LICHENS OF THE TERRA NOVA BA Y AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA … · 2019. 6. 20. · Studia Geobotanica Voi. 22: 3-54 (2003) LICHENS OF THE TERRA NOVA BA Y AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND

Studia Geobotanica Voi. 22: 3-54 (2003)

LICHENS OF THE TERRA NOVA BA Y AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA

LAND (CONTINENTAL ANTARCTICA)

Miris CASTELLO

Department of Biology, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgie1i 10, 1-34127 Trieste, Italy.

Key words: Antarctica, flora, lichens.

Abstract: 57 lichen species are reported from the Terra N0va Bay area (northern Victoria Land, continental

Antarctica), on the basis of collections fmm the Ttalian Antarctic Expeditions 1987-1996. 51 of them were

identified to species level. A key for their identification is provided. Morpho-anatomical descriptions and

nomenclatmal, taxonomic and phytogeographical remarks are given for each taxon. Blastenia viridans Js.

Murray is reduced to synonymy with Caloplacn athallinrt Darb.

lntrorluction

Lichenologica\ research in Antarctic regions has experiencect a new development in the last decades,

mainly thanks to Antarctic research programmes by

severa] countries. The Iichenological activity within the Italian National Antarctic Research Programme

(PNRA) has aimed at analysing the lichen flora and

vegetation of the Terra Nova Bay area, northern Victoria Land, starting from 1987. The taxonomic know ledge

of Antarctic lichens was very unsatisfactory, the only extant lichen Flora (Dodge 1973) being based on rather

odd taxonomic criteria (see Almborn 1974, Hertel

1987a, Castello & Nimis 1997a). The originai project was focuscd on four main topics: 1) retrieval of infor

mation on Antarctic lichens from the literature; 2) revi

sion of criticai taxa; 3) creation of an Antarctic lichen

herbarium; 4) floristic and vegetational studies. A comprehensive synthesis of earlier floristic, vege

tational and distributional information on Antarctic li

chens was provided by Nimis (1991). These data were

updated by Castello & Nimis (1997a), and were orga

nized in a database, VICTORIA (Castello & Nimis

1997b ). The latter is a specimen and literature based information system, created in 1994 to manage the

Antarctic Lichen Herbarium (ELA) of TSB and to re

trieve Iiterature data for all lichen species reported from Antarctica from the late sixties onwards, excluding

Dodge's papers.

Severa] criticai taxa were revised: yellow Acarospo

raceae (Castello & Nimis 1994a), Candelariella (Ca

stello & Nimis 1994b), Xanthoria (Castello 1995) and

Sarcogyne (Seppelt et al. 1998). Furthermore, Castello

& Nimis (1995a) published a revision of 152 of the 186

3

taxa described by C.W. Dodge and accepted in his Flora (Dodge 1973), based on the analysis of type materiai.

The results of these studies showed a new phytogeo

graphical image of Antarctic lichens (Castello & Nimis 1997a): the role of Antarctica as a refugial centre for

old, Gondwanaland species as postulated by Dodge

(1964, 1973) requires a re-assessment. The endemie element is much less important than hitherto assumed

while bipolar and cosmopolitan taxa are common. The

Iichen flora of Antarctica seems to be a young one, which mainly originated by long-distance dispersa) in

the Quaternary period. All samples collected by the ltalian Expeditions to

Victoria Land from 1987 to 1996 are in the Antarctic Lichen Herbarium (ELA) of TSB, which at present

hosts more than a thousand specimens, with ca. 2500

records of individuai species.

The lichen flora and vegetation of Victoria Land

were treated by few authors: Murray (1963), Kappen

( 1985), Hai e (1987), Green et al. (1992) and Seppelt et

al. (1995, 1996). The recent Flora by 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith (2001), covering the lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia, takes into account severa) collections

from continental Antarctica, and in particular from Vict01ia Land, and constitutes a rich source of information which was considered in this paper.

The lichen vegetation of Terra Nova Bay was di

scussed by Castello & Nimis (1995b) on the basis of

microrelevés caiTied out in the laboratory on 297 her

barium specimens kept in TSB, following the "méthode

du prélèvement integrai" (Roux 1990). Nine "community" types were recognized, corresponding to variants

M. CASTELLO

of three main formation types described by Longton

(1973, 1979): a) fruticose and foliose lichen subforma

tion, b) crustaceous lichen subformation and c) short

moss cushion and turf subformation. Floristic compo

sition and ecology of the communities were discussed,

stressing the overall similarity with lichen communities

described from other areas of continental Antarctica

(Nakanishi 1977, Seppelt & Ashton 1978, Kappen

1985, Engelskj!,'ln 1986, Lewis Smith 1988).

A preliminary key to the lichens of Terra Nova Bay

was published by Castello & Nimis (2000).

This paper provides an annotated flora of lichens

presently known from the Terra Nova Bay area, with

detailed descriptions of Antarctic materiai and nomen

clatural, taxonomic, distributional and ecological notes.

Survey area

The survey area (Fig. 1) is in the sector of northem

Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) between 71 °-

760S and 162°-170°E. The Italian Research Station is

located in Terra Nova Bay (74°41'42" S,

164°07'23"E), on the coastal area of the Northem

Foothills. Northern Victoria Land lies at the Pacific end

of the Transantarctic Mountains; large outlet glaciers

cross them flowing from the East Antarctic ice sheet

toward the Ross Sea (David, Reeves, Priestley, Cam

pbell, Tinker, Aviator glaciers). The East Antarctic ice

sheet lies at 30-60 km far from the coast, with an

elevation of more than 2000 m. The outlet glaciers

delimit the interior mountains of the Eisenhower Range

(Timber Peak, 3070 m, Mt Nansen, 2737 m) and the

Deep Freeze Range, with elevations of more than 2500

m and 2000 m, respectively, and the Southem Cross

Mts. In the northern part of the area are the rugged

Mountaineer Range (Mt Murchinson, 3501 m), the

Victory Mts and Adrniralty Mts (Mt Minto, 4163 m),

which support a large ice field with névés and valley

glaciers flowing toward the sea. The coastal mountains

of the Terra Nova Bay are the Prince Albert Mts (Mt

Bellingshausen 1380 m), lnexpressible Island and

Northern Foothills (Mt Abbott 1020 m), which are hills

rising gently from the coast to the interior mountains,

and the Mt Melbourne volcano (2732 m). Ice-free areas

occur along the coast, in the areas among the outlet

glacier valleys and on more internal nunataks (Orom

belli 1986).

The northern part of Victoria Land has a great

diversity of substrata: different types of granites,

schistose metamorphites, amphibolites, basalt and

volcanic rocks (Orombelli 1986). Near bird colo

nies there is a considerable eutrophication of rock

surfaces and soil, which favours the establishment

4

ofnitrophyticlichen communities.

The climate is quite typical of coastal stations in

continental Antarctica. According to Grigioni et al.

(1992) average monthly temperatures range from -2°/-

50C (January) and -26°/-30°C (August), average yearly

temperature being of ca. -17/-19°C. Coastal stations in

deglaciated areas have a somewhat milder climate than

those in the interior, which are strongly influenced by

catabatic winds blowing from the interior of the Conti

nent. Precipitation is very low, being always in the form

of snow, and equalling ca. 100/200 mm of water per

year. Air humidity tends to increase during summer, due

to humid air masses coming from the sea (Grigioni et

al. 1992). The presence of severa! glaciers connecting

the internal plateau with the coast makes Terra Nova

Bay one of the windiest areas in Antarctica: the cold and

dry catabatic winds often reach a speed of more than

160 km/h, and blow from the west and from the north.

Lichens were collected by members of the Italian

Expeditions from 1987 to 1996 in 41 localities (Fig. 1).

List of localities (in alphabetical order):

Apostrophe Island, Lady Newnes Bay, 73°34'S

167°30'E; - Baker Rocks, Mt Melbourne, Wood Bay,

74°24'S 164°49'E; - Black Ridge, Deep Freeze Range;

- Browning Pass, Deep Freeze Range; - Campo Icaro,

Northern Foothills, Terra NovaBay, 74°43'S 164°06'E;

- Cape Irizar, Lamplugh Island; - Cape King, Lady

Newnes Bay, 73°35'S 166°35'E; - Cape Phillips, Da

niell Peninsula, 73°05'S 169°35'E; - Cape Ross, Tripp

Bay, 76°45'S 163°00'E; - Cape Sastrugi, Deep Freeze

Range, 74°37'S 143°63'E; - Cape Washington, Terra

Nova Bay; - Carezza Lake, Northern Foothills, Terra

Nova Bay, 74°43'S 164°03'E; - Coulman /sland,

73°19'S l 69°45'E; - Crater Cirque, Victory Mts, Hallett

Peninsula, 72°37'E 169°22'E; - Daniell Peninsula,

72°42'S 169°36'E; - Edmonson Point, Mt Melbourne,

Wood Bay, 74°2l'S 165°06'E; - Football Saddle, Foot

ball Mt, Hallett Peninsula, 72°31 'S 169°45'E; - Gond

wana Station, Terra Nova Bay, 74°37'S 164°13'E; -

Harrow Peaks, Wood Bay, 74°04'S 164°48'E; - Index

Point, Lady Newnes Bay, 73 °22'S l 67°55'E; - Inexpres

sible Island, Terra Nova Bay, 74°55'S 163°42'E; - Kay

Island, Wood Bay, 74°04'S 165°19'E; - Lamplugh

Island, 75°34'S 162°55'E; - Lowry Bluff, Priestly Gla

cier, Deep Freeze Range; - Markham Island, Terra

Nova Bay; - Morozumi Range, Rennick Glacier,

71 °40'S 161 °45'E; - Mt Dickason, Deep Freeze Range;

- Mt Keinath, Deep Freeze Range; - Mt Moriarty,

Mountaineer Range, Lady Newnes Bay, 73°4l 'S

165°59'E; - Prior Island, 75°40'S 162°50'E; - Skua

Lake, Northern Foothills, Terra Nova Bay; - Starr Nu

natak, Harbord Glacier, Whitmer Peninsula, 75°54'S

162°35'E; - Stefania Cirque, Admiralty Mts, Hallett

·Studia Geobot. 22 (2003)

- Lichens of the Terra Nova Bay area, Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) -

71°S

o

166°E

20Km I

"7c Stefania Cirque

1"o�i, •• Football Saddle I '"1°8 Crater Cirque•

EVANS NÉVÉ

73°S Apostrophe lsland MOUNT AINEER RANGE

1s2·E SOUTHERN CROSS Cape King MOUNTAINS

Mt Moriartye

"llf1,q7;

() OJlGL.

'e:p/:f?�� Tinker Glaciere R-4N

G� --<� Harrow Peaks e

�'7¼-at.

Baker Rocks • � Mt Dickason

� '\ Lowry Bluff-e.,.".

� � Black Ridge..

� _ ',\ Mt Kenait� Browning Pas_'.:?

LADY NEWNES

BAY

Cape Sastrugi � Vegetation Ridge?

Vegetation I.• li Teall Nunatak

Terra Nova Bay Station Carezza Lake

Tam Flat•

lnexpressible I.

Campo Icaro Skua Lake

7S·�-Ql.. � DRYGALSKI ICE TONGUE

TERRA NOVA BAY

w IXl ..J <l: w (.) 2 a:

ROSS SEA

Tripp lsland 166°E

Fig. I - Map of the survey area and location of the sampling localities.

5

75°S

170°E

M. CASTELLO

Peninsula, 72°29'S 169°42'E; - Tarn Flat, Reeves Gla

cier, Terra Nova Bay, 74°58'S l62°3l'E;-TeallNuna

tak, Reeves Glacier, Terra Nova Bay, 74°50'S

162°20'E; - Terra Nova Bay Station, Terra Nova Bay,

74°42'S 164°07'E; - Tinker Glacier, Wood Bay,

73°59'S 164°29'E; - Tripp Island, Tripp Bay, 76°40'S

162°45'E;- Vegetationlsland, Terra Nova Bay, 74°47'S

163°38'E; - Vegetation Ridge, Northern Foothills, Terra

Nova Bay; - Whitmer Peninsula, 75°50'S 162°50'E.

Data and methods

Lichens were collected by members of the ltalian

Expeditions from 1987 to 1996; the main collections are

from Terra Nova Bay and Wood Bay (74°S). The col

lections are by G. Del Frate (1987-1988), P. Modenesi

(1988-1989), S. Sedmak (1989-1990, 1990-1991), R.

Bargagli (1993-1994) and F. Bersan (1995-1996).

Ali specimens are kept in TSB. ldentification was

based on careful examination of the samples, compared

with revisions of type materiai, and of specimens of

severa) species coming from the following herbaria BG,

BM, FH, GZU, HA-KIEL, LE, MEL, PC, S, TSB, TUR,

UPS, US, WELT, and on literature information. Taxa

identified at generic leve) only were indicated by the

generic epithet and a number. For each herbarium spe

cimen the list of all lichens present in the envelope was

reported.

Data were organized in a database (VICTORIA)

(Castello & Nimis 1997b), created to manage specimen

records of the Antarctic Lichen Herbarium of TSB and

to retrieve literature data concerning ali lichen taxa

hitherto known from Antarctic regions.

In this paper the following information is reported

for each species:

1) list of synonyms, referred to Antarctic taxa only,

arranged in alphabetical order, including references to

Iiterature in which synonymies were proposed; when a

synonym was proposed only on the basis of the descrip

tion (without the examination of materiai), then syno

nymy is marked with '?';

2) description, based on the analysis of Antarctic mate

riai. The following main features were considered: a)

generai morphological characters as observable with a

stereo-microscope; b) anatomica! characters of thallus

and reproductive structures, studied by light microsco

PY of hand-cut sections, mounted in deionized water or

dilute potassium hydroxide solution; ali measurements

were made in water mounts; c) chemical spot tests with

the usual reagents: solutions of potassium hydroxide

(K), sodium hypochlorite (C), paraphenylenediamine

(P), nitric acid (N) and iodine (I) solutions. In special

cases, thin-layer chromatography was used to identify

6

particular lichen substances;

3) discussion of ecologica) and taxonomic aspects;

4) distribution in the survey area, including the total

number of samples kept in TSB and the list of localities

(Tab. l);

5) known distribution in Antarctica, based on Iiterature

data. The subdivision into continental and maritime

Antarctic and subantarctic regions follows Lewis Smith

(1984).

The key to species is primarily based on reproduc

tive characters and chemical reactions, because of the

extremely high morphological variability of Antarctic

lichens. Authors' abbreviations follow Brummitt &

Powell (1992).

Some criticai taxa represented by scanty materiai

were not included in this paper; further investigations

on larger collections are needed.

Results

Key to the species

1 Thallus fruticose or foliose ....................................... 2

1 Thallus crustose, squamulose, or crustose-substipitate

to pulvinate ............................................................... 15

2 Thallus fruticose, shrub-like, consisting of erect to

decumbent, terete or flattened branches, attached to the

substratum only at the base ......................................... 3

2 Thallus foliose, leaf-like, dorsiventral, attached to the

substratum by rhizines, hapters or by a small centrai

part. .............................................................................. 7

3 Thallus yellow to yellowish-green with variable dark

pigmentation, clearly fruticose, erect, with terete bran-

ches with a centrai axis of compacted hyphae ............. 4

3 Thallus not as above; branches without a centrai axis

of compacted hyphae .................................................. S

4 Centrai axis thick, occupying half or more of the

branch diameter; medulla compact in main branches;

soralia flat to concave, rarely pulvinate, often with a

distinct margin; branches subpapillate to grossly papil-

late; thallus surface usually matt ......... Usnea antarctica

4 Centrai axis thin, occupying less than half of the

branch diameter; medulla lax or sublax; soralia flat,

becoming convex-pulvinate to globose with age, emar

ginate; branches more or less scabrid with small papil

lae; thallus surface subnitid or matt, smooth to foveolate

.......................................................... Usnea sphacelata

Studia Geobot. 22 (2003)

- Lichens of the Te1Ta Nova Bay area, Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) -

5 Thallus dark brown to black, prostrate, fruticose or in

extreme conditions subcrustose; branches somewhat

flattened ................................... Pseudephebe minuscula

5 Thallus yellow or orange, subfruticose, with flattened

branches up to 5 mm long ........................................... 6

6 Thallus yellow-orange or reddish, K+red ......... .

...................................................... Xanthoria mawsonii

6 Thallus yellow, K - ................... Candelaria murrayi

7 Thallus umbilicate .................................................... 8

7 Thallus not umbilicate ............................................ 11

8 Thallus cream to greenish cream or dark green, squa

mulose to foliose-umbilicate, sometimes pulvinate;

apothecia lecanorine, frequent and crowded ........... .

.. ...... .......... ....... .......... ... .... Rhizaplaca melanophthalma

8 Thallus dark grey, brown to black.ish; apothecia leci-

deine, rather rare and not crowded .............................. 9

9 Thallus without rhizinomorphs on lower

side ............................................ Umbilicaria decussata

9 Thallus with rhizinomorphs ................................... 10

10 Lower side dark brown to black throughout, some

times with a pale marginai part; rhizinomorphs simple

to moderately branched, usually white to pale grey, or

black but with pale tips; thalloconidia ulii- or bicellular;

apothecia not seen ......................... Umbilicaria aprina

10 Lower side pale, cream to pink.ish near the umbilicus,

darker only in the outer parts; rhizinomorphs modera

tely branched, light-coloured; thalloconidia not seen;

apothecia omphalodisc ............. Umbilicaria cf. saviczii

11 Thallus bright yellow to orange or reddish, K +

purple-red .................................................................. 12

11 Thallus variously coloured, never K + purple-

red .............................................................................. 13

12 Thallus without soredia, foliose to pulvinate or sub

crustose, effigurate, often incomplete in centrai parts,

consisting of radiating peripheral, more or less conti

guous and branched lobes and verrucose centrai parts

covered by numerous apothecia; epilithic ............. .

.......................................................... Xanthoria elegans

12 Thallus with soredia (blastidia), foliose to subfruti

cose, rosette-shaped, consisting of piane or convex,

horizontal to ascending, 2-5 mm long lobes, with irre

gularly incised terminal parts; blastidia yellow or oran

ge-yellow, on the lower side of apical and marginai

parts; epilithic or muscicolous .................................... .

..................................................... Xanthoria mawsonii

7

13 Thallus yellow, K-, squamulose to foliose, subfruti

cose, forming small, often adpressed rosettes of ascen

ding, flattened, 1-3 mm Jong lobes with crenulate mar

gins; soredia on the lower side of terminal parts of Jobes

....................................................... Cande/aria murrayi

13 Thallus whitish to grey, K + yellow, foliose, orbicu-

lar.. ............................................................................ 14

14 Medulla K + yellow; upper side densely white-ma

culate, sometimes weakly pruinose; soralia capitate or

crateriform, rarely labriform .................. Physcia caesia

14 Medulla K-; upper side not or faintly white-macula

te, sometimes pruinose; soralia usually marginai and

labriform, rarely laminai and crateriform ............... .

................................................................. Physcia dubia

15 Thallus with apothecia ......................................... 16

15 Thallus sterile ....................................................... 59

16 Asci> 8-spored ................................................... 17

16 Asci 2-8-spored .................................................... 22

17 Spores 12-32 per ascus, unicellular to more or less

clearly 1-septate; thallus yellow, K + orange ............... .

................................................... Candelariella vitellina

17 Spores 100-300 per ascus, unicellular, colourless;

thallus K -................................................................... 18

18 Thallus yellow ...................................................... 19

18 Thallus pale to dark brown ................................... 21

19 Medulla yellow at least in the lower part; thallus

clearly effigurate, with scabrid and wrinkled surface.

Apothecia immersed, with brown, umbonate disc; spo-

res 5-6(-7) x 1.5-2 µm, ellipsoid ................................. .

................................................. Acarosporaflavocordia

19 Medulla white throughout, with usually smooth sur-

face ............................................................................. 20

20 Apothecia immersed, flat; disc brownish to dark

brown; asci Acarospora - type; spores 3-4 x 1.5-2(-2.5)

µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; thallus of squamulo

se to substipitate, scattered to contiguous areoles, cen-

trally attached and with free margins ........................... .

. ...................................................... Acarospora gwynnii

20 Apothecia not immersed, flat to convex or almost

globose, disc yellow to greenish yellow; asci Pleopsi

dium-type; spores 3.5-4.5 x 1.5-2 µm, ellipsoid; thallus

areolate, areolate-stipitate and squamulose-pulvinate to

effigurate, of subglobose, smooth to verrucose-cerebri-

fo1m areoles ..................... Pleopsidium chlorophanum

21 Spores 3-4 (-4.5) x 2-3 µm, broadly ellipsoid to

M. CASTELLO

subglobose ................................. Acarospora williamsii 21 Spores 3-4.5(-5) x 1-2 µm, ellipsoid ....................... .

.............................................. Acarospora cf. nitrophila

22 Spores unicellular.. ............................................... 23

22 Spores pluricellular ............................................... 39

23 Thallus yellow to yellow-orange, K- or K+ orange,

of ecorticate or corticate crowded granules ................. .

........................................................ Candelariellaflava 23 Thallus not as above ............................................. 24

24 Apothecia lecanorine ............................................ 25

24 Apothecia lecideine .............................................. 34

25 On mosses or soil... ............................................... 26

25 On rock ................................................................. 27

26 Thallus whitish to grey, rimose-areolate, forming a

more or less continuous crust, often ecorticate, incon

spicuous and almost completely covered by apothecia,

K-, C-, KC-; apothecia with flat, dark brown to black

disc; spores narrowly ellipsoid, (13-) 14-17(-18) x 4-5

µm; on mosses ............................... Lecanora expectans 26 Thallus cream to whitish or yellowish cream, crusto

se-squamulose, forming more or less placodioid circu

lar patches up to 4 cm diam., K+ yellow, C-, KC+

yellow; apothecia with flat to convex, pale brown to

greenish, dark brown or blackish disc; spores ellipsoid

to broadly ellipsoid, (8-) 10-13 x 5-7 µm, with thick

wall; on mosses or soil ............. Lecanora aff. geophila

27 Thallus squamulose- to foliose-umbilicate or pulvi-

nate ............................................................................ 28

27 Thallus crustose, areolate ..................................... 30

28 Thallus grey, dark brown to black, of small peltate

squamules with cream to pale brown lower side; apot

hecia usually terminal on margins of squamules, with

thin, reduced margin and dark to black disc, sometimes

hardly distinguishable from the squamules ............. .

.............................................................. Rhizaplaca sp. l

28 Thallus cream to greenish cream to dark green or

black; apothecia sessile or substipitate, not marginai...

.................................................................................... 29

29 Thallus squamulose- to foliose-umbilicate, of well

developed to rarely reduced squamules; apothecia con

cave to flat, sessile to substipitate, to 5 mm diam., with

a thick and persistent, smooth to crenulate thalline

margin; spores broadly ellipsoid, 9-12 x (5-)6-7 µm

.......................................... Rhizaplaca melanophthalma 29 Thallus crustose, consisting of granular to squamu-

8

lose, sometimes substipitate areoles, scattered or

crowded in pulvinate clumps; apothecia sessile, flat to

convex, to 1.6 mm diam., with a thin to disappearing

smooth thalline margin; spores ellipsoid to narrowly

ellipsoid, (9-) 10-14 x 4-5 µm ....................................... .

................................................. Lecanorafuscobrunnea

30 Epithecium and hymenium violet-brown, K+ violet,

hypothecium yellow-brown, K+ yellow; paraphyses

strongly coherent, covered by a gelatinous coat; asci

Bacidia - type .................................... Tephromela atra 30 Epithecium, hymenium and hypothecium of another

colour, paraphyses not as above, asci Lecanora - type

.................................................................................... 31

31 Thallus yellowish cream, greenish, pale brownish or

dark olivaceous, usually well-developed; disc of apot-

hecia cream to greenish, dark brown or black .......... 32

31 Thallus and apothecia never yellowish or greenish,

usually scarcely developed ........................................ 33

32 Apothecia sessile, flat to convex, to 1.5 mm diam.,

thalline margin thin and evident only in young apothe

cia, smooth, disappearing at maturity; spores (9-) 10-14

x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid .................. ..

