digital recordkeeping systems in wide variety of contexts worldwide
• Qualitative methods used to discover how records are used, carry out functional analysis
• Data used to provide basis for modeling preservation processes
InterPARES basis in diplomatics
• 19th-century method for establishing genuineness of documents
• Defines four types of records:– Dispositive (form is essence of evidence)– Probative (written form part of evidence)– Supporting (written form discretionary,
procedurally linked to action)– Narrative (provide context)
InterPARES Authenticity template
• Documentary form– Extrinsic elements– Intrinsic elements
• Annotations
• Medium
• Context
InterPARES findings, 2002
• Hopes for a clear typology dashed after four rounds
• Contemporary systems too fluid for model– No fixed form or content– No annotations– Embedded in social contexts– Managed procedurally
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
• Supported by OCLC
• Primarily a surrogate/discovery metadata scheme
• Does not aim to document everything
• Useful for management of active digital objects
Dublin Core elements
• Title• Creator• Subject• Description• Publisher• Contributor• Date• Type
• Format• Identifier• Source• Language• Relation• Coverage• Rights
Dublin Core development
• Initial development of simple elements
• Subelements and user communities
• Warwick Framework
• RDF and XML
Dublin Core in HTML environment
• Example: MDAH
• http://www.mdah.state.ms.us
• Example:
Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)
• Developed out of LoC’s MOA project
• Designed to support maintenance of library of digital objects
• Three overall types of metadata– Descriptive– Administrative– Structural
METS Administrative metadata
• Technical metadata
• Intellectual property rights metadata
• Source metadata (re analog source)
• Digital provenance metadata– Relations between files– Migration/transformation data
METS Structural metadata
• File groups list
• Structural map (defines relations between files and METS element structure)
• Behavior segment (associates executable methods with specific content elements, e.g. for display)
METS and XML
• The METS XML schema
• http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets_xsd/mets.html
• Why is it all so complicated?
• How can anyone ever keep track of all this metadata?