Upload
margery-sibyl-harmon
View
219
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Life Quality – Soil – Food Chain
GyörgyGyörgy VárallyayVárallyay
Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Budapest, Hungary
5th Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop 6–11 March, 2006, Opatija, Croatia
Quality of life criteria:
healthy and good-quality food clean water pleasant environment
• rational land use• sustainable management of natural
resources• conservation of soil and water resources• landscape preservation
Relationships between resources and the society
Land resourcesProtection of land
management resources
atmosph. hydrosph. soil biota
socio-economic
implications
Dec
isio
n m
akin
g a
s in
terf
ace
processes
possibilities for regulation
facts
production
transport
requirements
RESOURCES SOCIETY
environment
The DPSIR Framework Applied to Soils
SOILS/LANDrepresent a considerable part of the natural resources
consequently, their rational utilization conservation and the maintenance of their multipurpose functionality
have particular significance in the national economy (optimal utilization of natural
resources, rational biomass production ….), and environment protection (soil-water-biota-
biosphere conservation)
SOIL FUNCTIONS
• conditionally renewable natural resource;
• integrator [transformer] of other natural resources;
• most important media for biomass production;most important media for biomass production;
• storagestorage of heat, water, nutrients; pollutants;
• bufferbuffer of various natural and human-induced stresses;
• filterfilter [prevention of groundwater pollution etc.]
• transformationtransformation of various substances [including detoxication];
• habitat for soil biota, gene-reservoir, media of biodiversity;
• conservator of natural and human heritage.
Sustain food and biomass productionSustain food and biomass production
Physical environment of roots
Plant nutrition
availability of waterporosityaeration
earthwormsrhizosphere
N,P,S,K,…
Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Cu
mineralisation
CEC
mycorhizaerhizobia
Plant health
PGPR, pathogens
allelochemicalsP N
Environmental functions of soilEnvironmental functions of soil
soil
waterair
COCO22, CH, CH44, N, N22O..O..
Mineralisation of OMcarbon sequestration
Nitrates, phosphatesNitrates, phosphates
Pesticides, metalsPesticides, metals
infiltrationinfiltration
Retention by clays and organic matter (adsorption, complexation, bound residues)
Maintenance of soil structure by OM-Mineral interactionsProtection from erosion
erosionerosion
pollutionpollution
desertificationdesertification
loss of biological activity loss of biological activity and biodiversityand biodiversity
Soil functionsSoil functions
SocietySociety has utilized these functions in different ways (rate, method, efficiency) throughout history, depending on the given natural conditions and socio-economic circumstances. Irrational useIrrational use may result in over-exploitation, in the decreasing efficiency of one or more soil functions, and – above a certain limit – in serious environmental deterioration.
Drought
Mineralstress
Shallowdepth
Waterexcess
Perma-frost
Leftavailable
Major limitations of the agro-ecological potentialMajor limitations of the agro-ecological potential
Euro
pe
Wor
ld
Ave
rage
Cen
tral
A
mer
ica
Nor
th
Am
eric
aSo
uth
Asi
a
Afr
ica
Sout
h A
mer
ica
Aus
tral
asia
Sout
h Ea
st A
sia
Nor
th a
nd
Cen
tral
Asi
a
% 36 25 22 18 16 15 15 14 1110
Land degradation problems in Europe
Organic Matter
Decline inBiodiversity
Contamination local and diffuse
Erosion
Sealing
Compaction
Salinization
Floods and landslides
Carpathian PlainsCarpathian Plains are relatively favourablefavourable for
rainfed biomass productionbut faced with various ecological constraints
soil degradation processes extreme moisture regime nutrient stresses environmental pollution
In the Carpathian Basin the most important soil soil degradation processesdegradation processes are as follows:
(1) Soil erosion by water or wind.
(2) Soil acidification.
(3) Salinization/alkalization/sodification.
(4) Physical soil degradation, such as structure destruction, compaction, surface sealing, etc.
(5) Extreme moisture regime: (sometimes) simultaneous hazard of over-moistening, waterlogging and drought-sensitivity.
(6) Biological degradation, such as unfavourable changes in soil biota, decrease in soil organic matter.
(7) Unfavourable changes in the biogeochemical cycles of elements, especially in the regime of plant nutrients, such as leaching; volatilization; biotic and abiotic immobilization.