.................................................. Lecanorafuscobrunnea 32 Apothecia sessile to substipitate, concave to flat, to

5 mm diam.; thalline margin usually thick and persist

ent, smooth to crenulate; spores 9-12 x (5-)6-7 µm,

broadly ellipsoid .............. Rhizaplaca melanophthalma

33 Thalline margin pale to dark brown, often with a

whitish pruina; apothecia stipi tate; thallus cream to pale

brown, of small verrucose areoles; spores l 0-13 x 6-8

µm, broadly ellipsoid ................ Lecanora sverdrupiana 33 Thalline margin whitish to grey, crenulate; apothecia

sessile; thallus whitish or grey, of scattered or adpressed

granular areoles or inconspicuous; spores 10-14 x 4-6

µm, ellipsoid ................................ Lecanora mons-nivis

34 Thallus effigurate, areolate, yellowish to greenish

cream, rarely whitish, 1-4 cm diam . ............................ ..

....................................................... Le canora physciella 34 Thallus not effigurate, never yellowish cream ..... 35

35 Asci Rimularia-type; epithecium K + violet; medulla

K + red; apothecial disc umbonate or gyrose ....................... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rimularia psephota 35 Asci not Rimularia-type; epithecium and medulla-

not as above; disc of apothecia smooth ....................... 36

36 Asci Lecanora-type ............................................... 37

36 Asci Lecidea-type .................................................. 38



37 Exciple dark brown to black throughout; hypothe

cium dark brown; paraphyses coherent; thallus endoli

thic to epilithic, of white, angular, substipitate areoles;

spores (8-)9-12 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid ......................... .

........................................................ Carbonea vorticosa

37 Exciple pale in inner part; hypothecium colourless

to pale brownish; paraphyses simple, not strongly cohe

rent; thallus mainly muscicolous, rarely terricolous or

epilithic, continuous, rimase to areolate, whitish to

greyish or dark green; spores 10-16 x 6-9(-1 O) µm,

ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid ................. Lecidella siplei

38 Medulla I -; apothecia flat to subglobose, to 1.2 mm

diam.; margin thin, disappearing with age; thallus com

posed of brown to dark brown or black, strongly convex

and corrugate, substipitate or subsquamulose, angular

areoles with smooth and shiny surface, or reduced,

whitish and necrotic, granular or inconspicuous ............ .

...................................................... Lecidea cancriformis

38 Medulla I + violet-blue; apothecia flat to slightly

convex, to 2 mm diam.; margin thick to thin, persistent,

sometimes flexuose; thallus poorly developed, compo

sed of white or brownish, granular, angular areoles and

covered by apothecia ...................... .Lecidea andersonii

39 Spores polarilocular. ............................................. 40

39 Spores not polarilocular ........................................ 45

40 Thallus and apothecia yellow-orange, K+ red ..... 41

40 Thallus whitish to greyish, K- or K + violet; apothe-

cia yellow or not, often blackish ................................ 43

41 Thallus placodiod, forming more or less rounded and

regular, yellow- to red-orange rosettes, or reduced, but

with at least some evident peripheral lobes; spore sep-

tum more than 2 µm wide; epilithic ........................... 42

41 Thallus not placodioid, areolate; spore septum less

than 2 µm wide; on mosses ...... Caloplaca approximata

42 Thallus with a whitish lower cortex developed at

least in some parts; peripheral lobes strongly convex,

more or less discrete or overlapping, more than 1 mm

long, not pruinose; centrai parts of thallus covered by

numerous apothecia, or incomplete or missing; apothe

cia flat, with a thick, smooth to crenulate, persistent

margin; spores (9-)10-13 x (5-)6-7 µm, ellipsoid to

broadly ellipsoid; septum 3-4 µm wide ................ .

.......................................................... Xanthoria elegans

42 Thallus not corticate below; peripheral lobes to 1 mm

long, flat to convex, more or less contiguous, often

pruinose; centrai parts of thalli never missing or incom

plete, covered by strongly adpressed apothecia; thallus

often reduced to crowded apothecia and few small

9

peripheral lobes; apothecia flat to convex with a usually

thin to thick margin, disappearing at maturity; spores

11-15 x 5-6 µm, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid; septum

2-3(-4) µm wide ............................. Caloplaca saxicola

43 Epilithic. Thallus granular to areolate, whitish to

brown, K-; apothecia flat to subglobose, 0.2-1 mm

diam., with a cream to black, disappearing thalline

margin and a yellowish, pale to dark brown or black

disc, often covered by a yellow pruina ......................... .

...................................................... Caloplaca conversa

43 Muscicolous ......................................................... 44

44 Apothecia zeorine, numerous, crowded; disc yellow

to orange-yellow, olivaceous yellow or blackish; mar

gin more or less prominent, persistent, with inner part

concolorous with the disc or lighter and outer part grey

to black; spores (12-) 14-17(-18) x (7-)8-10 µm; septum

4-6 µm wide ................................. Calo placa athallina

44 Apothecia lecanorine, scattered; disc dark brown to

black; margin thick and persistent, whitish grey to

bluish dark grey; spores 12-16 x 7-8 µm, septum 3-4.5

µm wide .................................. Caloplaca lewis-smithii

45 Spores colourless, 1-to 5- transversely septate .... 46

45 Spores brown to dark brown, bicellular or submuri-

form ...................................................................... ... 47

46 Hypothecium dark reddish brown; spores 12-16 µm long, 1-3-septate ...................................... Bacidia sp. A

46 Hypothecium colourless to pale brown; spores 16-

23(-27) µm long, 3-5-septate ............ Bacidiajohnstonii

47 Apothecia lecideine; spores bicellular or submuri-form ........................................................................... 48

47 Apothecia lecanorine; spores bicellular ............... 58

48 Spores bicellular or submuriform, halonate at least

when young ............................................................... 49

48 Spores bicellular, not halonate, Buellia-type ....... 51

49 Thallus grey to dark grey; asci 2-spored ................. .

................................................ Rhizacarpon geminatum

49 Thallus yellow to greenish yellow; asci 8-spored ....

................................................................................... .50

SO Spores bicellular; medulla I-; epithecium with dark

brown granules .......................... Rhizacarpon adarense

50 Spores submuriform, medulla I+ violet-blue, epithe-

cium without dark brown granules ............................... .

......................................... Rhizacarpon geographicum

51 Thallus effigurate; on rock ............... Buelliafrigida

M. CASTELLO

51 Thallus not effigurate; on rock or mosses ............ 52

52 Epithecium N+ red, olivaceous brown or green;

hypothecium colourless to pale brown ...................... 53

52 Epithecium N-, brown; hypothecium dark brown ...

............................................................ ...................... .56

53 On mosses; thallus continuous, rimose to areolate,

whitish to greyish, with black wrinkles and pruinose

and scabrid surface. Medulla I+ violet... ...................... .

............................................................ Buellia grimmiae

53 On rock, thallus areolate ....................................... 54

54 Thallus K+ red, of small, scattered, isolated, dark

brown to black, flat to convex, areoles 0.2-0.3 mm

diam., on an extensive radiating-dendritic prothallus.

Medulla 1-.................................. Buellia pycnogonoides

54 Thallus K-, areoles larger, scattered to adpressed ....

................................................................................... .55

55 Medulla I+ violet; thallus very variable, consisting

of scattered to adpressed, flat to convex, grey or dark

brown to black areoles, usually with smooth and glossy

surface ................................................ Buellia lignoides

55 Medulla I-; thallus of whitish to grey or blackish,

convex to subglobose areoles, with often eroded surface

with black thin wrinkles ........................ Buellia pallida

56 On mosses; thallus white to greyish, rimose to areo-

late, sometimes eroded and more or less leprose ......... .

............................................................ .Buellia papillata

56 On rock; thallus not as above ............................... 57

57 Thallus greenish cream, crustose to pulvinate, com

posed of coalescent areoles often on whitish branched

stipes, 3-4 mm tali in centrai parts of thallus; conidia

bacilliform ....................................... Buellia darbishirei

57 Thallus brown to dark brown, areolate; areoles not

as above; conidia filiform, curved, 20-25 x 0.5-0.7 µm;

thallus very variable, rimose-areolate, verrucose-areo

late or subsquamulose, composed of adpressed, smooth

to granular or verrucose areoles ................................... .

....................................................... Amandinea coniops

58 Thallus muscicolous or growing at the base of thalli

of Usnea sphacelata, reduced and granular, cream to

dark brown or black; spores Physcia-type ................... .

. .... ... .................... ............ ... Rinodina olivaceobrunnea

58 Thallus epilithic, clearly lobate-effigurate to areolate

and reduced, pale to dark brown; spores Pachyspora-

ria-type ................................................... Rinodina sp. 1

59 Thallus bright yellow to o range ........................... 60

59 Thallus not as above ............................................. 62

10

60 Thallus K+ red, composed of granular to squamulo

se, scattered to contiguous, yellow-orange areoles, with

sorediate-blastidiate margins ............ Caloplaca citrina

60 Thallus K - or K + weakly orange ....................... 61

61 Thallus granular, yellow to yellow-orange, K- or K+

orange, composed of usually ecorticate crowded granu-

les ................................................... Candelariellaflava

61 Thallus squamulose to foliose or subfruticose, yel

low, K-, composed of corticate, more or less ascending

lobes, with more or less distinctly crenulate or blastidia-

te-granular margins ........................ Candelaria murrayi

62 Thallus leprose, completely ecorticate. On mosses

................................................... Leproloma cacuminum

62 Thallus not leprose, at least partly corticate ........ 63

63 Thallus muscicolous, rimose-areolate, sometimes

eroded ........................................................................ 64

63 Thallus epilithic, areolate or pulvinate ................. 65

64 Thallus whitish grey to bluish dark grey, K+ and C+

violet-red ................................. Caloplaca lewis-smithii

64 Thallus white to greyish white, K+ yellow, C-........ .

............................................................ . Buellia papilla-

ta

65 Thallus orbicular or effigurate ............................. 66

65 Thallus not as above ............................................. 67

66 Thallus yellowish to greenish cream, sometimes

whitish, K-, clearly effigurate; soralia blackish,

rounded, flat to slightly convex .................................... .

................................ Le canora physciella var. sorediata

66 Thallus pale brown to grey, K+ red, orbicular to

effigurate; soralia whitish, on top of subglobose areoles,

clearly convex at maturity ................ Buellia subfrigida

67 Thallus areolate, K+ yellow then reddish orange,

sorediate; areoles cream, pale brown or greenish, con

vex to subglobose, smooth, often pruinose, scattered or

adpressed .................................. Le canora aff. orosthea

67 Thallus pulvinate, subfruticulose, forming adpressed

clumps to 1.5-2 cm diam. and to 1 cm tali, K- or K+ pale

yellow, not sorediate; areo I es cream to more or less dark

brown, granulate-verrucose, on whitish stipes ............. .

. .... ... ..... ........ .... .... ........ ... ... ........... Buellia cladocarpiza



The Species

Acarospora flavocordia Castello & Nimis Lichenologist 26: 284 (1994). Type: Victoria Land, Wood Bay, Kay Island, 74°05'S 165°17'E, top of ridge, on gneiss, 5 Jan.1989, P.

Modenesi (TSB A351 holotype; GZU isotype).

Thallus epilithic, yellow, effigurate, K-, C-, KC-, P-,

to 3 cm diam., with scabrid and wrinkled surface; peri

pheral lobes to 2 mm long and 0.5-1 mm wide; cortex

greenish yellow, 30 µm thick; alga! layer discontinuous,

100-250 mm tall, algae organized in clumps; medulla

yellow throughout, or white in the uppermost parts

below the alga! colonies, K-.

Apothecia lecanorine, often crowded, immersed, to

1-1.5 mm diam., 1 or more per areole, with brown,

umbonate disc; thalline margin more or less evident,

proper margin pale yellow to brown, crenulate. Epithe

cium brown, 10-25 µm tali; hymenium colourless, 200-

300 µm tali, hypothecium colourless, 25-30 µm tali;

parathecium 30-40 µm thick. Paraphyses simple, thin,

to 1.5 µm wide, apices not swollen. Asci 150-200 x

12-30 µm, with 200-300 spores. Spores unicellular,

colourless, 5-6(-7) x 1.5-2 µm, ellipsoid.

Pycnidia imrnersed, to 150 µm diam.; conidia 2-3 x

1-1.5 µm, straight.

Chemistry: The cortex and the medulla contain rhi

zocarpic acid; traces of epanorin (TLC, HPLC).

Discussion. This yellow Acarospora, characterized

by the placodioid thallus and the yellow medulla, was

discussed by Castello & Nimis (1994a).

Distribution in the survey area. A rather rare spe

cies; it occurs in eutrophicated stands, near bird colo

nies, with nitrophytic species such as Buellia frigida,

Cande/aria murrayi, Candelariellaflava, Lecanorafu

scobrunnea and Xanthoria mawsonii.

Tota! number of samples: 23, from Kay Island,

Harrow Peaks and Apostrophe Island.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica.

Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1994a, 1995b, 2000).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay lsland, P. Modenesi (TSB A343), S. Sedmak (TSB Al30, Al36, Al83, A22l); Wood Bay, Harrow Peaks, F. Bersan (TSB A706); Lady Newnes Bay, Apostrophe Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A526, A527).

Acarospora gwynnii C.W. Dodge & E.D. Rudolph Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 42: 144 (1955). Type: MacRobertson Coast, Mawson, 67°36'21 "S, 62°52'48"E, A.M. Gwynn AB/S4/Li21 (FHDodge! holotype).

Acarospora emergens C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 515 (]965). Type: Victoria Land, Gondola Ridge, foot of Mt Suess, Mackay Glacier, 77°0 l'S 161°48'E, 1800' alt., Nov. 1960, J.

Mulligan li (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Hale 1987: 272. Acarospora knowlesii C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 313

Il

(1968). Type: Bowman Coast, mountain adjoining glacier, 68°04'S 66°57'W, 2000 ft, 20 Aug. 1940, P.H. Know/es 9 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994a: 286.

Acarospora petalina N.S. Golubk. & Savicz, Nov. Sys. PI. Non Vasc., 12: 173 (1965). Type: Queen Maud Land, Oasis Schinnacher, on rocks, 1961, l.M. Simonov & V.I. Fedotov (LE! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994a: 286.

Thallus epilithic, of squamulose to substipitate yel

low areoles to 2-3 mm diam., scattered to contiguous,

centrally attached to the substratum with free margins,

K-, C-; upper surface smooth to fissured or rugose;

lower surface pale to white; upper cortex 30-60 µm

thick; alga! layer continuous; medulla white.

Apothecia 2-20 per areole, immersed, flat, to 0.5

mm diam., often crowded, punctiform to oblong or

rounded; disc yellowish to brownish or dark brown;

margin concolorous with thallus or darker, thick, fissu

red to crenulate. Epithecium yellowish brown, c. 25 µm

tali; hymenium colourless, 180-250 µm tali; hypothe

cium colourless, 25-30 µm tali; parathecium 20-30 µm

thick. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched and ana

stomising, 1.5-2 µm wide at the base; apices c. 3 µm

wide. Asci Acarospora-type, 60-180 x 15-25 µm, with

more than 200 spores. Spores unicellular, colourless,

3-4 x 1.5- 2 (-2.5) µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid.

Pycnidia immersed, 60-80 µm diam.; conidia 3-4 x

1-1.5 µm.

Chemistry: Epanorin, traces of rhizocarpic acid and

of two unidentified substances. (TLC, HPLC).

Discussion. A widespread and common species

throughout Antarctica, with a great morphological va

riability. It is characterized by the squamulose, usually

smooth areo I es and the immersed brown, flat apothecia.

For a discussion see Castello & Nimis (1994a). This

species was formerly considered as endemie to An

tarctica, but examined materiai collected from the cen

trai Andes of northem Chile (TSB) conforms with

Antarctic specimens.

Distribution in the survey area. A. gwynnii is com

mon throughout the survey area, on granites and other

siliceous substrata, being associated with anitrophytic

or weakly nitrophytic species, such as Buellia frigida,

B. lignoides, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Pleopsidium

chlorophanum, Pseudephebe minuscula, Rhizacarpon

adarense and Umbilicaria decussata.

Tota! number of samples: 64, from: Black Ridge,

Campo Icaro, Cape Sastrugi, Carezza Lake, Index

Point, Inexpressible Island, Lowry Bluff, Morozumi

Range, Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak, Vegetation Island,

Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Antarctic regions and South America

(centrai Andes, northem Chile). Probably common in

Antarctica, with a circumpolar distribution. Continental

M. CASTELLO

Antarctica: Victoria Land (type of A. emergens, Castello & Nimis 1994a, 1995b, 2000, Hale 1987, Murray

1963, Seppelt et al. 1995), Wilkes Land (Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (type, Castello & Nimis 1994a, Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning Maud Land (type of A. petalina, Engelskj0n 1986, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay 1974b); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Pe

ninsula (type of A. knowlesii, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Sancho et al. 1999); subantarctic region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1974a, 1977b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Gondola Ridge, North foot of Mt Suess, Mackay Glacier, 77°0l 'S 161 °48'E, J. Mulligan 5, 15 (FH-Dodge), as A. emergens; Hill near Mackay Glacier, 76°57'S 162°30'E, J. Mulligan 21 (FH-Dodge), as A. emergens; Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, P. Modenesi (TSB Al); Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A13); Terra Nova Bay, Northem Foothills, Campo Icaro, S. Sedmak (TSB A 159). - MacRobertson Coast: Amundsen Bay, Mawson, J. Bunt Li A/56/Li 4b, J. Bunt A/561 jLi 5 (FH-Dodge); R. Filson, Lich. Antarct. Exsiccati fase. I, n°1 (BM). - Chile: Centrai Andes, La Coipa, c. 3800 m(TSB).

Acarospora cf. nitrophila H. Magn. Goteb. K. Vetensk. Vitterh. Samh. Handl. 4, 28, 2: 74 (1924).

Thallus epilithic, composed of brown areoles or

squamules, scattered to contiguous in small groups; areoles flat to slightly convex, to 1.5-2 mm diam., rounded, never angular; upper surface smooth to slightly wrinkled, shiny, K-, C-, KC-, upper cortex 15-25 µm thick; algal layer continuous and irregular.

Apothecia 1 or more per areole, immersed, concave

to flat, to 1-1.2 mm diam., K-, KC-; disc dark brown, smooth to wrinkled, with a thick, prominent, dark brown margin. Epithecium brownish; hymenium co

lourless, 120-150 µm tall, hypothecium colourless, 25-30 µm tall; parathecium 20-30 µm thick. Paraphyses 1.5-2 µm diam. at the base, simple or sparsely branched, with brown apices 3-5 µm diam. Asci 90-120 x 15-20 µm, with 200-300 spores. Spores unicellular, colourless, 3-4.5(-5) x 1-2 µm, ellipsoid.

Discussion. The materiai does not correspond to any brown Acarospora reported by 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), nor described from Antarctica (Dodge 1973) or from the Southem Hemisphere (Magnusson 1929, 1956). lt has the essential characters of the A.

nitrophila group, known from cold regions of Eurasia, from the Arctic zone to the mountains of the Temperate zone. This group was revised by Clauzade & Roux

12

(1981), who reduced severa! species described by Magnusson to infraspecific level. The identification of Antarctic materiai is tentati ve as all collected specimens consist of poorly-developed thalli; further studies on larger collections are needed.

This materiai superficially resembles badly-developed forms of A. williamsii Filson, which is distinguished by the largely ellipsoid to subglobose spores.

Distribution in the survey area. This lichen seems to be rather common, but it can be easily overlooked; it is usually found on granites and diorites, often in small

fissures and cracks, with anitrophytic or weakly nitrophytic species, such as Acarospora gwynnii, Buellia

lignoides, Pleopsidium chlorophanum, Pseudephebe

minuscula, Rhizacarpon geographicum, Rh. adarense

and Umbilicaria decussata.

Total number of samples: 24, from: Campo Icaro, Cape Sastrugi, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Skua Lake, Stefania Cirque, Teall Nunatak, Vegetation lsland.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Gondwana Station, S. Sedmak (TSB A208, A416), F. Bersan (TSB A 799); Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB A200); Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, P. Modenesi (TSB A4); Hallett Peninsula, Admiralty Mts, Edisto Glacier, Stefania Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A331).

Acarospora williamsii Filson AN ARE Sci. Rep. Ser. B (Il) Bot. 82: 31 (1966). Type: MacRobertson Land, Forbes Glacier Tongue, west of Ring Rock, RF & JW 4400 (MEL 31295! holotype).

Thallus epilithic, areolate; areoles pale brown to reddish brown or brown, pale below, scattered to contiguous, convex to subglobose, with smooth surface, to 1.5 mm diam., irregularly shaped, not angular; upper cortex yellowish brown, 25-30 µm thick; alga! layer continuous.

Apothecia 1 or more per areole, to 1.2 mm diam.; disc reddish brown, slightly darker than the thallus,

concave to flat; thalline margin prominent. Epithecium reddish brown; hymenium colourless, c. 120 µm tall; hypothecium colourless, weakly developed; parathe

cium 10-30 µm thick. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, 1.5-2 µm diam. at the base, with dark apices 3-4 µm diam. Asci 100-110 x 15 µm, with 100-200spores. Spores unicellular, colourless, 3-4 (-4.5) x 2-3µm, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose.

Discussion. The materiai is not well-developed, but

it agrees in ali essential characters with the type of A.

williamsii and with specimens from Dronning Maud

Land identified by 0vstedal (UPS). Poorly-developed forrns of this species can be easily confused with A. cf.



nitrophila, butA. williamsii differs in the broadly ellipsoid to subglobose spores.

Distribution in the survey area. A rare species col

lected on metasediments, along rock crevices, with Acarospora gwynni and Buellia lignoides.

Tota! number of samples: 5, from: Cape Sastrugi, Edmonson Point, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1986a ( cf.)); Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Edmonson Point, P. Modenesi (TSB A473); Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, P. Modenesi (TSB A472), S. Sedmak

(TSB A 197). - Dronning Maud Land: Skorpgerget F., O. Wilson 42 e (UPS); Pyramiden II, O. Wilson 8 (UPS).

Amandinea coniops (Wahlenb. in Ach.) M. Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer Lichenologist 25: 342 (1993). - Lecidea coniops Wahlenb. in Ach., Meth. Lich. Suppi.: 8 (1803). - Buellia coniops (Wahlenb. in Ach.) Th. Fr., Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Upsal., Ser. 3, 3: 331 (1861).

?Lecidea conspicua Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 143 (1915). - Buellia conspicua (Hue) Darb., Brit. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 62 (1923). Type: Goudierlslet, 64°50'S 63°3 I 'W, on diorite, L.Gain 88. Fide Lamb 1968: 43.

? Buellia subconcava MUII. Arg., Flora, 69, 8: 127 (I 886). Type: South Georgia. Fide Lindsay 1973b: 82.

? Buellia subviolascens Zahlbr., K. Svenska VetenskAkad Handl., 57, 6: 51 (1917). Type: South Georgia. Fide Lindsay 1973b: 82.

Thallus epilithic, grey, brown to dark brown, effuse,

rimose-areolate or verrucose-areolate, consisting of contiguous areoles with granular to verrucose surface forming a crust up to few centimetres wide, or of subsquamulose areoles with smooth to verrucose surface, 1-3 mm diam., dispersed or crowded in small pul vinate clumps, to 1-2 mm tall; thallus K - or+ reddish, C-; hypothallus brown, prothallus not evident; cortex brown, c. 10 µm thick; medulla 1-.

Apothecia lecideine, black, scattered to numerous and adpressed on the areoles, sessile, slightly constricted at the base, matt, flat with a thin margin to convex and immarginate, 0.3-1 mm diam. Epithecium

dark brown, N-; hymenium colourless, 60-80 µm tall; hypothecium dark brown. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, with swollen dark brown apices, 4-5 µm

diam. Asci c. 60 x 15 µm, 8-spored. Spores bicellular, brown, (12-) 14-17(-18) x 6-7(-8) µm, finely warted.

Conidia filiform, curved, 15-25 x 0.5-1 µm.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Lamb

13

(1968), Lindsay (1973b) and Scheidegger (1993). 1t is characterized by the I- medulla, the N- dark brown

epithecium, the dark brown hypothecium and the fili

form conidia. Antarctic materiai is very variable, and many forms

and closely related taxa were discussed by Lamb (1968). According to this author Buellia subconcava and B. subviolascens are very closely related species, belonging to the A coniops group; 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) studied the type materiai of B. subconcava and found it to be similar to B. isabellina (Hue) Darb. A revision of Antarctic materiai of Amandinea, Buellia and Rinodina is badly needed.

Distribution in the survey area: A. coniops is common in eutrophicated stands; it occurs with Buellia frigida, B. cladocarpiza, Cande/aria murrayi, Candelariella flava, Le canora fuscobrunnea, Physcia caesia and Xanthoria mawsonii.

Total number of samples: 25, from: Campo Icaro, Cape King, Edmonson Point, Kay Island, Prior lsland, Stefania Cirque, Tripp Island.

Distribution. Bipolar, with a probable wide distribution in Antarctica. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et al. 1998, Lamb 1968, Lindsay 1971a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Shetland 1s. (Allison & Lewis Smith 1973, Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Lamb

1968, Lindsay 1971a, 1971b, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, Sancho & Valladares 1993, Sancho et al. 1999), South Orkney Is. (Larnb

1968, Lewis Smith 1972, Lindsay 1971a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985); subantarctic region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1971a, 1973b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Prince Edward Is. (Lindsay 1977a).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A83, A343, A393, A468), G. Del Frate

(TSB A48), S. Sedmak (TSB A150, A239); Wood Bay, Edmonson Point, F. Bersan (TSB A708, 709).

Bacidia johnstonii C.W. Dodge BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 109 (1948). Type: King George V Land, Cape Denison, 67°00'S 142°40'E, B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. 536-6 (FH).

Thallus epilithic, crostose, effuse, granular; granules c. 0.1 mm diam., more or less adpressed, often on whitish stipes; hypothallus whitish; thallus C-, K-, KC-.

Apothecia lecideine, cream to brownish or black, up to 0.6 mm diam., convex to subglobose, with a thin pale

margin to immarginate. Epithecium olivaceous brown, K-, N+ red; hymenium colourless, 40-80 µm tali; hypot

hecium colourless to pale brown. Paraphyses sparsely

M. CASTELLO

branched, c. 2 µm diam.; apices c. 4 µm diam. Asci 35-50 x 10 µm, 8-spored. Spores colourless, 3-5(-7)

septate, 16-23(-27) x 2-3.5 µm, bacilliform to acicular,

often curved. Pycnidia not seen.

Discussion. The materiai is characterized by the colourless hypothecium and the spores up to 23 µm

long. According to 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), B.

johnstonii is closely related to Bacida stipata I.M.

Lamb, differing in the more reduced thallus, the colour

of epithecium and the slightly smaller spores (B. stipata

has a blue-black epithecium and 25-35 x 2.5-3.5 µm,

7-10-septate spores); further investigations are needed

to clarify their relationship.

Distribution in the survey area. Two specimens,

from Vegetation Ridge and Lowry Bluff, growing with

Pleopsidium chlorophanum, Pseudephebe minuscula,

Umbilicaria decussata and Bacidia sp. A.


King George V Land (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001),

Victoria Land.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Vegetation Ridge, P. Modenesi (TSB A33); Priestly Glacier, Nash Ridge, Lowry Bluff, R. Bargagli (TSB A584).

Bacidia sp. A sensu 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001)

Thallus epilithic, crustose, effuse, cream to pale

brown, granular to rimase, sometimes forming pulvina

te clumps up to 1 mm high on whitish stipes; hypothal

lus whitish; thallus K-, C-, KC-.

Apothecia lecideine, pale to dark brown or black,

0.3-0.6 mm diam., convex to subglobose, immarginate.

Epithecium colourless to olivaceous green, K-, N+ red;

hymenium colourless, 50-80 µm tali; hypothecium dark reddish brown, 50-70 µm tali, K+ purplish. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched above, c. 2 µm diam.,

apices not or slightly swollen. Asci 35-40 x 10-12 µm, 8-spored. Spores colourless, 1-3-septate, 12-16 x 3-4

µm, fusiform. Pycnidia not seen.

Discussion. Our specimens agree in ali characters

with materiai from Dronning Maud Land investigated

by 0vstedal (UPS) and previously reported as Bacidia

trachona (Ach.) Lettau (0vstedal 1986a, Castello &

Nimis 1995b, 2000); according to 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith (2001) Antarctic materiai does not correspond to

Bacidia trachona. A revision of Antarctic materiai of

this genus including the taxa listed by Dodge (1973) is

badly needed.

Distribution in the survey area. This lichen is ap

parently rare; it was collected on volcanic rocks or

granites, growing with Pseudephebe minuscula and

14

Usnea sphacelata.

Tota! number of samples: 5, from Coulman Island,

Mt Moriarty, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Endemie to the continental and maritime Antarctic. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b,

2000), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1986a, 0vste

dal & Lewis Smith 2001 ); South Shetland Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens excunined: Victoria Land: Coulman Island, P. Modenesi (TSB Al02). - Dronning Maud Land: O. Wilson SA,5, 45 bis (UPS L-16062, 45015; L-16064, 45017; L-16063, 45016).

Buellia cladocarpiza I.M. Lamb Br. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rep. 61: 24 (1968). - Redonia cladocarpiza (I.M. Lamb) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 354 (1973). Type: Wiencke Island, Noble Peak, 64°48'S 63°25'W, 135 m, on south facing, sligthly overhanging face of granodioritic rocks in an outcrop, I.M. Lamb FIDS A 1782 (BM).

Thallus pulvinate, subfruticulose, epilithic, someti

mes growing on Buellia frigida, forming adpressed

clumps to 1.5-2 cm diam. and to 1 cm tali; clumps

consisting of cream-coloured to more or less dark brown, granulose lo-verrucose areoles, on whitish or

cream stipes; hypothallus dark brown, prothallus not

evident; cortex brown in section, K- or K+ pale yellow, C+ yellow; medulla I+ violet-blue.

Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.

Discussion. The Antarctic taxa of Buellia, Rinodina

and Amandinea are stili very poorly understood and in

urgent need of revision; unfortunately many of these

species are very common and widespread throughout

Antarctic regions. The investigati on of materiai is main

ly based on Lamh (1968), 0vsterial & Lewis Smith

(2001) and on the following taxonomic characters: mor

phology and chemical reactions of thallus, reaction of medulla to I, morpho-anatomical and chemical charac

ters of the apothecia (epithecium, hymenium and hypothecium) and spore features.

The specimens of this Buellia agree with materiai from Birthday Ridge (Herb. Kappen) and Wilkes Land

(KIEL-HA) identified by Kappen (1985) as Buellia

cladocarpiza. These specimens have the pulvinate

subfruticulose thallus characteristic of B. cladocarpiza

(Lamb 1968), a species described from the Antarctic

Peninsula: they agree in morphological characters with

the description of this species, differing mainly in the C

+ yellow reaction of the cortex. Unfortunately no fertile

materiai was found in investigated collections, and it is

on account of morphological features only that this

characteristic materiai is attributed to Buellia cladocar

piza.

Distribution in the survey area. This species is



rather common in eutrophicated stands; it often grows

on other lichens, especially on Buelliafrigida, or direc

tly on rocks (granites and gneiss), with Acarospora

flavocordia, Candelariella flava, Candelaria murrayi, Lecanorafuscobrunnea and Xanthoria mawsonii.

Tota! number of samples: 33, from: Apostrophe

Island, Cape King, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island,

Kay Island, Mt Kenaith. Distribution. Endemie to the continental and mari

time Antarctic. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000 (cf.), Kappen 1985,

0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), Wilkes

Land (Lewis Smith 1986 (cf.), 1988 (cf.), 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001), Queen Mary Land (Olech 1989a);

the maritime Antarctic (Redon 1985): Antarctic Penin

sula (Lamb 1968, 0vstedal &Lewis Smith 2001), South

Shetland Is. (Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Lamb 1968,

Lindsay 1971a, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001), South Orkney ls. (Lindsay 1971a, 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: TeJTa Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A448); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A459), R. Bargagli (TSB A642, A643, A658); Birthday Ridge, L. Kappen (Herb. Kappen 232). - Wilkes

Land: Clarke Peninsula, Whitney Point, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA A 1256); Shirley Jsland, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA A1218).

Buellia darbishirei I.M. Lamb Brit. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rep. 61: 23 (1968).

Rin.oc/in.a crassa Darb., Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. SUdpol.-Exped. 1901-1903, 4 (11): 13 (1912). Type: Hope Bay, 63°24'S 57°00' W,. saxicole, C. Skottsberg l 70 (S). Fide Lamb 1968: 23.

Thallus epilithic, greenish cream, crustose to pulvi

nate, forming patches up to 6 cm diam., 3-4 mm tali;

areoles up to 0.2-0.5 mm diam., smooth to granular and

verrucose, convex to globose, coalescent, often on whitish short branched stipes in centrai parts of thallus;

hypothallus whitish or brownish; cortex K + yellowish or K-, C-, KC-; medulla faintly I+ violet or I-.

Apothecia lecideine, black, sessile and constricted at the base, to 0.5 mm diam., often in crowded groups,

flat to convex, with an evident margin disappearing at

maturity. Epithecium dark brown, N-; hymenium co

lourless, 75-90 µm tali; hypothecium dark brown, 170-

200 µm tali. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched,

with brown swollen apices, 4-5 µm diam. Asci clavate,

70-80 x 15-20 µm, 8-spored. Spores Buellia - type,

(13-) 15-20 x 6-8 µm, slightly constricted at septum.Conidia bacilliform, 4-5 x 0.8-1 µm.

Discussion. The specimens fit ali essential charac

ters of the description of B. darbishirei, differing in the faint or negative iodine reaction of the medulla; the

iodine reaction of the medulla is generally a reliable

15

taxonomic character in Buellia, being very constant and

closely correlated with other characters, but it is known

that it can vary greatly in some Buellia species (Schei

degger 1993). No other pulvinate Buellia species

known from Antarctica conforms with the examined

materiai.

Distribution in the survey area. A rare species, collected on volcanic rocks, with Lecanora aff.

orosthea, Buelliafrigida, Tephromela atra. Tota! number of samples: 9, from: Coulman Island,

Edmonson Point, Tripp Island.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica and

Antarctic Peninsula. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b (aff.)), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001); Antarctic Peninsula (Lamb 1968, Redon

1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Tripp Bay, Tripp Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A 117); Coulman Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A105, A313, A363, A431).

Buellia frigida Darb. Nat. Antarct. Exped. 1901-1904 Nat. Hist., 5: 7 (1910). - Rinodinafrigida (Darb.) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 259 (1948). - Beltraminia frigida (Darb.) C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 366 (1973). Type: Victoria Land, Granite Harbour, 76°57'S 162°40'E, on granite, Brit. Nat. Antarct. Exp., E. Koettlitz (BM).

Bacidia skottsbergii C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 512 (1965). Type: Paulet Island 63°35'S 55°47'W saxicole, C. Skottsberg (FH!-Dodge holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 74.

Buellia llanoi C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 327 (1968). -Diploicia llanoi C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 351 (1973). Type: Knox Coast, Wilkes Station, 66° !5'S I !0°3 l 'W, on granite, G.A. Liana l a (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 79.

Buellia quercina Darb., Nat. Antarct. Exped. 1901-1904 Nat. Hist., 5: 8 (1910). -Diploicia quercina (Darb.) C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 352 ( 1973). Type: Victoria Land, Granite Harbour, 76°57'S 162°40'E, on volcanic rock, Nat. Antarct. Exp.(BM). FideLamb 1968: 55.

Lecania schofieldi C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 318 (1968). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Hallett, 72°25'S l 70°55'E, top near Northern end next to Seabee Hook, on reddish lava pebbles, E. SchofieldAA-44 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 81.

Rinodina rudolphi C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 528 (1965). - Be/tram.inia rudolphi (C.W. Dodge) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 369 (1973). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Hallett, 72° l 8'S 170° l 8'E, on small rock at base of scree slope, E.D. Rudolph61025 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 75.

Rinodina sordida C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 657 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-6 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 88.

Thallus epilithic, effigurate, usually bicolorous, black and whitish-grey or grey and whitish, sometimes brown, to 8-10 cm diam., K- or K + slowly red; peri

pheral lobes radiating and contiguous, up to 2 mm long

and 0.8 mm wide, with smooth or scabrid surface,

usually dark grey, brown or black; centrai part of the

thallus rimose to areolate, whitish grey or grey, some-

M. CASTELLO

times dark or black; hypothallus not evident, prothallus absent; cortex dark brown, c. 25 µm thick; medulla 1-.

Apothecia lecideine, black, on central parts of the thallus, immersed to sessile and slightly constricted at the base, flat to convex with a thin proper margin to

subglobose and immarginate, 0.4-1 mm diam., matt; a thin thalline margin is sometimes present. Epithecium olivaceous green, N+ red; hymenium colourless, (50-)

60-80(-100) µm tall, without oil droplets; hypothecium

dark brown, 70-120 µm tall; exciple dark brown orolivaceous brown, 30-50 µm thick. Paraphyses c. 3 µm

diam., simple or sparsely branched, with dark swollen

apices 4-5 µm diam. Asci davate, 60-70 x 15-20 µm,8-spored. Spores Buellia- type, (9-) 10-14 x 6-7 µm,slightly constricted at the septum and finely warted.

Pycnidia immersed, globose; conidia 5-6 x 1-1.5 µm, ellipsoid.

Discussion. This taxon was widely discussed by Lamb (1968). lt is generally easy to recognize by the dearly lobate thallus. It is very variable in colour, depending on environmental conditions, and brown or brown-grey thalli are not rare in the survey area. According to 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), B. frigida has

a brown, N- epithecium, but all examined material has a dearly olivaceous green, N+ slowly red epithecium,

fitting the description by Lamb (1968). Rinodina sp. 3 in Castello & Nimis (2000) is a reddish brown form of

Buellia frigida with anomalous apothecia and spore characters.

Distribution in the survey area. B. frigida is one of the commonest species throughout the survey area, with

a wide ecological range. lt occurs on different types of rocks, both in strongly nitrophytic communities with Candelariellaflava, Physcia caesia, Xanthoria elegans

and X. mawsonii, and in weakly nitrophytic communities with Acarospora gwynnii, Pleopsidium chloropha

num, Usnea sphacelata and Umbilicaria decussata.

Total number of samples: 215, from: Apostrophe

Island, Browning Pass, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Cape Phillips, Carezza Lake, Coulman Island, Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station,

Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Lam

plugh Island, Mt Kenaith, Prior Island, Skua Lake, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak,

Terra Nova Bay Station, Tripp Island, Vegetation Island, Vegetation Ridge.


Antarctic Peninsula, with a circumpolar distribution (Lamb 1968, Redon 1985). Marie Byrd Land (type of R. sordida, Lamb 1968), Victoria Land (type of R.

rudolphi, L. schofieldi, Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000,Kappen 1985, Lamb 1968, Murray 1963), King George

16

V Land (Lamb 1968), Wilkes Land (type of B. llanoi,

Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith

1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Lamb 1968, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c, Lamb 1968, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977),

Dronning Maud Land (Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay

1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b); Antarctic Peninsula (type of B. skottsbergii, Lamb 1968, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001, Redon 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Lamplugh Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A287); Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible lsland, S.

Sedmak (TSB A249); Hallett Peninsula, Victory Mts, Crater Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A306).

Buellia grimmiae Filson AN ARE Sci. Rep. Ser. B (Il) Bot. 82: 37 (1966). Type: MacRobertson Land, Field Rock, R. Filson 4456 (MEL 26125! holotype).

Thallus muscicolous, continuous, rimase to areolate, greyish or whitish grey, with black wrinkles and pruinose, scabrid surface, K-, C-, KC-; medulla I+ violet-blue.

Apothecia sessile, flat or slightly convex, to 1 mm diam., with a persistent, crenulate margin. Epithecium olivaceous brown, N+ red; hymenium colourless, 120-

150 µm tall; hypothecium colourless to pale brown. Paraphyses simple to sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam.,

with dark swollen apices, c. 5 µm diam. Asci davate,

70-100 x 15-20 µm, 8-spored. Spores Buellia - type,

13-18 x 6-8 µm, with smooth wall.

Discussion. This species can be easily confused with Buellia papillata, the other muscicolous Buellia species collected in the survey area, but it differs in the grey to whitish grey, corticate, K - thallus, the I + violet-blue reaction of the medulla, the N + red reaction of the epithecium and the smaller spores. Investigated specimens have smaller spores than those reported in the

description by Filson (1966) (15-25 x 10-12 µm) and

0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), but they agree in ali characters with the type materiai. B. grimmiae is related

with B. pallida, but it mainly differs in the I - reaction of medulla, the brown parathecium and the larger spores

(Filson 1966).

Distribution in the survey area. Apparently a rare muscicolous species.

Total number of samples: 3, from: Gondwana Station, Tinker Glacier, Vegetation Island.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen

1985), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994),



Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), southern Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Gondwana Station, S. Sedmak (TSB A238); Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, G. Del Frate (TSB A73); Wood Bay, Tinker Glacier, R. Bargagli (TSB A731). - Wilkes Land: Budd Coast, growing overmoss in sheltered locality, 24.10.1970, D.J. Bishop (MEL 1012078).- MacRobertson Land: R. Filson, Lich. Antarct. Exsiccati fase. 1,n. 6 (BM).

Buellia lignoides Filson AN ARE Sci. Rep. Ser. B (Il) Bot. 82: 38 (1966). Type: MacRobertson Land, rocky outcrop IO miles East of Mt Twintop, R. Filson 4552 (MEL 26122! holotype).

Thallus epilithic, very variable, consisting of scattered to adpressed, smooth and glossy areoles, 0.5-1 mm diam.; areoles flat to convex, grey or dark brown to black, often whitish or brownish, K-, KC-, C-; hypothallus black, continuous and well-delimited to dendritic or inconspicuous; medulla I+ violet-blue.

Apothecia lecideine, immersed to sessile, 0.3-0.6 mm diam., usually flat with an evident or thin margin, to convex and immarginate. Epithecium olivaceous green, N+ red; hymenium colourless to greenish, 50-100 µm tall; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, to 70 µm tali. Paraphyses c. 2 µm diam., simple or sparsely branched, with swollen dark apices, 4-5 µm diam. Asci 8-spored. Spores Buellia - type, 9-12 x (5-)6-7 µm,slightly constricted at septum, finely warted.

Discussion. Buellia specimens with the following combination of characters were identified as B. lignoi

des: areolate to squamulose, grey or brown to black thallus with smooth and glossy surface, medulla I+ violet-blue, apothecia immersed to sessile, epithecium and exciple N+ red, hypothecium colourless to pale brown, spores with ornamentation, 9-12 x (5-)6-7 µm. Thallus and prothallus development and thallus colour are highly variable even in the same specimen. The materiai was compared with the type of B. lignoides,

which has a great morphological variability in thallus and prothallus features as well, and was found to agree in all essential characters. According to 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) B. lignoides may resemble B. gri

sea C.W. Dodge & G.E Baker, a species characterized by the I- reaction of medulla, a pale brown hypothecium and narrower spores (9-15 x 5-7µm in B.grisea, 10-14 x 8-9 µm in B. lignoides); however, Filson (1974b) reports a spore size of 10-12 x 6-9 µm for B. lignoides,

which agrees with investigated materiai. Distribution in the survey area. B. lignoides is an

anitrophytic species, very common throughout the sur-

17

vey area; it generally occurs on granites or diorites with Umbilicaria decussata, Pseudephebe minuscula,

Usnea sphacelata, Pleopsidium chlorophanum and Acarospora gwynnii; it is replaced by Buelliafrigida in more nutrient-enriched situations.

Tota] number of samples: 84, from: Campo Icaro, Cape Sastrugi, Carezza Lake, Daniell Peninsula, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station, Index Point, Inexpressible lsland, Kay Island, Morozumi Range, Prior lsland, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Tarn Flat, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Vegetation Island, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Probably a widespread species throughout the continent. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986 (cf.), 1988 (cf.)), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c); Dronning Maud Land (Thor 1995, 1997), south-eastern Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, S. Sedmak (TSB Al 63, Al74); Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, S. Sedmak (TSB Al 89, A213); Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Carezza Lake, R. Bargagli (TSB A487); Birthday Ridge, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA 215). - Wilkes Land:

Haupt Nunataks, Budd Coast, R. Anderson (MEL 1012037); Clarke Peninsula, Whitney Point, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA 1467, 1505).

Buellia pallida C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 638 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Haines Mts, P. Siple & F.A. Wade H-3 (FH-Dodge holotype).

Buelliafoecunda Filson, ANARE Sci. Rep. Ser. B (Il) Bot. 82: 34 (1966). Type: MacRobertson Land, Van Hulssen Nunatak, South Masson Range, 1330 m, R. Filson4574 (MEL 26117! holotype). Fide

0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001: 124.

Thallus epilithic, areolate; areoles whitish to grey or blackish, often with eroded surface and black wrinkles, convex to subglobose and subplicate, often adpressed in clumps, to 2 mm diam., K-, C-, KC-; hypothallus and prothallus not evident; medulla K-, C-, KC-, I-.

Apothecia Jecideine, sessile, black, to 0.5-0.7 mm diarn., often crowded, flat to convex with a thin margin disappearing at maturity. Epithecium olivaceous green, N+ red; hymenium colourless, 60-80 µm tall; hypothecium colourless to pale brown; exciple dark olivaceous, N+ red. Paraphyses simple to sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam., with swollen dark apices, 3-4 µm diam. Asci 40-50 x 15 µm, 8-spored. Spores Buellia-type, (8-)10-13 x 5-7 µm, slightly constricted at the septum.

Discussion. The materiai consists of a few scanty specimens. They agree in all characters with the type materiai of B.foecunda (MEL), with another specimen

M. CASTELLO

from Dronning Maud Land, identified and discussed by 0vstedal (1983a) (BG), and with severa! specimens identified by Hale as B. pallida (US). The species can

be confused with B. lignoides; it is characterized by the strongly convex, whitish to grey areoles with black thin

wrinkles, the small, numerous, usually crowded apothecia forming scattered clumps and by the I - medulla.

Distribution in the survey area. A rare species; it

occurs on granites with anitrophytic species, such as Acarospora gwynnii, Buellia lignoides, Pleopsidium

chlorophanum, Rhizacarpon adarense and Umbilicaria

decussata.

Tota! number of samples: 3, from: Cape Sastrugi and Teall Nunatak.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Marie Byrd Land, King Edward VII Land (0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Hale 1987, Kappen 1985, 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001 ), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Dronning Maud Land

(0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); southern Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 ).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, P. Modenesi (TSB A445); Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB A203); Linnaeus Terrace, Asgard Range, Hale 59702, 59721, 59755 (US).

Dronning Maud Land: Vestfjella, Haugerud & Winsnes (BG).

Buellia papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck. Lich. of Cali f.: 26 ( 1866). - Lecidea papillata Sommerf., FI. Lapp.: 154 (1826).

Thallus muscicolous, rimose to areolate, sometimes eroded and leprose, forming a white to greyish white continuous crust, at least partly corticate; prothallus and hypothallus not evident; cortex K+ yellow, KC-; medulia 1-.

Apothecia lecideine, black, sessile, 0.5-0.9 mm diam., often crowded in groups, flat with an evident

margin to convex and immarginate; disc rough and

often white-pruinose. Epithecium dark brown to olivebrown, N-; hymenium colourless to pale brownish,

70-100 µm tali; hypothecium dark brown, olivaceous inthe upper part, reddish below; exciple olivaceousbrown. Paraphyses with swollen apices, 3-4 µm diam.Asci 8-spored. Spores Buellia-type, 16-22 x 7-10 µm,often curved, finely warted.

Discussion. This species was treated by Lamb (1968), Filson (1974b) and Botnen & 0vstedal (1988). Antarctic samples agree in ali essential characters with

materiai from Spitzbergen and the Alps (TSB), with the

exception of the thallus, which, in Antarctic materiai, is

18

often almost leprose. This character is probably due to wind abrasion; at least some protected parts of thallus are, however, always corticale. Sterile forms that forms a large whitish crust over mosses can be confused with

other leprariod species, in particular with Leproloma

spp., but they differ in the always partly corticale thallus

(Botnen & 0vstedal 1988). Distribution in the survey area. A rather rare species

in the survey area, growing on mosses with Candela

riella flava, Caloplaca lewis-smithii, Lecidella siplei

and Physcia caesia.