(8) Decrease in the buffering capacity of soil; soil pollution, environmental toxicity.
LimitedLimited water resources
atmospheric precipitation quantity spatial
form high distribution chemical composition time
surface waters quantity
extremes quality
subsurface waters quality
depthfluctuation
seepage surface runoff erosion
sediment transport … sedimentation
?
EXTREME Moisture Regime
Reasons high spatial (territorial) temporal variability of atm. precipitation rain: snow - snowmelt relief [macro, meso, micro] soil vegetation land use
Consequences water losses
~ E ~ surface runoff ~ filtration
soil losses [O.M., nutrients…]
biota „losses” vegetation losses yield losses energy losses
floodwater logging water surplusover-moistening
drought water deficiency
wastes
„plant available”
in soil (original)
„available content”
mobile content
from other source)
airwater
total content
soluble content
„human available”
„animal available”
resource
solubility
- imissionemission transmission
dependent
Water (solute) transport dependable
Selective uptake by plants (plant nutrition)
Selective uptake by animals (animal nutrition)
Selective uptake by human beings (human nutrition)
Human health impacts
may enter living organisms (food chain)
Dir
ect
„po
isen
ing
”
Pla
nt
eat
ing
Dir
ect
po
llu
tio
n w
ith
so
il (
du
st s
usp
end
ed
mat
ter)
Mea
t ea
tin
g
Dri
nki
ng
extractant soil properties
can move can reach water resource
SOIL FUNCTIONS
SOIL PROPERTIES
! SOIL PROCESSES
SOIL FORMING FACTORS
The main task of up-to-date soil science is the efficient control of soil processes!
Any soil-related action require adequate informationon soil andon its environment terrain
land-site ecosystem
Control of soil processes
Registration offacts and consequences
Analysis of potential reasons (soil processes)
Analysis of influencing factors and their mechanisms
Possibilities of theoretical real regulation rational (control) economic
Methods and technologies for the „optimum” variants
soil properties - fertilityyieldenvironmental impacts
IMPLEMENTATION
Analysis – modelling of
soil propertiessoil processessoil-plant (crop) relationssoil-environment
pro
gn
osi
s
Registration of soil properties
Parameters (definitions, selection)
measurementMethods for their determination calculation
estimation
Survey, sampling, laboratory analysisbackground (capacitiy)
Category systems
verticalSpatial and time variability of soil properties horizontal
Mapping Monitoring
Remote-sensingGeo-statistics
Data
Soil information systems
Strategy for pollution control
i -increase
d -decrease
EMISSION
MOBILIZATION
„+”
mo
bili
zin
g a
gen
t (p
H)
d
d
d
dd
TRANSMISSION
IMISSION
LOAD(deposition,
accumulation)
d
CRITICAL LOADconcentration
(stress) i
CTB
IMMOBILE CONTENT(POOL)
EX
CE
ED
AN
CE
d
„+”
po
lluti
on
i
vulnerabilitysusceptibilitysensitivity
soilof waters ecosystemto various compounds
The main possibilities of efficient soil pollution soil pollution controlcontrol are:
– eemission/imission reductionmission/imission reduction (preventing or reducing the quantity of pollutants deposited on or transported to the soil surface or into the soil);
– prevention of the mobilizationprevention of the mobilization of potentially harmful chemical compounds or elements which are already present in the soil but in – temporarily – immobile form;
– ddecrease in the susceptibility/vulnerabilityecrease in the susceptibility/vulnerability of soil to various pollutants (through an increase in the buffering capacity of soils), making it tolerant of a higher critical load of pollutants and consequently reducing the „exceedance risk” and its unfavourable ecological consequences.
Hungarian soil science and agrochemistry have achieved significant results in results in food chain pollution control:food chain pollution control:
- ddeterminationetermination of the specific solubility, mobility, availability and toxicity of various elements and chemical compounds under different soil conditions;
- qquantificationuantification of the „tolerance limits” and „critical loads” of various desirable or acceptable target levels (critical quantity, critical concentration);
- definition and classificationdefinition and classification of the potential economical, environmental, ecological and health consequences of exceedance loads or stresses;
- eelaborationlaboration of alternative methods and technologiesof alternative methods and technologies for the prevention, minimalization, or at least reduction of soil pollution and its unfavourable economical, ecological and environmental consequences.
Thank you very Thank you very much formuch for
your attention!your attention!