Tota! number of samples: 8, from: Cape Irizar, Cape King, Harrow Peaks, Terra Nova Bay Station, Tinker

Glacier.

Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b (cf.), Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Melick et al. 1994 ), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990),

Dronning Maud Land (Botnen & 0vstedal 1988, Thor 1995); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (Botnen & 0vstedal 1988, Lamb 1968, Redon 1985), South Shetland ls. (Andreev 1988, Olech 1989b, Sancho et al. 1999).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Harrow Peaks, R. Bargagli (TSB A514); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King,

G. Del Frate (TSB A429), R. Bargagli (TSB A552).

Buellia pycnogonoides Darb. Brit. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. 1910, Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 41 (1923). Type: Victoria Land, Evans Cove, Cape Sastrugi, 74°44'S 163°32'E, on quartzite, R.E. Priestley (BM lectotype).

Buellia brunnescens C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 646 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Cooper, 77°07'S 145°30'W, on granite, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StancliffR-7. Fide Lamb 1968: 26 (probable synonym).

Buellia dendritica C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 651 (1938). Type: Edward VII Peninsula, Mt Helen Washington, 78° 05'S 155°20'W, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StancliffHW-18. Fide Lamb 1968: 26 (probable synonym).

Thallus epilithic, composed of scattered, dark brown to black areoles; areoles piane to convex,

rounded, 0.2-0.3 mm diam.; prothallus black, extensive,

dendritic; thallus K + red (norstictic acid); medulla 1-. Apothecia lecideine, sessile, 1-3 per areole, 0.1-0.2

mm diam., piane with a thin margin. Epithecium dark olivaceous green, N+ red; hymenium colourless, 60-70 µm tali; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, c. 20 µm tali. Asci 8-spored. Spores Buellia-type, 11-14 x 6-7-µm, slightly constricted at septum.

Discussion. For a discussion on this taxon and its probable synonyms see Lamb ( 1968). lt is characterized

by the scattered, mostly isolated, small, brown areoles

on an extensive radiating-dendritic prothallus, the N +

epithecium (Lamb 1968), and by the presence of nor-


- Lichens of the Tena Nova Bay area, Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) -

stictic acid (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001). Distribution in the survey area. One specimen, from

Mt Moriarty, growing with Umbilicaria decussata and Usnea sphacelata.

Distribution. Endemie to the continental and mari

time Antarctic. Marie Byrd Land (type of B. brunne

scens, Lamb 1968), King Edward VII Land (type of B.

dendritica, Lamb 1968), Victoria Land, Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995,

Olech 1989a), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1986a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 ), north-eastem Antarctic

Peninsula (Lamb 1968, Redon 1985); South Shetland Is. (Jacobsen & Kappen 1988).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Mountaineer Range, Mt Moriarty, R. Bargagli (TSB A497).

Buellia subfrigida May. Inoue Antarctic Record, 37: 20 (1993). Type: Antarctica, Li.itzow-Holm Bay area, Soya Coast, Skallevikhalsen, on rock, M. Inoue I 8077 (NIPR holotype).

Thallus epilithic, rimose-areolate to areolate, pale

brown to grey, thick, forming more or less orbicular patches up to 3 cm diam., sterile; areoles convex to

subglobose in the centrai parts of thallus; prothallus not

evident; thallus K+ red (norstictic acid). Soralia located on top of subglobose areoles, whitish, concave to piane

at first, then convex.

Apothecia absent.

Discussion. This species is characterized by the subeffigurate to effigurate sterile thallus and the soralia which are concave to clearly convex at maturity (lnoue 1993, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); specimens from Victoria Land have orbicular rather than lobate-effigurate thall i.

Distribution in the survey area. Rare; it occurs with

Buellia frigida, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Lecidea an

dersonii and Rhizacarpon geographicum.

Tota] number of samples: 2, from Gondwana Sta

tion, Harrow Peaks.


Antarctic Peninsula. Victoria Land, Enderby Land (lnoue 1993, 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994), Dronning Maud Land; Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001).

Selee1ed specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, F.

Bersan (TSB A 715); Gondwana Station, S. Sedmak (TSB A4 l 6).

Caloplaca approximata (Lynge) H. Magn. Ark. Bot. 33A (!): 130 (1946). -Caloplaca vitellinula f. approxùnata

Lynge, Lich. Novaya Zemlya: 222 (1928).

19

Thallus muscicolous, consisting of orange, convex areoles, sparse among the apothecia, 0.2-0.4 mm diam.,

K+ red. Apothecia zeorine, sessile, numerous and crowded,

to 0.5 mm diam.; margin thick and crenulate, persistent,

orange; disc flat, scabrid, orange. Epithecium yellowish

brown; hymenium colourless, 70-100 µm tali; hypothecium colourless, c. 30 µm tali. Paraphyses simple or

sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam., apices 5-6 µm diam.,

encrusted with yellowish granules. Asci 60-75 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores polarilocular, colourless, 12-15 x 5-6.5 µm; septum 1-1.5(-2) µm wide.

Discussion. The materiai fits the description of Ca

loplaca approximata by S0chting & 0vstedal (1992); it is characterized by the orange thallus and apothecia, and the spores with a short septum. The relationships

with the recently described epilithic Caloplacafrigida

S0chting are discussed by S0chting & Olech (2000). Distribution in the survey area. One specimen from

Campo Icaro, growing on mosses with Caloplaca citri

na and Lecanora expectans.

Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (S0chting & 0vstedal 1992), Dronning

Maud Land (Thor 1997 (aff.)); the mariti me Antarctic: South Orkney Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Campo Icaro, F. Bersan (TSB A796).

Caloplaca athallina Darb. Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Si.idpol.-Exped. 1901-1903, 4 (11): 9 (1912). - Pyrenodesmia athallina (Darb.) C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 621 (1938). Type: Paulet Island, 63°35'S 55°47'W,muscicole, C. Skottsberg 221 (S).

Polycauliona leechii C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 325 ( 1968). Type: Eights Coast, Thurston Island, 71 °54'S 100°43'W, on small granitic island, R.E. Leech I (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide

Castello & Nimis 1995a: 86. New synonym: E/astenia viridans Js. Murray, Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 2: 63

(1963). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Hallett Area, Crater Hill, Hallett Base, 1.600 ft, on mosses, 11-12 Jan. 1958, Croll, Fitzgerald, McKel

lar & Harrington (WELT 70! holotype).

Thallus muscicolous, scarcely developed, granular,

pale grey to dark grey or black, usually densely covered

by apothecia.

Apothecia zeorine, numerous, crowded, 0.1-0.3 to

0.8 mm diam., K + red; disc yellow or orange-yellow to

olivaceous yellow or blackish, firstly concave, then flat to convex; margin entire, persistent, more or less pro

minent to level with the disc, with the inner part conco

lorous with the disc or lighter and the outer part dark grey to black. Epithecium greenish yellow; hymenium

colourless, 60-70 µm tali; hypothecium colourless, 20-

40 µm tali; thalline margin persistent with many algae

M. CASTELLO

and cortex c. 25 µm thick, outer edge dark, internally

colourless. Paraphyses c. 2 µm diam., simple or sparsely

branched at the apices, apices 5-6 µm diam., encrusted

with dark granules. Asci 50-70 x 12-18 µm, 8-spored.

Spores polarilocular, colourless, (12-)14-17 x (7-)8-10

µm; septum 4-6 µm wide.

Discussion. This taxon and the related C. tiroliensis

Zahlbr. were discussed by S0chting & 0vstedal (1992);

the two species are distinguished by apothecial and

spore characters, C. tiroliensis having more dispersed

apothecia over a less solid thallus, with an always prominent margin and larger spores (17-19 x 9-12 µm).

The spore sizes of investigated specimens (20 spores for 1 O samples measured) are slightly longer than those

reported by these authors for C. athallina (13-15 x

6.5-1 O µm, septum 3-5 µm), but stili smaller than those

of C. tiroliensis.

The type of Blastenia viridans Js. MuJTay agrees in

all characters with C. athallina; according to MuJTay' s

description the spores should be bicellular without a

septum, but the analysis of the type confirms that they

are clearly polarilocular, 12-16 x 6-7 µm, with a 4-5 µm

wide septum.

Distribution in the survey area. C. athallina is rather

common on mosses; it usually occurs with Candelariel

laflava, Physcia caesia, Lecidella siplei and Xanthoria

mawsonii.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Crater Cirque, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Prior Island,

Terra Nova Bay Station, Tinker Glacier, Tripp Island.


time Antarctic. Continental Antarctica: Eights Coast

(type of P. leechii), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Murray 1963, Seppelt et al.

1995), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Sep

pelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994),

Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a, S0chting & 0vstedal 1992), MacRobertson Land (Fil

son 1975c), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995); the maritime

Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (Darbishire 1912, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, S0chting & 0vstedal 1992), South Orkney Is. (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Olech

1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985,

Sancho et al. 1999).

Selected specùnens e.xamined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay,

Northern Foothills, Campo Icaro, S. Sedmak (TSB A 158); Wood Bay,

Kay Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A627); Hallett Peninsula, Crater

Cirque, F. Bersan (TSB A 822); Hallett Peninsula, Crater Hill, Hallett

Base, Croll, Fitzgerald, McKellar & Harrington (WELT 100), as

E/astenia viridans.

20

Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. N. Acta Reg. Soc. Se. Upsal. 3, 3: 218 (1861). - Verrucaria citrina

Hoffm., Deutschl. Flora: 198 (1796).Pyrenodesmia darbishirei C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo.

Bot. Gard. 25: 620 (1938). - Caloplaca darbishirei (C.W. Dodge &

G.E. Baker) Cretz., Bui. Grad. Bot. Mus. Univ. Cluj 21: 140 (1941). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S

145°30'W, muscicole, P. Siple & S. Corey 72W-14 (FH-Dodge! holoytpe). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 77.

Pyrenodesmia mawsonii C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 232 (1948). - Caloplaca mawsonii (C.W. Dodge) D.C. Linds., Meddr. Norsk Polarinst. 101:12 (1972). - Caloplaca mawsonii (C.W. Dodge) C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. lsl.: 260 (1973). Type: MacRobertson Coast, Cape Bruce, 67°25'S60'25'E, muscicole, B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. 108-27. Fide Filson 1974a: I.

Thallus epilithic and muscicolous, yellow-orange,

K+ red, consisting of granular to squamulose, scattered

to contiguous areoles; areoles up to l mm diam., often

peltate, attached to the substratum by strands of parallel

hyphae; margins of the areoles often upwardly recur

ved; upper cortex 20-30 µm thick, upper edge brownish;

lower side usually ecorticate or occasionally with cortex similar to the upper side. Margins and lower parts of

areoles sorediate or blastidiate; blastidia 40-60 µm

diam. Apothecia absent.

Discussion. C. citrina is a very variable taxon and it

probably includes severa! species; materiai from An

tarctica falls in variation range of the taxon (S0chting

& 0vstedal 1992).

The type of Pyrenodesmia mawsonii was not located in FH, while other specimens correspond to different

species (Castello & Nimis 1995a): as this name should

be best abandoned, the synonymy proposed by Filson

(1974a) based on the description of Pyrenodesmia

mawsonii is accepted here.

Distribution in the survey area. C. citrina is very common on eutrophicated substrata all over the survey

area; it occurs on mosses or rocks with Candelaria

murrayi, Candelariellaflava, Lecanora expectans, Le

cidella siplei, Physcia caesia, Xanthoria mawsonii and

X. elegans.


Island, Baker Rocks, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Cape

Washington, Carezza Lake, Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Markham Island, Prior lsland, Terra

Nova Bay Station, Tripp Island. Distribution. Cosmopolitan. The species occurs

throughout the continent and in the maritime Antarctic.

Continental Antarctica: Marie Byrd Land (type of P.

darbishirei), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b,

2000, Green et al. 1992, Kappen 1985), Wilkes Land

(Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith

1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land

(Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), Princess Elizabeth Land



(Filson 1974a), MacRobertson Land (type of P. maw

sonii, Filson 1966, 1974a, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995), Dronning Maud Land (Lindsay 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Spchting & 0vstedal 1992), Coats Land (Lindsay & Brook 1971 (cf.)); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972 (cf.), 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specùnens examined: Marie Byrd Land: Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D.

Stanclif.f72W-7 (FH-Dodge), as C. darbishirei. - Victoria Land:

Ross lsland, Hut Point Peninsula, Point and Scott Base, E. Schofield

AA-152 (FH-Dodge), as C. darbishirei; Ross Island, Cape Crozier, 77°29'S 169°34'E, O.Holm-Hansen 30 (FH-Dodge), as Biatorella

ch,ysea.; Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A9); Wood Bay, Edmonson Point, S. Sedmak (TSB A235, A236); Hallett Peninsula, Victory Mts, Crater Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A77, A79). - Wilkes Land: Knox Coast, Wilkes Station 66°15'S, 110°31' E, G.A. Liana 2796b (FH-Dodge), as C. darbishirei; Knox Coast, Wilkes Station, 66°15'S 110°31 'E, G.A. Liana 2835 (FHDodge), as Caloplaca mawsonii; Budd Coast, 66°26'S 110°29'E, D.C. Nutt 78 (FH-Dodge), as C. mawsonii.

Caloplaca conversa (Kremp.) latta s. lat. Sylloge Lich. ltal.: 254: (1900). - Callopisma conversum. Kremp., Denkschr. K. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 4: 162 (1861).

Thallus epilithic, inconspicuous to granular to areolate, K-, C-, forming patches up to 3 cm diam., consisting of flat to subglobose, whitish to dark brown or blackish, more or less adpressed areoles, 1-1.5 mm diam.; prothallus black, dendritic; cortex colourless to dark olivaceous brown, 20-30 µm thick, K-.

Apothecia lecanorine to lecideine, flat to subglobose, 0.2-0.8 mm diam., sessile; thalline margin smooth to crenulate, disappearing in mature apothecia, cream to dark brown and black; disc yellowish, pale brown to dark brown and black, sometimes covered by a yellowish pruina. Epithecium olivaceous or dark blue-green, K + violet-red or K -, with yellowish brown, K+ red epipsamma, more or less developed and often not evident in black apothecia; hymenium colourless, 50-80 µm tall; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, inspersed, 50-80 µm tall; parathecium 30-60 µm broad; cortex of the thalline exciple dark ol1vaceous at outer edge, K-. Paraphyses simple or branched at the apices, c. 2 µm diam., apices swollen, olivaceous, 4-6 µm diam. Asci 40-60 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores polarilocular, colourless, (10-)12-14(-16) x 5-7(-8) µm; septur'n 3-5 µmwide.

Discussion. The materiai belongs to the Caloplaca

group with ochre-brown- to black-coloured apothecia, whose systematic position is not very clear (Wunder

21

1974). The specimens are highly variable in thalline and apothecial features, probably influenced by different exposures: apothecia are clearly lecanorine with a cream margin and yellow to ochre-brown disc to lecideine with a thin, black, disappearing margin and a black strongly convex disc. The materiai most corresponds to Caloplaca conversa, a variable taxon known from the mountains of centrai and southern Europe and North America, on calcareous or siliceous rocks (Wunder 197 4, Clauzade & Roux 1985). The Antarctic materiai differs from C. conversa s. str. in the K - reaction of the apothecial margin and in the inspersed hymenium; furthermore C. conversa has a mainly southern distribution both in North America and Europe, preferring particularly dry areas, and seems to be absent from Arctic regions. The relation of C. conversa and the related C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., a strongly variable species with a more or less holarctic distribution known from Europe, North America, Siberia and Antarctica (Wunder 1974, Spchting & Olech 1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), needs further investigation (Spchting, pers. comm.).

Caloplaca sp. 1 in Castello & Nimis (1995b) corresponds to very reduced forms of this lichen, consisting of small scattered blackish areoles with black lecideine apothecia.

Distribution in the survey area. Rare, on granites, with anitrophytic and weakly nitrophytic species, such as Buellia lignoides, Umbilicaria decussata, Pseude

phebe minuscula, Usnea sphacelata and Rhizacarpon

spp. Total number of samples: 11, from: Cape Phillips,

Gondwana Station, Kay lsland, Stefania Cirque, Tripp Island, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 2000).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Tripp Bay, Tripp lsland, P. Modenesi (TSB A95); Terra Nova Bay, Gondwana Station, S. Sedmak (TSB A240); Daniell Peninsula, Cape Phillips, F. Bersan.

(TSB A830, A83 I).

Caloplaca lewis-smithii Spchting & 0vstedal Mycotaxon 69: 448 (1998). Type: Antarctica: Ross Sector, Victoria Land, Harrow Peaks, 74°04'S 164°45'E, 85 m alt., on moribund moss, 15 Jan. 1996, R.I.L. Smith 9867C (AAS holotype, C isotype).

Thallus muscicolous, rimose-areolate, whitish grey to bluish dark grey, often eroded, forming a continuous crust, 1-3 cm wide; areoles granular to verrucose, with a more or Iess white pruina on the surface, K + violetred, C+ violet-red.

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, up to 1.2 mm, often absent; disc flat, dark brown to black; thalline margin thick and persistent, usually pruinose. Epithecium dark

M. CASTELLO

olivaceous green, K+ violet; hymenium colourless, 60 µm tali; hypothecium colourless; amphitecial cortex colourless to dark, 20-30 µm thick, paraplectenchymatous. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam., with dark bluish grey apices, 5-6 µm diam. Asci

45-50 x 15-16 µm, 8-spored. Spores polarilocular, co

lourless, 12-16 x 7-8 µm, broadly ellipsoid; septum3-4.5 µm wide.

Discussion. This species was recently described by Spchting & 0vstedal (1998). Sterile thalli can be often

found in the survey area, forming a grey to dark brown or bluish grey, verrucose, K+ violet red-crust on mosses. This materiai was cited as Caloplaca sp. 2 in

Castello & Nimis (1995b, 2000).

Distribution in the survey area. This species is rather common on mosses in eutrophicated stands, as

sociated with Caloplaca athallina, C. citrina, Candelariella flava, Lecanora expectans, Lecidella siplei, Physcia caesia and Xanthoria mawsonii.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape Irizar, Cape King, Crater Cirque, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Prior Island.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Marie Byrd Land, Victoria Land (Spchting & 0vstedal 1998).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Lamplugh lsland, Cape Irizar, R. Bargagli (TSB A494); Te1Ta Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Campo Icaro, S. Sedmak (TSB A156); Wood Bay, Kay Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A633), F. Bersan (TSB A 777); Wood Bay, Harrow Peaks, F. Bersan (TSB A 775); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, R. Bargagli (TSB A549, 551).

Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin Calopl. Sect. Gasparr. I Nordeur.: 87 ( 1972). -Psora saxicola Hoffm., Descr. Adumbr. PI. Crypt. Lich., 1, 3: 82 (1794).

Thallus placodioid, forming rosettes up to 2 cm diam., yellow to reddish orange, K + red, pruinose or not, sometimes confluent, with more or less contiguous, convex, short peripheral lobes, up to 1 mm long, and centrai parts of convex areoles with adpressed numerous apothecia, or thallus reduced, consisting of crowded apothecia and only some more or less evident peripheral lobes; medulla of loosely interwoven

hyphae; prothallus not seen.

Apothecia up to 1 mm diam., frequent and adpres

sed, often completely covering the centrai part of thallus, sessile to constricted at the base, concolorous with

the thallus, K + red; disc flat to convex, orange to reddish, pruinose or not, margin thin to thick, excluded

at maturity, often paler than the disc. Epithecium with yellowish brown granules; hymenium colourless, 40-70 µm thick; hypothecium colourless. Paraphyses c. 2 µm

22

diam., with swollen apices, 5-6 µm diam., encrusted by yellowish granules. Asci davate, 50-60 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores polarilocular, colourless, 11-15 x 5-6

µm, ellipsoid to nanowly ellipsoid; septum 2-3(-4) µmwide.

Discussion. The materiai belongs in the widespread and extremely variable Caloplaca saxicola complex;

investigated specimens fit the description of materiai

studied by Hansen et al. (1987) from Greenland. Very reduced forms consist of scattered to adpres

sed, orange to reddish apothecia, usually with slightly convex disc and thin margin, with few small peripheral lobes or areoles evident.

Caloplaca saxicola is often associated with Xanthoria elegans, and it can be easily confused with placo

dioid forms of this species. C. saxicola differs in the absence of a lower cortex, the small rosette-like thalli with centrai parts completely covered by crowded apot

hecia and small, flat to convex, adpressed, often pruinose peripheral lobes, the apothecia with a usually thin

to disappearing margin and the ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid spores with a short septum.

According to Spchting ali specimens of Gasparrinia harrissonii C.W. Dodge kept in Dodge's herbarium are Caloplaca saxicola (see Castello & Nimis 1995a).

Distribution in the survey area. Not common. It

occurs with rather nitrophytic species, such as Buellia

frigida, Caloplaca citrina, Cande/aria murrayi, Lecanorafuscobrunnea and Xanthoria elegans.

Total number of samples: 8, from Cape King, Edmonson Point.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Previously reported

from Antarctica (Spchting & 0lech 1995), continental

Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land (Thor 1997) and the

mariti me Antarctic, Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 ).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Mt Melbourne, Edmonson Point, F. Bersan (TSB A740).

Candelaria murrayi (C.W. Dodge) Poelt Phyton 16 (1-4): 203 (1974). - Polycauliona murrayi C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 84: 526 (1965).

Cande/aria concolor (L.) Vain. var. antarctica Js. Murray, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 2: 68 (1963). Type: Victoria Land, CapeHallett Area, Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft., on moss or as scraps, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington & McKellar (WELT 96). Fide Dodge 1973: 281, Poelt 1974: 210.

Thallus epilithic or muscicolous, yellow, squamulo

se to foliose, subfruticose, K-, forming small, often confluent rosettes, consisting of flattened, more or less

ascending, 1-3 mm long and 0.1-0.3 mm wide lobes; margins of the lobes entire, more or less distinctly



crenulate or blastidiate-granular; upper side weakly pruinose, lower side usually white; rhizines absent but

sometimes white strands of hyphae attaching the thallus

to the substratum are present; upper cortex 15-30 µm

thick, with outer edge encrusted with brownish yellow

granules, consisting of more or less isodiametric cells 5-8 µm wide, alga! layer discontinuous; medulla of 5-8µm diam. hyphae; lower cortex similar to the upper one,

but without granules. Blastidia present on the lower sideof the lobes. Apothecia absent.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Poelt

(1974). It often occurs with Candelariella flava, and young thalli of C. murrayi may be confused with sterile thalli of Candelariellafl.ava, differing in the completely

corticale areoles or squamules, while C.flava has usually ecorticate granules (Castello & Nimis 1994b ).

Distribution in the survey area. C. murrayi is com

mon on mosses or rocks in eutrophicated stands

throughout the survey area, near penguin and skua colonies, in njtrophytic communities with Candelariel

laflava, Buelliafrigida, B. cladocarpiza, Physcia cae

sia, Xanthoria elegans and X. mawsonii.

Total number of samples: 54, from: Baker Rocks, Cape King, Coulman Island, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Mt Kenaith, Prior Island.


time Antarctic regions. Probably a common species

throughout the continent. Victoria Land (Castello &

Nimis 1995b, 2000, Murray 1963), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Kashiwadani 1970 (as Xanthoria sp.),

Nakanishi 1977, Poelt 1974), Dronning Maud Land

(0vstedal 1983b); Antarctic Peninsula (Gremmen et al.

1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland

Is. (Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Olech 1989b, Redon 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A628, A631, A664); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, R. Bargagli (TSB A546).

Candelariella flava (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Castello & Nimis Acta Bot. Fennica 150: 6 (l 994). - Protoblasteniaflava C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 605 (1938). Type: King Edward VIJ Land, Mt Helen Washington, Rockefeller Mts, 78°05'S 155°20'W, on pink granite, 1934, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StancliffHW-8 (FH-Dodge! holotype).

Blastenia autenboeri C.W. Dodge, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 32:305 (1962). Type: Princess Ragnhild Coast, Petrel Egg Nunatak, north of Tanngarden, 72°00'S 22°49'E, T. Van Autenboer la (FH!Dodge holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 6.

Candelariella antarctica Filson, Muelleria 3 (2): 152 (1975). Fide Filson 1975c: 152, 0vstedal 1983a: 221, Castello & Nimis 1994b: 6.

Lecidea hallettensis Js. Murray, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 2 (5): 67 (1963). - Protoblastenia hallettensis (Js. Murray) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 246 (1973). - Cande/arie/la hallettensis (Js.

23

Murray) 0vstedal, Cryptogarnie, Bryol. Lichénol. 4: 221 (I 983). Type: Cape Hallett Area, Crater Cirque, 1.600 ft, Cro/l, Fitzgerald, Harrington and Mckellar 94 (WELT! holotype). Fide 0vstedal 1983a: 221, Castello & Nirnis 1994b: 6.

Protob/astenia citrina C. W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 222 ( 1948). Type: Queen Mary Land, Alligator Nunatak, 66°36'S 97°30'E, 2 Jan. 1913, C. T. Harrisson 28-2 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1975c: 152, Castello & Nimis 1994b: 6.

Thallus muscicolous or epilithic, of ecorticate to corticale crowded granules, 60-100 µm diam., yellow to yellow-orange, K- or K+ orange.

Apothecia sessile, flat to convex, up to 0.8 mm diam., margin thin and crenulate, disappearing at maturity. Epithecium encrusted with yellow-brown granular crystals; hymenium 70-80 µm tall, colourless; hypothe

cium colourless, 40-60 µm tali. Paraphyses simple or

sparsely branched, 1.5-2 µm diam., apices not swollen. Asci davate, 50-60 x 15-16 µm, 8-spored, Candelaria

type. Spores unicellular, colourless, (11-)12-16(-20) x

4-6 µm, ellipsoid, straight or curved, sometimes contai

ning oil drops.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Castello & Nimis (1994b). lt shows affinities with C. aure/la

(Hoffm.) Zahlbr., differing in thallus features: C. flava

has a well-developed thallus consisting of crowded granules, whereas C. aure/la has a weakly developed thallus of scattered areoles. C. aurella was so far repor

ted from the South Shetland Islands (Aptroot and van der Knaap 1993, Castello & Nimis 1994b, Sancho et al.

1999) and South Orkney Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001). C. flava differs from the other Candelariella

species known from Antarctica, C. vitellina, in thallus

features and in the 8-spored asci. In the survey area sterile thalli of C. .f/.ava are common, and resemble young thalli of Candelaria murrayi (see comment to

this species). Distribution in the survey area. Very common in

nutrient-enriched stands, on mosses or directly on

rocks, near penguins or skua colonies, with Buellia

frigida, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Lecidella siplei, Phy

scia caesia, Xanthoria elegans and X. mawsonii. lt can be often found also at the base of thalli of Usnea

sphacelata, with Buellia lignoides, Pseudephebe minu

scula and Umbilicaria spp. (see also Kappen 1985). Tota! number of samples: 141, frorn: Apostrophe

Island, Campo Icaro, Cape Irizar, Cape King, Cape Phillips, Coulman Island, Crater Cirque, Football

Saddle, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressi

ble Island, Kay Island, Lamplugh Island, Prior Island, Starr Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station.

Distribution. Endemie to Antarctic regions. Continental Antarctica: King Edward VII Land (type), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1994b, 1995b, 2000,

M. CASTELLO

Kappen 1985, Murray 1963), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986,

1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Castello & Nimis 1994b, Olech 1989a), Princess

Elizabeth Land (Castello & Nimis 1994b), MacRo

bertson Land (Castello & Nimis 1994b, Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land{lnoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Naka

nishi 1977), Dronning Maud Land (type of B. autenboe

ri, Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997); the maritime An

tarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001), South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Orkney Is.

(0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); subantarctic region: South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: King Edward VII Land: Mt Helen Washington, Rockefeller Mts, 78°05'S 155°20'W, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StancliffHW-13 (FH-Dodge), as Protoblasteniaflava. - Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A26); Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, G. Del Frate (TSB A41); Hallett Peninsula, Crater Hill, Hallett Base, 1.600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and Mckellar (WELT 93), as Lecidea hallettensis; Gneiss Point, 77°24'S 163°40'E, G.A. Liana 2194, 2195a, 2196b (FH-Dodge), as Protoblasteniaflava. - Queen Mary Land: L/11 David Island, ca 66°25'S 98°30'E, Harrisson 73 (FHDodge), as Protoblastenia citrina; LNI, Hippo Nunatak, 66°25'S 98°E, Harrisson 78-1 (FH-Dodge), as Protoblastenia citrina. - MacRobertson Land: Mawson, R.O. Summers Lichen type H (FHDodge), as Protoblastenia citrina. - Princess Elizabeth Land: Ingrid Christensen Coast, SandefjordBay, Lorton I, J.M. Bechervaise (FHDodge), as Protoblastenia citrina.

Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Miill. Arg. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2: 47 (1894). - Verrucaria vitellina Hoffm., Deutschl. Flora: 197 (1796).

Candelariella chrysea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 580 (1938). - Biatorella chrysea (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 137 (1973). Type: Mari e Byrd Land, Chester Mts, 76°40'S, 145°20'W, on coarse-grained granodiorite and quartzite, 1934, P. Siple & S. Corey 97A-1 (FHDodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 8.

Eklundia antarctica C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 311 (1968). Type: No data received: probably Batterbee Mountains, ca 72° 1 TS 69°57'W, up to 1000 ft., 7 Dee. 1940, C. Eklund 93b [B-8-A] (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 8.

Thallus epilithic, composed of granular to squamu

lose yellow areoles, 0.1 to 0.5(-1) mm broad, K+ oran

ge. Apothecia sessile, flat, up to 0.6-0.7 mm diam.; disc

concolorous with the thallus or darker; margin thin,

smooth to crenulate, disappearing at maturity, concolo

rous with the thallus. Epithecium yellow-brown; hymenium colourless, 80-100 µm tali; hypothecium colour

less, 30-60 µm. Paraphyses simple or sparsely bran

ched, 2-3 µm diam., apices slightly swollen. Asci davate, 60-90 x 12-20 µm, Candelaria-type, 16-32-spored. Spores colourless, unicellular to more or less clear-

24

ly 1-septate, 9-12 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid, containing oil drops.

Pycnidia frequent, immersed, c. 100 µm diam.; co

nidia 3-4 x 1-5-2 µm, bacilliform.

Discussion. C. vitellina is an extremely variable

species, probably including severa! taxa (Poelt & Vezda 1977): the thallus may consist of granules, areoles or

squamules, the margin of apothecia can be well-developed to disappearing and the spores are 12-16 per ascus, unicellular to pseudodiblastic or rarely clearly

bicellular. A discussion of Antarctic materiai of C. vitellina is in Castello & Nimis (1994b).

Distribution in the survey area. Rather rare, on

mosses or rocks in eutrophicated stands with Candela

riella flava, Caloplaca athallina, Buellia frigida, Leci

della siplei, Physcia caesia, Usnea sphacelata and

Xanthoria mawsonii.

Total number of samples: 13, from Campo Icaro, Cape King, Carezza Lake, Gondwana Station, Harrow

Peaks, Kay Island, Starr Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Tinker Glacier.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Continental Antarctica: Marie Byrd Land (type of C. chrysea), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1994b, 1995b, 2000), south-western Antarctic Peninsula (type of E. antarctica); the maritime Antarctic (Redon 1985): Antarctic Peninsula

(0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Olech 1989b), South Orkney 1s.

(Lewis Smith 1972, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); subantarctic region: South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001 ).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A222), P. Modenesi (TSB A356); Ross Island, Cape Crozier, 77°29'S 169°34'E, O.Holm-Hansen 30 (FHDodge), as Biatorella chrysea.

Carbonea vorticosa (Florke) Hertel Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen, 19: 442 (1983). -Lecidea sabuletorum v. vorticosa Florke, Mag. Natf. Fr. Berlins, 2: 311 (1808).

Carbonea capsulata (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Hale, Lichenologist 19 (3): 279 (1987). - Lecidea capsula/a C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 533 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Stancliff, P. Siple & S. Corey 72A-2. Neotype: Ellsworth Land, Johnson Nunatak, c. 3 m below survey point, 1 m above snow line, 74°52'S 74°02'W, J.T.R. Molholm 7 (US!). Fide: 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001: 153.

Huea smaragdula C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 228 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Coast,Mt Barr-Smith, 1220 m, 67° I 0'S 99°03'E, C. T. Harrison A.A.E. 10-2 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 80.

Lecidea blackburni C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 540 (J 938). Type: Victoria Land, Queen Maud Mts, Scudder Mt, 86°08'S 150°40'W, on granite, Q.A. Blackburn, R.S. Russell Jr. & S.D.L. Paine QM-6(1) (FH-Dodge! isotype). Fide Inoue, see Castello & Nimis 1995a: 83.

'Lecidea' oroantarctica 0vstedal, Cryptogamie, Bryol., Li-



chénol.: 67 (1986). Type: Dronning Maud Land, F!ilrsterfjell, 1951, O. Wilson (UPS). Fide: 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 200 I: 153.

Thallus endolithic, not evident or epilithic, consisting of white angular substipitate areoles, areoles up to 0.7 mm wide and 1.2 mm high, or granular and reduced, forming an amorphous white crust, with many crowded apothecia; thallus reactions negative; prothallus not evident; medulla 1-.

Apothecia black, lecideine, constricted at the base, 0.2-0.5 mm diam., scattered to adpressed, irregular in shape; disc flat and margin thick, smooth, persistent. Epithecium blue-green, N+ violet; hymenium colourless to pale blue-green, 40-50 µm tali; hypothecium dark brown, 60-80 µm tali; exciple dark brown to black, 50-70 µm thick, composed of radiating hyphae. Paraphyses simple, c. 3 µm diam., with slightly swollenapices. Asci Lecanora-type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, (8-)9-12 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid.

Discussion. Antarctic materiai with well-developed substipitate areoles was described as Carbonea capsu

lata (see Hale 1987, Inoue 1991a), differing from C. vorticosa mainly by thallus development. Both species show a great variability in this character: C. capsulata

usually has a well-developed epilithic thallus, but sometimes this is reduced or absent, while C. vorticosa in the Northem Hemisphere usually has a strongly reduced thallus, but it was found with substipitate thalli in Antarctica (Hertel 1988). According to lnoue (1991a) C. capsulata differs in having thicker hyphae in the exciple but, following 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), C. capsulata is here considered as an Antarctic population of C. vorticosa with an usually conspicuous thallus.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common; this lichen generally grows along rock crevices on granites, with anitrophytic or weakly nitrophytic species, such as Acarospora nitrophila, Buellia lignoides, Leca

nora fuscobrunnea, Pseudephebe minuscula, Umbili

caria decussata and Usnea sphacelata.

Total number of samples: 12, from: Cape Sastrugi, Vegetation lsland, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: Ellsworth Land (neotype), Marie Byrd Land (type), Victoria Land (isotype of L. blackburni, Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Green et al. 1992, Hale 1987, Kappen 1985, Seppelt et al. 1995), Queen Mary Land (type of H. smaragdula, Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966), Enderby Land (lnoue 1991a, 1995), Dronning Maud Land (Hertel 1989); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland ls. (Andreev 1988, Hertel 1984, Olech 1989b, Sancho et

al. 1999), South Orkney ls. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith

25

2001); subantarctic region: South Georgia (Hertel 1989, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Prince Edward ls. (Hertel 1984, 0vstedal & Lewis Sn�ith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB A300); Te!Ta Nova Bay, Vegetati on Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A 164); Hallett Peninsula, Admiralty Mts, Stefania Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A316, A325).

Lecanora expectans Darb. Nat. Antarct. Exped. !901-1904Nat. Hist. 5: 5 (1910). -Type: Ross Island, Winter Harbour, 77°51 'S l 66°37'E, over mosses, Scott's Voy. Discovery.

Lecanora griseomarginata C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 572 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Donald Woodward, 77°18'S 145°45'W, P. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. Stancliff DW-1 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1966: 47, Castello & Nimis 1995a: 82.

Lecanora lilacinofusca C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 575 (1938). Type: Ma.rie Byrd Land, Lichen Peak, 76°55'S 145°20W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 73-4 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 82.

Lecania llanoi C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 519 (1965). Type: Ross Island, McMurdo, Crater Hill 77°50'S 166°4l 'E, growing over tops of mosses on steep slope, G.A. Liana 2217d (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 81.

Thallus muscicolous, whitish to pale grey, rimoseareolate, forming a more or less continuous crust, with scabrid surface, often ecorticate, inconspicuous and almost completely covered by apothecia, K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla 1-.

Apothecia lecanorine, up to 0.8-1.2 mm diam., sessile and constricted at base, closely adpressed and covering the thallus, irregular by compression; margin whitish, crenulate and pruinose, rough, persistent; disc flat, dark brown to black, pruinose or not. Epithecium olivaceous brown, N+ reddish; hymenium 50-80 µm tali, colourless; hypothecium 40-50 µm tali, colourless. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, 1.5-2 µm diam., with dark brown swollen apices, 3-5 µm diam. Asci Lecanora - type, 40-50 x 10-12 µm, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, (13-)14-17(-18) x 4-5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved.

Discussion. L. expectans belongs in the criticai L.

hagenii-L. dispersa complex, and it shows affinities with L. mons-nivis Darb., an epilithic species with a scarcely developed thallus described from Antarctica; these taxa mainly differ in thallus development and ecologica! features, while their anatomica! and chemical reactions are similar. The taxonomic position of Antarctic materiai of this complex needs a careful revision.

According to Filson (1974a), L. expectans has a Nreaction of the epithecium, but ali our specimens show a N+ red reaction: however, this difference may be

M. CASTELLO

influenced by different exposure of thalli to sun light.

Distribution in the survey area. Common on mosses

throughout the survey area, occurring with Caloplaca

citrina, Xanthoria mawsonii, Physcia caesia, Lecidella

siplei and Candelaria murrayi.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Carezza Lake, Crater

Cirque, Edmonson Point, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible

lsland, Kay Island, Prior Island, Starr Nunatak, Terra

Nova Bay Station.


time Antarctic, with a circumpolar distribution. Marie

Byrd Land (type of L. griseomarginata, L. lilacinofu

sca), Victoria Land (type, Castello & Nimis 1995a,

1995b, 2000, Green et a!. 1992, Kappen 1985, Murray

1963, Seppelt et al. 1995), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b,

Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988,

Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995a, Kashiwadani

1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning Maud Land (Botnen & 0vstedal 1988, Engelskjòn 1986, 0vstedal 1983a,

1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997); southern Antarctic

Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South She

tland Is. (Andreev 1988, Olech 1989b ).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A591); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, G. Del Frate (TSB A56); Hallett Peninsula, Victory Mts, Crater Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A36 l, A362); Ross Island, McMurdo, Crater Hill 77°50'S 166°4l 'E, Holm Hansen bag 31-3 (FHDodge).

Lecanora fuscobrunnea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 577 (1938). Type: South Victoria Land, Queen Maud Mts, Durham Point, 85°3l'S 151 ° l5'W, northeast portai of Thorne Glacier, Q.A. Blackburn, R.S. Russe/ Jr. & S.D.L. Paine QM-4 (FH-Dodge! holotype).

Candelariella albovirens C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ano. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 582 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Corey, 76°40'S 145°08'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 112E-2 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 9.

Lecidea acerviformis Js. Murray, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 66 (1963). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Hallett, 72°25'S l 70°55'E, Crater Hill, 490 m, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington & McKellar (WEL T 84). Fide Hertel 1984: 415.

Lecanora subolivacea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 578 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Cooper, 77°07'S 145°24'W, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. Stancliff R-7 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 82.

Protoblastenia alba C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 607 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Woodward, 77° 18'S 145°50'S, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. Stanclijf

DW-5 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 87. Protoblastenia aurea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 25: 608 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-15 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 87.

Protoblastenia citrinigricans C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 610 (1938). Type: South Victoria Land, Queen Maud Mts, Scudder Mt, 86°03'S 150°40'W, on granite, 1934, Q.A. Blackburn, R.S. Russell Jr. & S.D.L. Paine QM-2 (FH-Dodge! holo-

26

type). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 9.

Thallus epilithic, yellowish cream, greenish, pale

brown or dark olivaceous, of granular to squamulose

areo I es, 0.5-1 mm diam.; areo I es scattered or crowded

in pulvinate clumps up to 3 mm tali, with smooth

surface, sometimes substipitate; thallus K + yellow, C-, KC + yellow.

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, often crowded, flat to

strongly convex, up to 1.6 mm diam.; margin concolo

rous with the thallus, thin and smooth, evident in young

apothecia, disappearing at maturity; disc darker than the

margin, yellowish cream to greenish, dark brown to

black. Epithecium encrusted with yellowish green to

olivaceous small granules, N+ reddish; hymenium co

lourless, 50-70 µm tall; hypothecium of loose hyphae,

colourless, 40-100 µm tali. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, 1-1.5 µm diam., apices olivaceous green,

slightly swollen, 2.5-3 µm diam. Asci Lecanora-type,

35-40 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colour

less, (9-)10-14 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid.

Pycnidia forming black spots in thallus; conidia

filiform, 15-20 x 1 µm, straight or curved.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Hale

(1987). L. fuscobrunnea clearly belongs in the L.

polytropa complex, a highly variable taxon with a wide

ecologica) range; as this taxon needs a worldwide revi

sion, the Antarctic materiai is here considered as a

distinct species, differing from L. polytropa s.str. by the

cream to greenish, finally dark brown, black apothecia.

According to Hertel (1984) Lecidea acerviformis, a

species described from Victoria Land, is a synonym of

Lecanora polytropa s. lat.

L.fuscobrunnea is often associated with Rhizoplaca

melanophthalma (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt, and well

developed forms of L. fuscobrunnea may be easily confused with Rh. melanophthalma, the two species

showing the same colour of thallus and apothecia: Rh.

melanophthalma is characterized by the broadly ellip

soid to subglobose spores, 9-12 x 5-6 µm, and the thick,

crenulate and persistent thalline margin of apothecia.

Distribution in the survey area. Very common

throughout the Terra Nova Bay area, with a wide eco

logica! range, growing in weakly nitrophytic communi

ties, with Usnea sphacelata, Pseudephebe minuscula,

Buellia lignoides, Rhizocarpon adarense, Pleopsidium

chlorophanum, Acarospora gwynnii, or nitrophytic communities, with Buellia frigida, Candelariellaflava,

Caloplaca citrina and Xanthoria mawsonii.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Cape Phillips, Cape

Sastrugi, Carezza Lake, Crater Cirque, Edmonson


- Lichens of the Ten-a Nova Bay area, Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) -

Point, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island, Kay lsland, Mt Kenaith, Prior Island, Skua Lake, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Tripp Island, Vegetation Island, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Marie Byrd Land (type of C. albovirens, L. subolivacea,

P. alba, P. aurea), King Edward VII Land (Castello &Nimis 1994b), Victoria Land (type, type of P. citrini

gricans, L. acerv�formis, Castello & Nimis 1995b,2000, Hale 1987, Seppelt et al. 1995), Enderby Land(lnoue 1995). The reports of L. polytropa from QueenMary Land by Olech (1989a) and Andreev (1990) probably refer to this taxon; L. polytropa is known alsofrom the mari time and subantarctic regions.

Selected specimens examined: King Edward VII Land: Mt Helen Washington, Rockefeller Mts, 78°05'S 155°20'W, on pink granite, 1934, P. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StanclijfHW-11,

HW-13, HW-15 (FH-Dodge), as Candelariella albovirens. - Victoria

Land: Scudder Mt, Queen Maud Range, 86°03'S 150°40'W, 1934, Q.A. Blackburn, R.S. Russell, Jr & S.D.L. Paine QM- l (FH-Dodge), as Pro/ab/astenia citrinigricans; Terra Nova Bay, Gondwana Station,

S. Sedmak (TSB A208); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSBA30).

Lecanora aff. geophila (Th. Fr.) Poelt Jnt. J. Mycol. Lichenol., 3: 55-65 (1986). - Placodium geophilum Th. Fr., Acta Reg. Soc. scient. Ups., ser m, 3: 85 (1860).

Thallus muscicolous or on soil, forming more or less placodioid, circular patches up to 4 cm diam., crustosesquamulose, thick, whitish to yellowish cream, with smooth to verrucose, sometimes rough surface; peripheral squamules corticate below, with a pale brown lower smface; thallus K + yellow, KC + yellow, C-.

Apothecia lecanorine, flat to convex, up to 2 mm diam., constricted below, often closely adpressed; thalline margin thick to thin or disappearing, smooth to crenulate, concolorous with the thallus; disc pale brown to greenish, dark brown or blackish. Epithecium olivaceous green; hymenium colourless, 50 60 µm tali; hypothecium colourless, c. 20 µm tali. Paraphyses simple, 1.5-2 µm diam., with not swollen apices. Asci Lecanora - type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, (8-) 10-13 x 5-7 µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, with thick wall.

Pycnidia forming black spots in thallus; conidia filiform, 12-16(-18) x 0.5-1 µm, curved.

Discussion. Investigated materiai of this Lecanora

occurring on soil and mosses fits the description of Lecanora aff. geophila reported by 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) from continental Antarctica (Victoria Land, Kay Land).

Distribution in the survey area. A rare species,

27

growing on soil and mosses. Tota! number of samples: 5, from Cape King, Cape

Sastrugi, Tinker Glacier, Vegetation Island.

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Tinker Glacier, R. Bargagli (TSB A 728); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, R. Bargagli (TSB A541); Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S.Sedmak (TSB A 193), R. Bargagli (TSB A566).

Lecanora mons-nivis Darb. Wiss Ergebn. Schwed. Siidpol. - Exped. 1901-1903, 4 (11): 9 (1912). Type: Snow Hill Island, 64°28'S 57°12'W, 13 Feb. 1903, C. Skottsberg (S' holotype).

Lecanora carbonacea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 576 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-6, 72W-14 (not seen). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 82.

Lecidea stancliffi C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 538 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Lichen Peak, 76°53'S l 45° !2'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 73-10 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 84.

Thallus epilithic, scarcely developed, covered by apothecia, composed of scattered or adpressed areoles forming groups 3-7 mm diam., or inconspicuous; areoles granular, whitish, grey to brownish; thallus K-, KC-, C-; medulla 1-.

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, constricted at the base, up to 1-2 mm diam., dispersed or adpressed and angular by compression; disc flat, dark brown or black, sometimes pruinose; thalline margin whitish to dark grey, pruinose, thick and crenulate to thin or reduced. Epithecium dark olivaceous brown, N+ red; hymenium colourless, 40-60 µm tall; hypothecium colourless, 30-50 µm tall, consisting of loose hyphae; cortex of the margin dark, colourless in the inner part. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, 1-2 µm diam., apices dark, swollen, 4-5 µm diam. Asci Lecanora- type, 40-50 x 12-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 10-14 x 4-6 µm, ellipsoid.

Discussion. L. mons-nivis belongs in the L. dispersa

group, with affinities with the muscicolous L. expec

tans. L. mons-nivis differs from L. dispersa (L.) Sommerf. in the apothecial disc colour, the N+ reaction of epithecium and the secondary chemistry (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common; it occurs in cracks of rocks, with nitrophytic species, in particular Xanthoria elegans and Caloplaca citrina, or with weakly nitrophytic lichens, such as Buellia lignoi

des, Rhiwcarpon spp. and Umbilicaria decussata.

Tota! number of samples: 39, from: Baker Rocks, Browning Pass, çape King, Cape Sastrugi, Cape Washington, Carezza Lake, Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Kay Island, Stefania Cirque, Teall Nunatak, Teti-a Nova Bay Station, Vegetation Ridge.

M. CASTELLO

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula. Ellsworth Land (Castello & Nimis

1995a), Marie Byrd Land (type of L. stancliffi), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000); Antarctic Peninsula (type, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, S. Sedmak (T5B A254); Wood Bay, Mt Melbourne, Edmonson Point, S. Sedmak (T5B A237), G. Del Frate (T5B A40); Hallett Peninsula, Victory Mts, Crater Cirque, P. Modenesi (T5B A312). - Ellsworth Land: Eastern Thiel Range, 75°00'5 72 °53'W, Molholm 21 (FH-Dodge), as L. carbonacea.

Lecanora aff. orosthea (Ach.) Ach. Lich. Univ.: 400 (1810). - Lichen orostheus Ach., Lich. 5uec. Prodr.: 38 (1799).

Thallus epilithic, areolate, sorediate, composed of cream to pale brown, pinkish or greenish, more or less adpressed areoles forming patches up to 2-3 cm diam.; areoles smooth and shiny, sometimes pruinose, rounded, convex to subglobose or substipitate, scattered or adpressed, to 1 mm diam., K+ yellow then reddish orange, C-, KC + yellow, P-; medulla 1-. Soralia whitish cream or darkening to black, initially well-delimited, then confluent and convex; soredia up to 40 µm diam.; prothallus dendritic, whitish to pale brown, hypothallus N-; medulla 1-.

Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.

Discussion. In the keys to sterile epilithic taxa by 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) investigated materiai keys best out as Lecanora aff. orosthea and agrees in thallus and soredia features with this taxon, recorded from Antarctica from continental and maritime regions (Victoria Land, Dronning Maud Land, southem Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Is., South Orkney ls). This materiai was reported as "? Buellia sp." by Castello & Nimis (1995b, 2000).

Distribution in the survey area. This species occurs on volcanic substrata, with Buellia darbishirei, E.frigi

da, Tephromela atra and Usnea sphacelata.

Tota! number of samples: 14, from: Cape Phillips, Coulman Island, Prior Island.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Prior Island, S.

Sedmak (T5B A295); Coulman Island, P. Modenesi (T5B Al04, AlOS, Al07, A l08). - Wilkes Land: Browning Peninsu la, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA 1399).

Lecanora physciella (Darb.) Hertel Bei h. Nova Hedwigia 79: 447 (1984). - Lecidea physciella Darb., Brit. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. 1910 Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 33 (1923).

Type: Victoria Land, Cape Adare, 71°17'5 170°14'E, Terra Nova

Exped., on shale and grit, R.E. Priestly (BM).

Thallus epilithic, effigurate, areolate, yellowish to

28

greenish cream, sometimes whitish, 1-4 cm diam., sometimes with no or few apothecia and with black rounded soralia on the centrai parts; peripheral areoles 0.5-1.5 mm long and 0.3-0.6 mm wide; centrai areoles 0.4-1 mm diam., up to 1.5(-2) mm thick; hypothallus black; prothallus black, nan-ow, well-delimited and continuous, c. 0.2 mm wide; thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla I-, K-, C-, KC-, P-.

Apothecia lecideine, to 0.8 mm diam., on the centrai parts of the thallus, dispersed or crowded, flat with thin margin to convex or subglobose and immarginate. Epithecium olivaceous green; hymenium colourless, 60-70 µm tali; hypothecium colourless, 80-100 µm tali;exciple olivaceous, c. 30 µm thick. Paraphyses coherent, c. 2 µm diam., apices olivaceous green, swollen,4-6 µm diam. Asci Lecanora -type, 40-50 x 12-15 µm,8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 8-12 x 4-5 µm,

ellipsoid.Pycnidia immersed, indicated by slightly prominent

dark spots in thallus, 300-350 µm diam.; conidia filiform, 18-20 x 1 µm, straight or curved.

Discussion. A very characteristic species due to the effigurate yellowish cream thallus and the black lecideine apothecia. Damaged thalli by wind and snow, with whitish areoles and scarcely or not developed apothecia are frequent in the survey area. Sterile morphs of L.

physciella, characterized by black circular soralia in centrai parts of the effigurate yellowish thalli and recently described as var. sorediata 0vstedal (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), are rather common in the Terra Nova Bay area.

L. physciella has strong affinities with Lecidea woo

dberryi Filson: according to Filson (1966), L. woodber

ryi differs from the other Lecidea species of Antarctica in the colourless hypothecium, the effigurate thallus and the thickness of the hymenium (100 µm) and the epithecium (up to 30 µm). Ali characters reported in the description of L. woodberryi fit those of L. physciella,

with a slight difference in the thickness of the hymenium, which is 45-60 µm (Hertel 1984) to 90 µm

( originai description) tall in L. physciella. An investigati on of the type materiai of L. woodberryi could clarify the relationships between these two taxa.

Distribution in the survey area. L. physciella is rather common in the survey area, on granites and comubianites, with Umbilicaria spp., Pleopsidium

chlorophanum and Buelliafrigida.

Tota! number of samples: 41, from: Browning Pass, Cape Phillips, Crater Cirque, Daniell Peninsula, Foot

ball Saddle, lndex Point, Kay Island, Mt Kenaith, Stefania Cirque, Teall Nunatak, Tripp Island.

Distribution. Endemie to Antarctic regions. Conti-



nental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Hertel 1984, 1989, Kappen 1985, 0vste

dal & Lewis Srnith 2001), Wilkes Land (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (Hertel 1987b, 1989, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Olech

1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Sancho et al.

1999), South Sandwich Is. (Lewis Smith 1995); South

Orkney Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); suban

tarctic region: South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A28); Hallett Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi (TSB A420); Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, S. Sedmak (TSB A216).

Lecanora sverdrupiana 0vstedal Nova Hedwigia 37: 685 (1983). Type: Dronning Maud Land, Sver

drupfjella, Brekkerista, 28.01.1971, J. Angard 11 (BG L-4028! holotype).

Thallus epilithic, areolate; areoles verrucose, scatte

red or aggregated in small groups, covered by apothe

cia, cream to pale brown, K-, C-, KC-.

Apothecia lecanorine, stipitate, up to 0.5-0.8 mm

diam.; thalline margin pale brown, darkening, thick and

flexuous, with a whitish pruina; disc brown to dark

brown or black, concave to flat. Epithecium brown, N-;

hymenium colourless, 50-60 µm tall; outer edge of the

cortex of exciple dark brown, intemally colourless, 15-20 µm thick. Paraphyses simple or sparsely bran

ched, c. 2 µm diam., with swollen apices c. 3 µm diam.

Asci 40-50 x 15-18 µm, 8-spored. Spores unicellular,colourless, 10-13 x 6-8 µm, broadly ellipsoid, with athick wall.

Discussion. The materiai agrees in ali characters

with the type of L. sverdrupiana (BG), a species described by 0vstedal (1983b) from Dronning Maud Land, characterized by stipitate apothecia, brown thalline

margin and broadly ellipsoid spores.

Distribution in the survey area. One specimen from the area of Terra Nova Bay Station, growing with

Physcia caesia and Xanthoria mawsonii.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula. Previously known from Dronning

Maud Land (Engelskj0n 1986, 0vstedal 1983b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Antarctic Peninsula, Graham

Land (0vstedal 1983b).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, P. Modenesi (TSB A368).

Lecidea andersonii Filson Muelleria 3 (]): 16 (1974). Type: Windmill Is., Western side of the

29

Haupt Nunataks, 3 Jan. 1970, R. Anderson (MEL 1012035).

Thallus epilithic, areolate, poorly developed and covered by apothecia; areoles white to brownish, granular to angular, usually along rock crevices; medulla I+ violet-blue.

Apothecia lecideine, up to 2 mm diam., scattered or

crowded in groups; disc flat to slightly convex, someti

mes with a thin whitish pruina; margin thick to thin,

persistent, sometimes flexuous. Epithecium olive or

dark bluish green, N+ red; hymenium colourless to

green or blue, 50-75 µm tali; hypothecium brown, 70-

100 µm tali; exciple 70-90 µm thick, outer edge blue or

dark greenish, intemally colourless. Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, coherent, with swollen apices, 4-5 µm diam. Asci Lecidea - type, 30-40 x 12 µm, 8-spored.

Spores unicellular, colourless, 9-10(-12) x 3-4 µm, ellipsoid, sometimes pseudodiblastic.

Discussion. Lecidea andersonii was discussed by Filson (1974b) and Inoue (1991a); according to Filson

(1974b), L. andersonii has a pale brown hypothecium

and spores measuring 9-10 x 4-5 µm, while Inoue

(1991a) distinguishes a violet-brown, 50-70 µm tali

subhymenium and a colourless, I + violet-blue, I 00-150

µm tali hypothecium, and 6-11 x 3-4 µm spores. L.

andersonii generally has poorly developed thalli, com

pletely covered by apothecia, forming rows of areoles and apothecia along rock crevices. It resembles L. can

criformis, a rather common species in the survey area,

differing in the larger, never convex or subglobose

apothecia, with thick to thin, persistent margin, and in the I+ violet-blue medulla. Another related species from

continental Antarctica is Le e idea soyaensis May. Inoue, which has a different chemistry (stictic acid and constictic acid), smaller apothecia (up to 0.5 mm diam.),

shorter spores (6-9 x 3-4 µm), and a colourless

subhymenium and dark hypothecium gradually mer

ging into the colourless medulla (lnoue 1991a).

Distribution in the survey area. A rather rare species

in Victoria Land: L. andersonii seems to be more nitrophytic than L. cancriformis, and occurs with Buellia

frigida, Xanthoria elegans, X. mawsonii, Physcia cae

sia, Candelariellaflava and Lecanorafuscobrunnea.

Tota] number of samples: 12, from: Cape King,

Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island,

Kay Island, Stefania Cirque, Te1Ta Nova Bay Station, Vegetation Island.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica. Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b), Enderby Land (Inoue 1991a,

1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994), southern Antarctic Penin

sula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

M. CASTELLO

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A357); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A356); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape Kmg, S. Sedmak (TSB A261).

Lecidea cancriformis C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 539 (1938). Type: South Victoria Land, Queen Maud Mts, Scudder Mt, 86°03'S I 50°40'W, Q.A. Blackburn, R.S. Russell Jr. & S.D.L. Paine QM-6(2) (FH-Dodge! holotype).

Lecidea laseroni C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 98 (1948). Type: George V Land, Madigan Nunatak, 67°08'S 143°22'E, on rock, C.F. Laseron A.A.E. 41-1 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 83.

Lecidea mcleani C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: I 00 (1948). Type: George V Coast, Aurora Peak, 570 m, 67°23'S l44° J2'E,A.L. Mclean A.A.E. 91 (not seen). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 84.

Lecidea phillipsiana Filson, ANARE Sci. Rep. Ser. B (Il) Bot. 82: 51 ( 1966). Type: MacRobertson Land, mountains North of Chapman Ridge, R.F. J. W. 4300. Fide Hale 1987: 283.

Toninia johnstoni C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 113 (1948). Type: MacRobertson Land, Cape Bruce, 67°26'S 60°49'E, T.H. Johnston, BANZARE 108-7 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 89.

Thallus epilithic, thick and delimited, areolate, or

reduced, developed along rock crevices; areoles brown

to dark brown or black, sometimes subsquamulose, with

smooth and shiny surface, strongly convex and corru

gate to substipitate, angular, up to 1 mm, usually adpres

sed in groups up to 5 mm diam., sometimes whitish and

necrotic, granular or inconspicuous; prothallus someti

mes evident, black, 0.5-1 mm wide; cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, I-.

Apothecia Iecideine, sessile to moderately con

stricted at the base, flat to subglobose, up to 1.2 mm

diam.; margin thin, disappearing with age. Epithecium

olive to brownish green or bluish, N + red; hymenium

colourless to green or pale blue, 60-80 µm tali; hypot

hecium dark brown, 70-100 µm tali; exciple 70-80 µm

thick, outer edge blue or dark greenish, intemally al

most colourless. Paraphyses simple to sparsely bran

ched, coherent, 2 µm diam., apices bluish green, 4-5 µm

diam. Asci clavate, 40-60 x 10-12 µm, Lecidea - type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, (8-)9-12 x (2-)

3-4 µm, narrowly ellipsoid.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Hale

(1987) and Inoue (1991a). According to the originai

description L. cancriformis is characterized by the scar

cely developed, whitish grey thallus. Type materiai and

collected specimens are highly variable in thallus deve

lopment: well-developed forms of L. cancriformis have

an "atrobrunnea" -type thallus, of squamulose areoles,

varying in colour from pale brown to black, with a shiny

surface; the thallus surface often becomes whitish and

necrotic and thallus development can be strongly redu

ced by environmental factors. L. cancriformis differs

from the closely related L. atrobrunnea (Lam. & DC.)

30

Schaer., which is known from the maritime Antarctic

(Hertel 1984, Redon 1985, Andreev 1988, Olech

1989b) and South Georgia (Lindsay 1972b), in the I

reaction of the medulla and in the chemistry (lnoue

199 la). The affinities with L. andersonii are discussed

under this species.

Hale (1987) maintained the synonymy between L.

cancriformis and L. phillipsiana based on a comparison

of the type materiai of L. cancriformis and specimens

of L. phillipsiana of the Lichenes Antarctici Exsiccati

(Filson 1975a). The main difference is in thallus deve

lopment, L. cancriformis having endolithic or scarcely

evident thalli and L. phillipsiana well-developed ones

(Filson 1966, Hertel 1984); according to Hertel (1984)

L. cancriformis can develop conspicuous thalli in fa

vourable situations, corresponding in ali characters to

L. phillipsiana.

Distribution in the survey area. L. cancriformis is

rather common in the survey area, growing along rock

crevices in rows; it seems to be a weakly nitrophytic

lichen, occurring with Acarospora gwynnii, Buellia fri

gida, B. lignoides, Lecanora physciella, Pleopsidium

chlorophanum, Pseudephebe minuscula and Umbilica

ria decussata.


Island, Cape Sastrugi, Carezza Lake, Crater Cirque,

Football Saddle, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Mt

Moriarty, Prior Island, Stefania Cirque, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Vegetation lsland.


time Antarctic. Victoria Land (type, Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Hertel 1984, Kappen 1985, Hale 1987,

Seppelt et al. 1995), King George V Land (type of L.

laseroni), Wilkes Land (Hovenden & Seppelt 1995,

Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen

Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRo

bertson Land (type of T. johnstonii, Filson 1966,

1975c), Enderby Land (Inoue 1991a, 1995), Dronning

Maud Land (Bowra et al. 1966, Lindsay 1971c); An

tarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001),

South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Prior Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A297); Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A12, A14, A350); Freiburg Mts, Moawhango Neve, Ha/e 59644, 59780, 59785 (US); Linnaeus Terrace, Asgard Range, Ha/e 59643, 59644 (US); Wright Valley, Dais, Hale 59828 (US); Taylor Valley, Nussbaum Riegel, Hale 59809 (US).

Lecidella siplei (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) May.

Inoue Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record) 35: 282. Lecidea siplei C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 530 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, P. Stple & S. Corey 72W-4 (FH-Dodge! holotype).

Lecidea wadei C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.


- Lichens of the Tetrn Nova Bay area, Victoria Land (Continental Antarctica) -

25: 532 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Cooper, 77°07'S 145°30'W, muscicole, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & Stan.clijjR-6 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 84.

Thallus muscicolous, tenicolous or epilithic, conti

nuous, rimose to areolate or subsquamulose, whitish, cream to greyish or dark grey, forming patches up to 5-6 cm diam., with a granular to verrucose, well-corticate to decomposed surface; thallus K- or K + yellow, C-, KC- or+ yellow; medulla I -.

Apothecia lecideine, up to 1.5 mm diam., con

stricted at the base, round or flexuose, often adpressed

in groups, at first flat with a thick prominent margin, shiny, later convex and thinly marginate or immargina

te, matt. Epithecium bluish to blue-green; hymenium

colourless to pale blue-green, 50-80 µm tali, more or less inspersed; subhymenium c. 30 µm tali; hypothe

cium colourless to pale brownish, up to 150 µm tali, with large crystals, K- or K + pale yellowish; exciple

40-50 µm thick, often inspersed, of radiating, 5-7 µmthick hyphae; outer part dark olivaceous to blackish,inner part pater, K-, C-. Paraphyses simple, thin, c. 1.5µm diam., not coherent, apices slightly swollen, dark,

c. 3 µm diam. Asci Lecanora-type, 40-50 x 12-20 µm,8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 10-16 x 6-9

(-1 O) µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid.

Discussion. This taxon was treated by Hale (1987)

and Inoue (1991a). lt seems to be rather variable both

in ecologica! and morphological features: according to

the originai description (Dodge & Baker 1938), L. siplei

(and L. wadei too) grows on loose sandy soil with

mosses, Dodge (1973) reports it as muscicolous, Hale

(1987), Inoue (1991a) and 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) as growing on loose sand and rock. Thallus

development is highly variable (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), from granular-areolate forms with a more or less amorphous, decomposed and scabrid, whitish to dark grey surf ace ( described by Hai e 1987), to areolate,

verrucose or subsquamulose forms, consisting of smooth, white to cream, darkening, well-corticate areo

les (see lnoue 1991a). The spores are ellipsoid to

broadly ellipsoid, with a rather wide size range: 9-13 x 5-8 µm according to Inoue (1991 a), 11-14 x 7-10 µm

according to Hale (1987). 0vstedal & Lewis Smith

(2001) report a spore size of 10-14 x 6-7 µm for L. siplei,

while materiai from continental Antarctica growing onsoil and rocks with squamulose thalli and slightly larger

spores (10-14 x 7-8 µm), is distinguished as Lecidella

sp. E. The only muscicolous Lecidella recorded by

0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) from continental Antarctica is Lecidella sp. B, but its relationships with L.

siplei are not discussed.

lnvestigated specimens growing on mosses in the

31

survey area have ali the essential characters of those

occuring on sandy soil or rocks, and spore size is highly

variable in specimens collected on the different substra

ta: ali materiai is here attributed to L. siplei, waiting for a clarification of this taxon.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common in the survey area, on different substrata, mainly on mosses and sandy soil, rarely on rocks, in eutrophicated

stands, with Caloplaca athallina, C. citrina, Candela

riella flava, C. vitellina, Lecanora expectans, Physcia

caesia and Xanthoria mawsonii.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape Irizar, Cape King, Carezza

Lake, Crater Cirque, Hanow Peaks, Inexpressible

Island, Kay lsland, Prior Island, Terra Nova Bay Sta

tion, Tinker Glacier, Tripp Island. Distribution. Endemie to the continental and mari

time Antarctic. Continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001): Marie Byrd Land (type, type of L. wadei), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Hale 1987, Seppelt et al. 1995), Enderby Land (lnoue 1991a, 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994), Dronning Maud Land (Thor 1997); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Is., South Orkney Is., BouveWlya (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selectecl specùnen.s examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, P. Modenesi (TSB Al7); Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Campo Icaro, P. Modenesi (A413); Moawhango Neve, Freiburg Mts, Ha/e 59709 (US).

Leproloma cacuminum (Massa!.) Laundon Lichenologist 24: 345 (1992). - Diploicia cacum.inwn Massa!., Symm. Lich. Nov.: 52 (1855). -Rinodina cacuminum. (Massa I.) Anzi, Lich. Rar. Veneti exs. No. 48 (1863). -Buellia epigaea var. cacum.inum (Massa!.) latta, Syll. Lich. Ital.: 385 (1900).

Crocynia anrarctica Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 8 ( 1915). Type: Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, King George lsland, Admiralty Bay, on nunatak, 300 m, 25 Dee. 1909, L. Gain. 30 I p.p. (PC holotype). Fide Laundon I 992: 345.

Crocynia caerulescens Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 11 (] 915). -lepraria caerulescens (Hue) Botnen & 0vstedal, Palar Res. 2, 6: 130 (1988). Type: Antarctica, off Graham Land, [Booth-] Wandel lsland, 'sur les mousses dans les fentes des rochers de la Colline Jeanne', 30 Dee. I 908, L. Gain 125 (PC lectotype). Fide Laundon 1992: 346.

Crocynia candidissima Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 7 (1915). Type: Antarctica, Graham Land, Cap des Trois-Perez, on mosses on acid rock, 6 March 1909, Deux. Expéd. Anrarct. Fr. 273 (PC holotype). Fide Laundon 1992: 346.

Crocynia minima Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: lO (19 I 5). Antarctica, off Graham Land, Petermann Island, 'sur !es rochers du sommet', 14 March 1909, L. Gain 286 (PC holotype). Fide Laundon 1992: 346.

Crocynia nivea Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 9 (1915), nom. illeg. (Art. 64.1 ), non Crocynia nivea (Mont.) Hue, Mém. Soc. nat. Sci. Math. Cherbourg 37: 244 (1909). Type: Antarctica, off Graham Land, Petennann lsland, 'sur !es rochers au nord de I' ile', 1 Jan. I 909, J. liouville 144 (PC holoytpe). Fide Laundon 1992: 346.

lepraria angardiana 0vstedal, Nova Hedwigia 37: 687 (1983). - leproloma an.gardianwn (0vstedal) Laundon, Lichenologist 21: 19(1989). Type: Anta.retica, Dronning Maud Land, Sverdrupfjella,S!1lrhausane, on soil, 3 I Dee. 1970, J. Angard (BG holotype). Fide

M. CASTELLO

Laundon 1992: 346.

Thallus crustose-leprose, effuse, fonning a thick,

white to cream or greyish crust, usually delimited but without lobes; thallus surface composed by a mass of

spherical granules, up to 120-180 µm diam., or eroded and consisting of a leprose membrane; granules covered by interwoven hyphae, often projecting outwards; me

dulia white; hypothallus whitish. Thallus K + yellow,

C-, KC-, P- or P+ yellowish.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by 0vstedal (1983b), Botnen & 0vstedal (1988) and Laundon (1989, 1992). In Antarctica there are severa! leprariod taxa occurring mainly on moss cushions: their taxono

mic treatment is difficult, because of the relative few

morphological features and chemical characters become essential for identification (Botnen & 0vstedal

1988, Laundon 1992). Sterile thalli of other muscico

lous lichens can be easily confused with Lepraria and

Leproloma species: they can be best distinguished by

thin-layer chromatography. In the survey area sterile

thalli of B. papillata may resemble L. cacuminum, the

two species having white to whitish cream thalli, K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P- or+ yellowish, forming a more or less wide delimited crust. Ali sterile, completely leprariod thalli were included in L. cacuminum, while at least partly corticate thalli were treated as sterile fonns of

Buellia papillata.

Distribution in the survey area. Tota! number of

samples: 24, from: Apostrophe Island, Browning Pass,

Cape King, Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Gondwana

Station, Harrow Peaks, Starr Nunatak, Tinker Glacier,

Vegetation Island.

Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: En

derby Land (lnoue 1995), Dronning Maud Land (type

of L. angardiana, 0vstedal 1983b, 1986a, Engelskj0n 1986, Botnen & 0vstedal 1988); the maritime An

tarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (type of C. caerulescens, C. candidissima, C. minima, C. nivea, Botnen & 0vstedal 1988, Laundon 1989), South Shetland Is. (type of C. antarctica, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Laundon 1989, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Orkney Is.,

South Sandwich Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Browning Pass, P. Modenesi (TSB A484); Whitmer Peninsula, Harbord Glacier, Starr Nunatak, R. Bargagli (TSB A604).

Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Ftirnrohr Natur. Topogr. Regensburg, 2: 250 ( 1839). - Lichen caesius Hoffm., Enum. Lich.: 65 (1788).

Dermatiscum harrissonii C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 153 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Land, Possession Rocks, 66°47'S 98°50'E, muscicole, C. T Harrisson A.A.E. 56-1

32

(FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 78. Pannopannelia delicata C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo.

Bot. Gard. 25: 587 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Lichen Peak, 76°53'S 145° 12'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 73-1 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Pannoparmelia pellucida C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 586 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Lichen Peak, 76°53'S 145°12'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 73-1 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Parmelia austrogeorgica C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15, 2-4: 498 (1970). Fide Lindsay 1973a: 113.

Parmelia coreyi C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 595 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-3 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1974a: 4; Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Parmelia griseola C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 596 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-3 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Parmeliajohnstoni C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 19 I (1948). Type: MacRobertson Coast, Cape Bruce, 67°25'S 60°50'E, B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. B108-16 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1974a: 4; Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Parmelia leucoblephara C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 592 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Lichen Peak, 76°53'S 145°12'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 73-7 (FHDodge! holotype). Fide 0vstedal 1983a: 222; Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Pannelia renne/lii C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 1.5: 319 (1968). Type: Eights Coast, Jones Mts, Intrusive Spur, 73°30'S 94°25'W, on decayed moss, K.P. Rennell, E. Schofield AA-155 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Parmelia starrii C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 320 (1968). Type: Gneiss Islet, 71 °45'S 97°33'W, near Thurston Island, on decayed moss, R.B. Starr 4, 8 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Pannelia vario/osa C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 593 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Rea-Cooper, 77°07'S 145°24'W, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey &

O.D. StancliffR-3 (FH-Dodge! isotype). Fide Filson 1974a: 4; Castello & Nimis 1995a: 85.

Physcia autenboeri C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 331 (1968). - Dirinaria autenboeri C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. lsl.: 378(1973). Type: Princess Ragnhild Coast, Viking Heights, 72°04'S 23°24'E, on moss cushions, T van Autenboer 6 (FH!-Dodge holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 79.

Physcia caesioides N.S. Golubk. & Savicz, Nov. Sys. PI. Non Vasc., 12: 283-285 (1967). Type: Enderby Land, Molodezhnaya, 67°45'S 45°15'E, I.M. Simonov (LE). Fide Dodge 1973: 215.

Physcia llanoi C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 528 ( 1965). Type: Knox Coast, Wilkes, 66° l 5'S 110°3 l 'E, muscicole, G.A. Llano 2828 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 86.

Thallus epilithic or muscicolous, foliose, orbicular,

up to 6-7 cm diam., usually confluent with other thalli, more or less adpressed to the substratum, whitish grey

to dark grey, densely white-maculate, sometimes pruinose; lobes 0.2-3 mm wide, separate to imbricate, con

vex to concave, with dark margins; centrai parts of

thallus consisting of densely imbricate small lobes;

lower side dark brown, outer edge pale; rhizines simple, black, sometimes with almost white terminal parts, and

very long and protruding. Upper cortex K + yellow,

slowly reddish, paraplectenchymatous; medulla K +

yellow; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous. Soralia



frequent and confluent, usually terminal on short lobes,

capitate to crateriform, rarely labriform, sometimes la

minai.

Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. Antarctic materiai of this variable lichen was discussed by Nakanishi & Kashiwadani (1976). The great number of synonyms is due to the high polymorphism of this taxon. Ph. caesia is very common in Antarctica; it is usually sterile, but a description of apothecia and spores of Antarctic materiai is provided by Nakanishi & Kashiwadani (1976). It can be easily

confused with Physcia dubia, but differs in the broad, rarely narrow, lo bes, the white-maculate upper side, the

capitate or crateriform, rarely labriform soralia, the K+

yellow medulla. The two species often occur together.

Distribution in the survey area. Very common in eutrophicated stands, on rocks and bryophytes, in association with Buelliafrigida, Xanthoria mawsonii, Can

delariellaflava, Candelaria murrayi, Caloplaca citrina

and Lecanora expectans.

Tota! number of samples: 115, from: Apostrophe Island, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Crater Cirque, Ed

monson Point, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Prior Island, StaIT Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Tinker Glacier, Tripp

Island.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Widespread in Antarctic and subantarctic regions. Continental Antarctica:

Eights Coast (type of Parmelia rennellii, P. starrii),

Marie Byrd Land (type of Parmelia coreyi, P. griseola,

P. leucoblephara, P. variolosa, Pannoparmelia delica

ta, P. pellucida), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, MuITay 1963, Seppelt et al.

1995), King George V Land (Filson 1974a), Wilkes

Land (type of Ph. llanoi, Filson 1974a, 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melicket al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (type of D. harrissonii,

Andreev 1990, Filson 1974a, Olech 1989a), Princess

Elizabeth Land (Filson 1974a), MacRobertson Land(type of P.johnstonii, Filson 1966, 1974a, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kan

da & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977,Nakanishi & Kashiwadani 1976), Dronning Maud Land

(type of Ph. autenboeri, Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997); themaritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (Gremmen et

al. 1995, Lewis Smith & Corner 1973, Redon 1985),South Shetland Is. (Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van derKnaap 1993, Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Olech 1989b,Redon 1985, Sancho et al. 1999), South Orkney Is.

(Lewis Smith 1972, Redon 1985), South Sandwich Is.,Bouvet0ya (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); suban-

33

tarctic region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1973a, 197 4c, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Prior Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A280); Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, P.

Modenesi (TSB A22, A24, A 70); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi

(TSB A29).

Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau Hedwigia, 52: 254 ( l 912). - Lobaria dubia Hoffm., Deutschl. Flora: 156 (1796).

Thallus muscicolous or epilithic, foliose, iITegular to orbicular, up to 1 cm diam., whitish grey to dark grey

or brownish, sometimes pruinose; lobes distinctly sepa

rate, narrow, elongate and slightly ascending, up to 1.5 mm wide; lower side pale brown to brownish, with dark

simple rhizines. Upper cortex paraplectenchymatous, K

+ yellow; medulla K-; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous. Soralia labriform.

Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. This species can be confused with P.

caesia, and it has probably been misinterpreted in An

tarctic regions (J0rgensen 1986). P. dubia differs from P. caesia mainly in the K- reaction of the medulla, the

naJTower lobes, which are never white-maculate, andthe marginai and labriform soralia (Moberg 1977); thetwo species are often associated. For a discussion of

Antarctic materiai see Nakanishi & Kashiwadani(1976).

Distribution in the survey area. Few collections on

siliceous rocks and mosses, with nitrophytic species,

Candelaria murrayi, Candelariella flava, Ph. caesia,

Xanthoria mawsonii.


Island, Edmonson Point, Kay Island. Distribution. Bipolar. Continental Antarctica: Vic

toria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Seppelt et al. 1996), Queen Mary Land (Olech 1989a), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Nakanishi 1977,

Nakanishi & Kashiwadani 1976); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et al. 1998,

0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is.

(Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal

& Lewis Smith 2001, Sancho et al. 1999), South Sand

wich Is. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Bouvet0ya (Engelskj0n 1987, J0rgensen 1986, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001); subantarctic region: South Georgia (J0rgensen 1986, Lindsay 1974c (as Ph. cf. wainioi), 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay Terra Nova Bay Station, F. Bersan (TSB A804); Wood Bay, M; Melbourne, Edmonson Point, S. Sedmak (TSB A4 l 7).

M. CASTELLO

Pleopsidium chlorophanum (Wahlenb.) Zopf Ann. Chem. 284: 117 ( 1895). - Parmelia chlorophana Wahlenb., in

Ach., Meth. Lich. Suppi.: 44 (l 803). - Acarospora chlorophana (Wahlenb.) Rie. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 27 (I 852).

Biatorella antarctica Js. Murray, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 2: 60 (1963). - Biatorellopsis antarctica (Js. Murray) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 138 (]973). Type: Victoria Land, Football Mt, Hallett Base, 2700 ft., E.B. Fitzgerald & W.G. Croll (WELT I 38! holotype). Fide 0vstedal 1983a: 218.

Biatorellopsis eklu.ndii C.W. Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 312 (1968). Type: Antarctic Peninsula, Batterbee Mts, 71 °23'S 66°55'W, on rock, C.Eklund 94 [B-3-4] (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994a: 288.

Candelariella cerebriformis C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B. 7: 184 ( l 948). - Biatorellopsis cerebriformis (C.W. Dodge) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 139 (1973). -Biatorella cerebrifonnis (C.W. Dodge) Filson, Muelleria 3 (2): 149 (1975). Type: George V Land, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, 67°00'S 142°36'E, on rocks, 1912-13, A.A.E. 1052 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide 0vstedal 1983a: 218; Castello & Nimis 1994a: 288.

Polycauliona citrina C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B. 7: 238 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Coast, L/V Possession Nunatak, 66°45'S 98°30'E, 25 Dee. 1912, C. T Harrisson 42 (FHDodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994a: 288.

Thallus epilithic, yellow, K-, KC-, very variable and ranging from areolate to areolate-stipitate and squamulose-pulvinate, to effigurate, a few cm broad and up to 1 cm tali; areoles smooth to verrucose-cerebriform, up

to 2-4 mm diam.; medulla white, K-, KC-. Apothecia up to 2-3 mm diam., flat to convex or

almost globose, sometimes with a corrugated disc; thalline margin thin, disappearing at maturity. Epithecium

brownish yellow, 15-20 µm tall; hymenium colourless,

60-100 µm tali; hypothecium colourless, 50-80 µm tall.

Paraphyses simple or sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam.,

apices not swollen. Asci 70-80 x 15-20 µm, Pleopsi

dium-type, with 100-200 spores. Spores unicellular,

colourless, 3.5-4.5 x 1.5-2 µm, ellipsoid.Pycnidia immersed; conidia ellipsoid, 3-3.8 x 1.5-

1.8 µm.

Discussion. P. chlorophanum is very variable, and was described from Antarctica under severa) specific or

generic epithets, that were found to be just morphotypes induced by environmental conditions. For a discussion

see Castello & Nimis (1994a).

Distribution in the survey area. Common in the

survey area, in association with anitrophytic or weakly nitrophytic species, such as Acarospora gwynnii, Buel

lia lignoides, B. frigida, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, L.

physciella, Lecidea cancriformis, Pseudephebe minu

scula and Umbilicaria decussata.

Tota) number of samples: 54, from: Campo Icaro, Cape Phillips, Cape Sastrugi, Carezza Lake, Coulman

Island, Daniell Peninsula, Edmonson Point, Football

Saddle, Gondwana Station, Lowry Bluff, Mt Moriarty, Stefania Cirque, Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova

Bay Station, Vegetation Island, Vegetation Ridge.

34

Distribution. Bipolar. Widespread with a circumpolar distribution. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land

(Castello & Nimis 1994a, 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985,

Murray 1963), King George V Land (type of C. cere

briformis, Castello & Nimis 1994a), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith

1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (type of P. citrina, Andreev 1990, Castello & Nimis

1994a, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Castello & Nimis 1994a, Filson 1966, 1975c), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995), Dronning Maud Land (Engelskjpn 1986,

Lindsay I 971 c, 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1986a, Thor

1995, 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay 1974b), south-we

stern Antarctic Peninsula (type of B. eklundii); the

maritime Antarctic: W Peninsula (Lewis Smith & Cor

ner 1973, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is. (Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001),

South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001, Redon 1985); subantarctic region: South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A66), G. Del Frate (TSB A52); Te1Ta Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, P. Modenesi (TSB A68); Coulman Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A l03); Hallett Peninsula, Admiralty Mts, Edisto Glacier, Stefania Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A75); Snowdome, Hallett Base, E.B. Fitzgerald (WELT I 16), as Biatorel/a antarctica; Football Mt, Hallett Base, E.B. Fitzgerald &

W.G. Crol/ (WELT 134), as B. antarctica; Cape Crozier, 76°59'S I 69°34'E, right below camp, Holm-Hansen Bag 35 e (FH-Dodge), as P. citrina; Skelton Glacier, moraine bluff, 78°45'S 16 I 042'E, John

Mu.lligan 24 (FH-Dodge), as P. citrina. - George V Coast: MadiganNunatak, 30 miles east of Winter Quarters, 67°7'S l43°20'E, C.F.Laseron, 25-7(FH-Dodge), as P. citrina. -QueenMary Coast: UIV,Mt Barr. Smith, 67° I 2'S 99°E, Harrison 75-1 (FH-Dodge), as P.

citrina. - MacRobertson Land: Fischer Nunatak, R. Filson & C.Austin, Lich. Antarct. Exsiccati, fase. I, n° 4 (BM), as Biatorella

cerebriformis.

Pseudephebe minuscola (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & Hawksworth Opera Botanica 42: 140 (1977). - lmbricaria lanata var. minuscula

Nyl. ex Arnold, Ver. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 28: 293 (1878).-Parmelia

minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Nyl., Bui!. Soc. Linn. Normand., sér. 4, I: 205 (1887). - Cornicularia lanata var. minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Hue, Deux. Exped. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 41 (]915). - Alectoria minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Degel., Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 78: 286 (1938).

Alectoria antarctica C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 599 (1938). Type: Antarctica, Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Rea Cooper, P. Siple & al. R-1 (FH). Fide Lamb 1964: 27; Brodo&Hawksworth 1977: 141.

Alectoria intricata Hue, Deux. Exped. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 41 (1915). - Alectoria bicolor var. intricata (Hue) Gyelnik, Ann. hist. nat. Mus. hung., 29: 3 ( 1935). - Bryopogon bicolor var. intricatus (Hue) Gyelnik, Repert. nov. Spec. Regn. veg., 38: 238 (]935). Type: Marguerite Bay, FAE 1908-10/269. Fide Lamb I 948: 243.

Parmelia m.inuscula f. appianata Lynge, in Lynge & Scholander, Skr. Svalbard lshavet 41: 71 ( 1932). - Alectoria minuscula f. appia

nata (Lynge) I.M. Lamb, Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 80: 264 (1939). Fide Brodo & Hawksworth 1977: 141.

Pannelia pubescens f. biformis Vain., Exped. Antarct. Beige Rés. Voy. S.Y. Belg.ica I 897-99, Rap. Sci. Bot.: 14 ( 1903). -Alectoria minuscula f. biformis (Vain.) I.M. Lamb, Lilloa 14: 243 (1948). -



Alectoria biformis (Vain.) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 219 ( 1973). Type: Antarctica: Brabant Island, E. Racovitza BAE 246

(TUR). Fide Brodo & Hawksworth 1977: 14 l. Parmelia pubescens var. congesta Zahlbr., Dtsch. Stidpol. Ex

ped. 8: 52 (1928). -Alectoria congesta (Zahlbr.) C.W. Dodge, BANZ.

Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 195 (1948). - Alectoria minuscula f. congesta (Zahlbr.) I.M. Lamb, Lilloa 14: 244 (1948). Type: Antarctica, Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, Gaussberg, Drygalskey's Expedition, 1901-03 (BM lectotype). Fide Brodo & Hawksworth 1977: 141.

Thallus epilithic, fruticose, prostrate, or in extreme

forms almost subfoliose or crustose, dark brown to black, sometimes with pale brown basai parts, often

shiny, forming circular adpressed cushions up to 3 cm

diam., attached to the substratum by short hapters; lobes always somewhat flattened, up to 1 mm broad, usually

dichotomically and irregularly branched, with nume

rous short lateral branches; intemodal distance not ex

ceeding 0.5 mm. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.

Discussion. This taxon, monographed by Lamb

(1964) and Brodo & Hawksworth (1977), is very vari

able, especially in extreme ecologica) conditions.

Distribution in the survey area. Common on granites and diorites, in anitrophytic to weakly nitrophytic

communities, with Acarospora gwynnii, Buellia lignoi

des, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Lecidea cancriformis,

Pleopsidium chlorophanum, Rhizocarpon spp., Umbi

licaria decussata and Usnea spp. Tota) number of samples: 59, from: Campo Icaro,

Cape Irizar, Cape King, Cape Sastrugi, Carezza Lake,

Coulman Island, Crater Cirque, Football Saddle, Gond

wana Station, Inexpressible Island, Lamplugh Island,

Prior Island, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Terra

Nova Bay Station, Tripp Island, Vegetation Island,

Vegetation Ridge, Whitmer Peninsula.

Distribution. Bipolar. Circumpolar in Antarctica.

Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Castello & Ni

mis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Murray 1963), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis

Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994 ), Queen Mary

Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970,

Nakanishi 1977), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966,

1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Dronning Maud Land

(Bowra et al. 1966, Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay 1971c,

1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995,

1997); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula

(Gremmen et al. 1995, Lamb 1964, Lewis Smith &

Corner 1973, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Shetland Is. (Lindsay 1969a, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985),

South Orkney Is. (Lindsay 1969a, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001, Redon 1985); subantarctic region: South

35

Georgia (Lindsay 1972b, 1974c, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Whitmer Peninsula, S. Sedmak (TSB A285); Te1rn Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Vegetation Ridge, P. Modenesi (TSB A9 I); Ten-a Nova Bay, Deep

Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB A l 98, A412); Hallett

Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi (TSB A92).

Rhizocarpon adarense (Darb.) I.M. Lamb Lilloa 14: 217, 221 (1948). - Buellia adarensis Darb., Brit. Antarct. Ten-a Nova Exped. 1910 Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 35 (1923). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Adare, 71 ° l 7'S 170° 15'E, R.E. Priestley (BM).

Buelliaflavoplana Darb., Brit. Antarct. Ten-a Nova Exped. 1910 Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 38 ( 1923). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Adare, 71 °17'S 170°15'E, R.E. Priestley (BM). Fide Lamb 1948: 221.

Buellia superba Darb., Brit. Antarct. Te!Ta Nova Exped. 1910 Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 42 (1923). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Sastrugi, 74°44'S 163°32'E (BM). Fide Lamb 1948: 221.

Buellia tristis Darb., Brit. Antarct. Ten-a Nova Exped. 1910 Nat.

Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 43 (1923). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Sastrugi, 74°44'S 163°32'E (BM). Fide Lamb 1948: 221.

Buellia variabilis Darb., Brit. Antarct. Te!Ta Nova Exped. 1910

Nat. Hist. Rep. Bot. 3: 44 (1923). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Sastrugi,

74°44'S 163°32'E (BM). Fide Lamb 1948: 221.

Thallus epilithic, areolate, yellow, greenish yellow or whitish, forming orbicular patches up to 4 cm diam.;

areoles contiguous, flat to convex or subglobose, 0.5-2

mm diam., sometimes squamulose up to 3-4 mm wide

and 2 mm thick; edges of the areoles black; smface

scabrid to verrucose, matt; hypothallus black; prothal

lus black and thick, delimited, c. 1 mm wide; cortex 100 µm thick, K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla 1-, K-, C-, KC-, P-.

Apothecia lecideine, black, sessile, among the areo

les, round or angular, flat to slightly convex, up to 1.5

mm diam., with a distinct margin becoming whitish and

necrotic and disappearing with age; disc finely verruco

se. Epithecium dark brown, K+ violet, with granules;

hymenium colourless to reddish brown, 80-11 O µm tall;

hypothecium dark brown, 60-130 µm tali; exciple 25-30

µm thick, outer edge dark brown, internally paler. Pa

raphyses thin, septate, simple or sparsely branched, up to 3 µm diam., apices dark brown, up to 5 µm diam., strongly conglutinate. Asci davate, 50-70 x 15-22 µm,

8-spored. Spores brown, bicellular, with a rather evi

dent hai o when immature, ( 13-) 14-17 x 6-8 µm, not or

only slightly constricted at the septum.

Discussion. This taxon was formerly included by

Runemark (1956) in the variable Rh. superficiale

(Schaer.) Malme. 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001) maintain Rh. adarense as distinct, differing from Rh.

superficiale in chemistry (with rhizocarpic acid, without the stictic acid complex) and in the longer

spores ( 11-12 x 8-9 µm in Rh. superficale). Rh. adaren

se seems to be restricted to continental Antarctica, while Rh. superficiale is reported from the Antarctic Peninsu-

M. CASTELLO

la. According to these authors further investigations are needed the clarify the relationships between these two species, which could belong to one variable taxon.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common; it occurs on granites and diorites, with Buellia lignoides, Pseudephebe minuscula, Umbilicaria decussata, Acarospora gwynnii and Pleopsidium chlorophanum.

Tota! number of samples: 21, from: Cape Sastrugi, Index Point, Kay Island, Morozumi Range, Teall Nunatak, Vegetation lsland, Vegetation Ridge.

Distribution. Endemie to continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 200]): Marie Byrd Land

(Lamb 1948),Victoria Land (type of B. adarensis, B.

flavoplana, B. superba, B. tristis, B. variabilis, Castello& Nimis 1995b, 2000), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1986a), southem Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens exam.ined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A 137); Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB Al95); Terra Nova Bay, Index Point, S. Sedmak (TSB A230); Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Vegetation Ridge, P. Modenesi (TSB A37 l).

Rhizocarpon geminatum Korb. Syst. Lich. Germ.: 259 (1855).

Thallus epilithic, areolate, grey to dark grey, to 1 cm

diam.; areoles convex to subglobose, up to 1 mm diam., adpressed, with scabrid surface; prothallus black; medulla 1-.

Apothecia lecideine, sessile, up to 0.8 mm diam., often adpressed, piane with a prominent margin, to slightly convex with thin margin. Epithecium reddish brown, K+ violet-red; hymenium colourless, 100-130 µm tali; hypothecium dark brown, c. 150 µm tali. Paraphyses c. 2 µm diam., with dark swollen apices. Asci c. 80 x 20 µm, 2-spored. Spores muriform, dark brown,halonate, 35-55 x 20 25 µm.

Discussion. This Rhizocarpon is well characterized by the grey thallus, the K + red epithecium, the 2-spored

asci and the dark brown spores. The relationships with

Rh. griseolum (Hue) Dodge, reported by Dodge (1973) from severa] locali ti es of the mari time Antarctic, and by Kappen (1985) from northem Victoria Land, are to be

clarified. Distribution in the survey area. One specimen from

Kay Island, growing with nitrophytic species: Buellia

frigida, Candelariellaflava, Physcia caesia and Xanthoria mawsonii.

Distribution. Bipolar. This is the first record from

continental Antarctica. Known from the maritime Antarctic, Antarctic Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001 ), South Shetland Is. (Olech 1989b, 0vstedal &

36

Lewis Smith 2001, Sancho et al. 1999).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood bay, Kay Island, F. Bersan (TSB A 771 ).

Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. s. lat. Buellia lutea C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 326

(1973). Type: Victoria Land, Scott Glacier area, McDonald Nunataks, 85°28'S 157°38'W, on quartz, e.e. Claridge 4 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 76.

? Rhizocarpon antarcticum (Ras.) Ras., Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.Bot. Fenn. Vanamo, 21: 4 (1947). Fide Runemark 1956: 90.

Rhizocarponflavwn C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 552 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Mt Stancliff, 76°49'S 145°23'W, P. Siple & S. Corey 72A-2 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001: 299.

Rhizocarponjohnstonii C.W. Dodge, Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7:118 (1948). Fide Runemark 1956: 90.

Rhizocarpon kerguelense C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7:116 (1948); Rhizocarpon geographicwn var. kerguelense (C.W. Dodge) Ras. Fide Runemark 1956: 90.

Thallus epilithic, areolate, delimited, yellow to yellow-green; areoles flat to strongly convex, up to 1-2 mm diam., usually contiguous or more or less dispersed, up to 2 mm tali, sometimes crowded in groups up to 3 mm tali, P-; surface usually scabrid and matt, rarely smooth and glossy, more or less fissured; hypothallus black, scarcely visible among areoles; prothallus black, thick, well-delimited and continuous, up to 1 mm wide or not evident; medulla I+ violet-blue, P + pale yellow.

Apothecia lecideine, black, sessile, numerous, usually on margins of areoles, up to 1.5-2 mm diam., flat to slightly convex, more or less angular, with a thin and persistent margin. Epithecium dark reddish brown,

K + violet, without granules; hymenium colourless or pale brown, 90-100 µm tall; hypothecium dark brown, 120-150 µm tali. Paraphyses branched, c. 3 µm diam.,apices dark brown, not swollen. Asci davate, 70 x 25µm, 8-spored. Spores bicellular to submuriform, with(1-) 3 transverse septa and 1-3 longitudinal septa, with(2-) 3-7 cells, 18-28(-30) x 10-12(-14) µm.

Discussion. The materiai clearly belongs in the poorly understood Rhizocarpon geographicum complex,

which includes many variable taxa (Poelt 1969, 1988), mostly treated by Runemark (1956) at subspecific rank. Antarctic materiai is characterized by the usually scabrid and matt (but smooth and glossy in some parts), irregular thallus surface (Runemark 1956), and by the spores with fewer cells (3-7 against 6-10 cells), and was formerly described as Rh. flavum. These differences, however, seem insufficient to justify a separation at species rank: it is well-known that the extreme environmental conditions of the Antarctic continent can strongly affect thallus morphology, while the cell number in the spores of the Rh. geographicum group is highly



variable (see 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

According to Runemark (1956) Rh. antarcticum is

probably identical with Rh. flavum.

Another widespread, yellow Rhizacarpon species recorded from Antarctic regions and collected in the

survey area is Rhizacarpon adarense (see below); Rh.

geographicum is characterized by the submuriform

spores, the I+ violet-blue medulla, and the epithecium

without granules.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather rare, col

lected with Buellia lignoides, Acarospora spp. and Um

bilicaria spp.

Tota) number of samples: 9, from: Cape Sastrugi,

Football Saddle, Harrow Peaks, Stefania Cirque, Teall

Nunatak, Vegetation Island. Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Continental Antarctica

(0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001): Marie Byrd Land

(type), Victoria Land (type of B. lutea, Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Seppeltetal. 1995), Wilkes

Land (Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986,

1988, Melick et al. 1994 ), Queen Mary Land (Andreev

1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966,

1975c), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue

1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning

Maud Land (Engelskjpn 1986, 0vstedal 1983b, 1986a,

Thor 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay 1974b); the maritime

Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et al. 1998,

Lewis Smith & Corner 1973, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Shetland Is. (Allison & Le

wis Smith 1973, Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, Sancho &

Valladares 1993, Sancho et al. 1999), South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972, 1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001, Redon 1985), Bouvetpya (Engelskjpn 1987, 0vstedal 1986b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 200 l ); suban

tarctic region: Prince Edward Is., Kerguelen I., Heard I.

(Lindsay 1977a), South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001).

Selected �pecùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Deep Freeze Range, Cape Sastrugi, S. Sedmak (TSB A434); Hallett Peninsula, Admiralty Mts, Edisto Glacier, Stefania Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A345, A314).

Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (Ramond) Leuckert &

Poelt Nova Hedwigia, 28: 72 (1977). - Lichen melanophth.almus Ramond, in Lam. & DC., Fl. Franç. 3 éd., 2: 377 (1805). - Lecanora melanophth.alma (Ramond) Ramond, Memoir. Acad. Roy. Se. de l'lnstit. de France 6: 133 (1823). -Lecanora rubina Ach. var. melanophthalma (Ramond) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 5: 660 (1928).

Lecanora ch.rysoleuca (Sm.) Ach. var. melanophthalma (Ramond) Th.Fr. f. exsulans Th. Fr., Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 40: 208 (1902). - Lecanora rubina Ach. var. melanophthalma (Ramond) Zahlbr. f.exsulans (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 5: 660 (1928).-Lecanora exsulans (Th. Fr.) C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.

37

25: 570 (1938).- Omphalodina exsulans (Th. Fr.) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 184 (1973). Type:Victoria Land, Geikie Land, 71 °40'S l 70°E, C.E. Borchgrevink (UPS, 0). Fide Filson 1975c: 153.

Lecanora chrysoleuca var. da/toni Hook. f. & Taylor, in Hook,

Flora Antarctica 2: 534 ( 1847). Fide Zahlbr. 1928, 5: 660. Lecanora daltoniana Hook. f. & Taylor, London Journ. Bot. 3:

641 (1844). - Omphalodina daltoniana (Hook. f. & Taylor) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. 1s1.: 182 (1973). Type: Cockburn Island, 64° 12'S 56°50'W, J.D Hooker, Voy. Erebus & Terror (Taylor herb, 981, FH). Fide Zahlbruckner 1928, 5: 659.

Lecanora exsulans f. minor C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 172 (1948). Type: George V Coast, Cape Denison, 67°00'S 142°40'E, A.A.E. 158, 159. Fide Filson 1974b: 15.

Thallus epilithic, squamulose to foliose umbilicate or pulvinate, cream to greenish cream, yellowish green

to brown, dark green to black, up to 3 cm diam., K- or

+ yellow, KC-or + yellow, C-; lower side cream; upper

cortex 30-80 µm thick, with a yellowish brown outerlayer and a colourless inner layer; medulla I-, K-, C-,KC-, hyphae very thick and loosely interwoven, 5-8 µm

diam.; lower cortex, 10-60 µm thick, with olive outerlayer.

Apothecia lecanorine, concave to flat, substipitate,

crowded, up to 5 mm diam.; thalline margin usually

thick and persistent, smooth to crenulate, often

flexuous; disc darker than the margin, cream to greenish

cream to dark green or black. Epithecium encrusted

with olive-green granules dissolving in K; hymenium

colourless, 50-60 µm tali; subhymenium pale yellowish

or colourless, 20-30 µm tali, hypothecium 40-60 µm

tali, of loosely interwoven hyphae. Cortex of exciple well-developed, 35-80 µm thick, with a brownish outer

layer; algae in clumps, forming two distinct layers, under the hypothecium and under the exciple cortex;

medulla loose, of very thick hyphae. Paraphyses simple,

c. 2 µm diam., apices c. 3 µm diam., encrusted with dark

granules. Asci clavate, 40-55 x 10-12 µm, Lecanora -

type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 9-12 x

(5-)6-7 µm, broadly ellipsoid.Pycnidia forming black spots on thallus surface;

conidia filiform, curved or arc-like, 18-30 x 0.7-1 µm.

Discussion. A rather variable species with respect to

thallus and apothecia development and colour: the thal

lus varies from scarcely developed forms, where it is

hardly detectable under the apothecia, to pulvinate,

squamulose or clearly umbilicate forms, its colour

changing from pale cream, more or less yellowish, to

greenish cream, brown, dark green or finally black. The

apothecia are usually numerous, covering the thallus,

large and concave to flat, with a disc darker than the thallus and a well-developed, thick, smooth to crenulate margin, concolorous with the thallus, but they can be

come convex and immarginate. Many Omphalodina

(Rhizaplaca) species described by Dodge (1973) main-

M. CASTELLO

ly on the basis of morphological features of thallus and

apothecia are probably different morphotypes of this vari ab le taxon (0vstedal 1986b ). The relationships with

the other Rhizoplaca species recently reported from Victoria Land, Rh. priestleyi (C.W. Dodge) Seppelt,

characterized by a pulvinate thallus completely covered

by apothecia, remains to be clarified: Taxonomic aspects of Antarctic materiai of Rh. melanophthalma

are discussed by 0vstedal (1986b). Rh. melanophthalma can be easily confused in the

field with well-developed, pulvinate to subsquamulose

forms of Lecanorafuscobrunnea C.W. Dodge & G.E.

Baker: these two species often grow together, but they

can be distinguished by chemical characters (Seppelt et

al. 1995) and by apothecia and spores characters, L.

fuscobrunnea having apothecia with a thin and disap

pearing margin and ellipsoid, never broadly ellipsoid or

subglobose spores.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common in

eutrophicated stands of the survey area, occurring with

nitrophytic species, such as Buellia frigida, Xanthoria

mawsonii, X. elegans, Candelariellaflava, Candelaria

murrayi and Lecanora fuscobrunnea; it grows with

weakly nitrophytic species too, such as Acarospora

gwynii, Umbilicaria decussata and Usnea antarctica.


Island, Baker Rocks, Cape King, Crater Cirque, Foot

ball Saddle, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Stefania Cirque, Vegetation Island.

Distribution. Bipolar, with a very wide range in both hemispheres. Continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001): Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Murray 1963, Seppeltetal. 1995), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et a!. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), Ma

cRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt &

Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kanda &

Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977),

Dronning Maud Land (Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay

1971c, 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay & Brook 1971); the

maritime Antarctic (Redon 1985): Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et al. 1998, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001),

South Shetland ls. (Andeev 1988, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Sancho et al. 1999), Bouvet0ya (Engelskj0n 1987, 0vstedal 1986b, 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001); South Sandwich Is., South Orkney

ls. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 ); subantarctic regi on:

South Georgia (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A348), G. Del Frate (TSB A46); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, S.Sedmak (TSB A257), G. Del Frate (TSB

38

A53), R. Bargagli (TSB A541); Hallett Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi (TSB A346); Cape Hallett, E. Schofield AA145a, AA 158 (FH-Dodge), T.P. Gannutz 190A (FH-Dodge), G.A. Llano 2712 (FH-Dodge), ali as Omphalodina exsulans.

Rhizoplaca sp. 1

Thallus epilithic, squamulose, umbilicate, small, up

to 0.5-1 cm, K-, C-, KC-; squamules peltate, cream soon darkening to brown, dark brown, grey or black, glossy,

up to 3-4 mm diam.; lower side cream or pale brown,

with darker margins; upper cortex 60-70 µm thick, outer

edge olive to dark bluish green or brown, internally

colourless; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, of loosely interwo

ven hyphae, 5-7 µm diam.; lower cortex loose, 40-60 µm thick.

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, usually terminal on

margins of squamules, sometimes hardly detectable

from the thallus, flat to convex, up to 2-2.5 mm diam.;

margin thick to thin or disappearing, dark to black, leve!

with the disc; disc concolour with the margin or slightly

darker. Epithecium dark olive or bluish green; hymenium colourless, 50-60 µm tali; hypothecium colour

less, 20-40 µm tali; thalline exciple often not differen

tiated from the thallus cortex. Paraphyses simple or

sparsely branched, c. 2 µm diam., apices swollen, 3-5

µm diam., encrusted with olive granules. Asci Lecano

ra-type, 30-40 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores unicellu

lar, colourless, 7-10(-11) x 5-7 µm, broadly ellipsoid.

Discussion. The materiai is well characterized by

morpho-anatomical and ecologica! features: the thallus

is small, usually very dark or black but in some parts cream and distinctly squamulose; the apothecia are terminal on areoles, black, slightly convex and often

immarginate, and usually not clearly distinct from the

squamules; the spores are broadly ellipsoid, 7-10(-11)

x 5-7 µm. This species seems to be linked to non-eu

trophicated conditions and occurs on granites. In the

field it can somewhat resemble a Lecidea; reduced dark forms of Rh. melanophthalma can be confused with this

species, but they differ in apothecial, spore and ecolo

gica] characters. This materiai shows affinities with Lecanora pringlei (Tuck.) I.M. Lamb from alpine California (Poelt, pers. comm.).

The materiai agrees in many aspects with the de

scription of Omphalodina mcLeanii (C.W. Dodge) C.W. Dodge, a species described from George V Coast

and reported from many areas of continental Antarctica

(Dodge 1973): O. mcLeanii has a small brown umbili

cate thallus, covered by stipitate, dark brown apothecia,

with an amphithecium not distinguished from the cortex

of the squamules, and broadly ellipsoid spores, 6-7 x3-4 µm with a moderately thick wall. The revision of



Antarctic materiai of Rhizaplaca (Omphalodina) spe

cies reported by Dodge (1973) will clarify the taxono

mic position of this materiai. This taxon was erroneously cited as Rh. mcLleanii in Castello & Nimis (2000).

Distribution in the survey area. Rather rare in the survey area; probably anitrophytic or weakly nitro

phytic, growing with Acarospora gwynnii, Buellia fri

gida, B. lignoides, Carbonea vorticosa and Lecanora

physciella.

Tota! number of samples: 13, from: Carezza Lake,

Football Saddle, Stefania Cirque, Tam Flat, Teall Nu

natak, Vegetation Island.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Ross Island, McMurdo, G.A. Liana 2135 (FH-Dodge), as Omphalodina exsulans;

Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, S. Sedmak (TSB A 179); Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A l62); Hallett Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi (TSB A430); Hallett Peninsula, Admiralty Mts, Edisto Glacier, Stefania Cirque, P. Modenesi (TSB A32 l, A323, A338, A347).

Rimularia psephota (Tuck.) Hertel & Rambold Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. MUnchen 23: 334 ( 1987). -Lecidea psephota

Tuck., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 181 (1877). -Lambiella psephota

(Tuck.) Hertel, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 460 (1984).

Thallus epilithic, areolate, to 3 cm diam.; areoles

cream, pale brown to grey, piane to convex or subglo

bose, more or less contiguous, with smooth surface,

0.1-0.3 mm diam.; prothallus black, dend1itic; thallus K

+ red, C-; medulla I+, K + red (norstictic acid).

Apothecia lecideine, sessile, up to 0.6 mm diam.,

irregular in shape, piane with thick to thin, prorninent

margin and rough, matt disc with umbonate structures. Epithecium olivaceous green-brown, K + violet; hymenium colourless, 50-70 µm tali; subhymenium colourless, c. 25 µm tali; hypothecium dark brown, to 40 µm

tali; exciple dark brown, 35-40 µm thick. Paraphyses 2 µm diam., branched and anastomised, apices dark, c. 4

µm diam. Asci broadly davate, 30-40 x 20 µm, Rimu

laria-type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 10-

15 x 6-9 µm, broadly ellipsoid.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Hertel

(1984) and Hertel & Rambold (1990). It is characterized

by the amyloid medulla, the presence of norstictic acid,

the K+ violet epithecium and the more or less gyrodisc

apothecia.

Distribution in the survey area. Rare; it occurs on

granites with anitrophytic species: Umbilicaria decus

sata, Pseudephebe minuscula, Carbonea vorticosa, Le

cidea cancriformis and Buellia lignoides.

Tota! number of samples: 4, from Vegetati on Island,

Prior lsland.

Distribution. Bipolar. This is the first record from

39

continental Antarctica; known from Antarctic Peninsu

la, South Georgia (Hertel 1989, 0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001), Kerguelen Is. (Hertel 1984), Macquarie I.

(Hertel 1987b, Kantvilas & Seppelt 1991).

Se/ected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, S. Sedmak (TSB Al 69), R. Bargagli (TSB A624).

Rinodina olivaceobrunnea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 659 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'5 145°30'W, P. Siple & S. Corey

72W-13 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Rinodina archaeoides H. Magn., Acta Horti Gothoburg, 17: 278

(1947). Fide Fil son I 975a: 119. Rinodina fecunda C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped.

Rep. B, 7: 257 (J 948). Type: Queen Mary Coast, Hippo lslet, 66°26'5 98°06'E, parasi tic on mosses, C. T. Harrisson, A.A.E. 78-2 (FHDodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis I 995a: 87.

Thallus muscicolous or growing at the base of thalli of Usnea sphacelata, reduced and granular, cream to

dark brown or black; cortex 30 µm thick, I-; medulla 1-. Apothecia lecanorine, constricted below, substipita

te, up to 1-1.2 mm diam.; disc flat, dark brown or black;

thalline inargin thick and persistent, usually crenulate,

or smooth, concolorous with the thallus. Epithecium

dark brown; hymenium colourless, 70-100 µm tali;

hypothecium colourless, inspersed with oil drops, 10-

20 µm tali; cortex of the exciple colourless to dark

brown, 1-. Paraphyses simple, c. 2 µm diam., apices

swollen up to 3-4 µm diam. Asci eia vate, 70-80 x 15-18

µm, 8-spored. Spores Physcia-type, 19-25(-28) x (8-)9-

10(-12) µm, with apical and septum thickenings up to 4

µm.

Conidia curved, 2-3 x 0.5 µm.

Discussion. Antarctic populations of R. olivaceo

brunnea show a great variability in apothecial and spore

features; this variability and the relationships with R.

turfacea (Wahlenb.) Kéirb., the other Rinodina species

occurring on plant debris, mosses and soil of Antarctic

regions, are discussed by Jacobsen & Kappen (1989).

According to these authors these species can be mainly

distinguished by spore characters: R. turfacea has Phy

scia-type spores, with very thick apical and septum

walls (8 µm and 6.5 µm respectively) and a distinct

convex apical thickening, while R. olivaceobrunnea

usually has spores with thinner apical and septum walls (always less than 4.5 µm) and lumen shape intermediate

between Physcia- and Milvina- type. Spores and apot

hecia sizes, previously considered as differential characters by Filson (1975a) and 0vstedal (I 983a), are of

minor taxonomic importance. Moreover R. turfacea has an I+ apothecial margin, while R. olivaceobrunnea

usually reacts I- (Wirth 1995).

Distribution in the survey area. Rather rare. It grows

M. CASTELLO

on mosses or plant debris, with nitrophytic species such

as Physcia caesia, Candelariella athallina and C. flava,

or at the base of thalli of Usnea sphacelata.

Tota! number of samples: 15, from: Cape King,

Crater Cirque, Han-ow Peaks, Kay Island, Lamplugh Island, Prior lsland, Tinker Glacier.

Distribution. A bipolar species, with an arctic-alpi

ne distribution. In Antarctica it displays a circumpolar

distribution. Continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis

Smith 2001): Marie Byrd Land (Filson 1975a), Victoria

Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Jacobsen & Kappen 1989, Kappen 1985, Lamb 1968), Wilkes Land

(Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Jacobsen & Kappen 1989, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al.

1994), Queen Mary Land (type of R.fecunda, Andreev

1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Lamb 1968,

Filson 1966, 1975c), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kanda

& Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977),

Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, Thor

1995); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula

(0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South Shetland Is.

(Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993), South

Orkney Is., Bouvetl')ya(0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001);

subantarctic region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1973b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001).

Selected specùnens examined: Victoria Land: Prior Island, S. Sedmak (TSB A274, A279); Lamplugh lsland, S. Sedmak (TSB A290), R. Bargagli (TSB A538); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King, R. Bargagli (TSB A545).

Rinodina sp. 1

Thallus epilithic, pale to dark brown, clearly loba

te-effigurate, to 1 cm diam., with contiguous, strongly

convex, peripheral lobes to 1 mm long and 0.8 mm

wide, and verrucose-nodulose centrai parts, or reduced

to small scattered areoles completely covered by

adpressed apothecia, with few or no peripheral lobes;

thallus K-, C-, KC-; medulla 1-, K-, C-.

Apothecia lecanorine, constricted below, 0.3-1 mm

diam.; disc dark brown to black, flat; thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, thick to thin, persistent. Epithecium brown to dark brown; hymenium colourless, 70-100 µm tali; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, 60-80 µm tall; thalline exciple 50-80 µm thick,

cortex with outer edge brown, intemally colourless.

Paraphyses branched, c. 2 µm diam., with swollen, dark

brown apices, 4-5 µm diam. Asci 45-80 x 15-20 µm,

Lecanora - type, 8-spored. Spores Pachysporaria- type,

15-20 X 8-10 µm.

Conidia 9-15 x 0.5-1 µm, straight.

Discussion. This materiai does not con-espond to

40

any Rinodina species reported from Antarctic regions.

lt fits the description of Rinodina (Amandinea) peter

mannii by Filson (1974b) from Wilkes Land but, according to the revision by Matzer et al. (1994), this materiai

is a species of Rinodina. Antarctic species of this genus

are stili in need of a thorough revision (Mayrhofer, in

litt.).

Distribution in the survey area. Apparentely rather

nitrophytic, growing with Buellia frigida, Caloplaca

citrina, Xanthoria elegans, X. mawsonii and Lecanora

mons-nivis.

Tota! number of specimens 5, from: Carezza Lake, Edmonson Point, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Ter

ra Nova Bay Station.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Inexpressible Island, R. Bargagli (TSB A596); Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Carezza Lake, P. Modenesi (TSB A479); Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, P. Modenesi (TSB A480); Wood Bay, Kay lsland, R. Bargagli (TSB A660).

Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner [in Kalb] Lich. Neotrop., 7: 297 (1983). - Lichen ater Huds., FI. Angl., 1: 445 (1762).

Thallus epilithic, areolate to rimose-areolate, whi

tish to cream, greyish or blackish, thick, K+ yellow, C-,

up to 2-3 cm diam.; areoles up to 2-3 mm diam.,

well-corticate to eroded, itTegular in shape, usually

angular with darker edges, and smooth to granular or

ven-ucose surface; prothallus blackish. Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, constricted at the base

or not, up to 2.5 mm diam., round or in-egular; thalline

margin thick to thin, flexuous and crenulate, concolo

rous with the thallus or darker to blackish, with cream

lower parts, sometimes disappearing; disc flat to convex, black. Epithecium dark violet-brown, K + violet;

hymenium violet-brown, 80-120 µm tall, K+ weakly

violet-red; subhymenium pale violet to colourless, 40-

70 µm tall; hypothecium yellow-brown, 50-80 µm tall,

K+ yellow; cortex of the exciple pale to dark brown or

bluish green. Paraphyses sparsely branched, strongly coherent, covered by a gelatinous coat, c. 4 µm diam., with dark apices. Asci 60-80 x 15-20 µm, Bacidia - type, 8-spored. Spores unicellular, colourless, 9-12 x 6-8 µm,ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, with thick wall.

Discussion. The collected materiai shows ali essen

tial characters of the polymorphic Tephromela atra.

The materiai has a peculiar thallus consisting of thick,

irregular, angular areoles with smooth to verrucose or

granular and eroded surface; apothecia are lecanorine

but can become lecideoid as the thalline margin disap

pears. This materiai is related to Tephromela antarctica

0vstedal, known from the maritime Antarctic1

which


- Lichens of the Tena Nova Bay area, Victoria Lanci (Continental Antarctica) -

differs in chemistry, having no secondary products.

Further investigations on the chemistry of larger collec

tions are needed. To the best of our knowledge, this is

the first report of the genus Tephromela from continen

tal Antarctica.

Distribution in the survey area. This species only

occurs on volcanic rocks, with Buellia spp., Lecanora

physciella, Pleopsidium chlorophanum and Usnea

sphacelata.

Tota! number of samples: 8, from: Cape Phillips,

Coulman Island, Daniell Peninsula.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Continental Antarcti

ca: Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000); the

maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (Gremmen et

al. 1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), South She

tland ls. (Allison & Lewis Smith 1973, Andreev 1988,

Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, Sancho & Valladares

1993, Sancho et al. 1999), South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon

1985); subantarctic region: South Georgia (Hertel 1989,

Lindsay 1974a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Ker

guelen I. (Hertel 1989), Macquarie I. (Hertel 1989,

Kantvilas & Seppelt 1991).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Coulman lsland, P. Modenesi (TSB Al07, Al09, A363, A456); Daniell Peninsula,Cape Phillips, R. Bargagli (TSB A576), F. Bersan (TSB A834,A835).

Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. Synops. Lich. 2: 12 (1863).

Gyrophora korotkeviczii N.S. Golubk., Nov. Sys. PI. Non Vasc. 17: 26 l (1966). Type: Antarctida Orientalis, litus Pravda, Bunger Hills, ad saxa, 3 III 1957, E.S. Korotkevicz (LE). Fide Filson 1987: 338.

Umbilicaria antarctica var. subvirginis Frey & I.M. Lamb, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 22: 272 (1939). - Umbilicaria spongiosa var. subvirginis (Frey & I.M. Lamb) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 148 (1948). - Gyrophora spongiosa var. subvirginis

(Frey & I.M. Lamb) N.S. Golubk. & Savicz, Nov. Sys. Pl. Non Vasc. 17: 260 (1966). - Omphalodiscus spongiosus var. subvirginis (Frey & I.M. Lamb) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. lsl.: 124 (1973).Type: South Victoria Land, Cape Sastrugi, Evans Cove, leg. BritishAntarctic Exped. Terra Nova 1910 (BM). Fide Filson 1975b: 131.

? Umbilicaria saviczii Llano, Bryologist 69: 110 (1966). Type: Antarctica, Princess Astrid Coast, Novolazarevskaya, 70°46'S 11 °50'E, Meyer 6. Fide Filson 1987: 338.

Umbilicaria spongiosa C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 566 (1938). - Omphalodiscus spongiosus (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Llano, Monogr. Lich. Fam. Umbilic.: 91 (1950). -Gyrophora spongiosa (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) N.S. Golubk. & Savicz, Nov. Sys. Pl. Non Vasc. 17: 259 (1966). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Lichen Peak, P. Siple & S. Corey 73-9 (Herb. Dodge). Fide Filson 1975b: 131.

Thallus epilithic, foliose, thick, monophyllous, very

variable in size and form, ranging from small-rosulate,

closely adpressed thalli to large foliose thalli up to 1 O

cm diam.; margin flexuous, sometimes revolute, often

41

ascending, sometimes necrotic and whitish; upper side

pale to dark brown or grey, or almost black, often paler

above the umbilicus, matt, pruinose or granular, rugu

lose and cracked, smooth to wrinkled and weakly rid

ged; lower side dark brown or black, with a paler

marginai band, sometimes pale brown. Rhizinomorphs simple to moderately branched, absent in the zone

around the umbilicus and rarely reaching the margins, more or less dense, usually white to pale grey, or with black base, or black at thallus margin but with pale tips.

Thalloconidia uni- or bicellular, sphaerical to ovoid,

forming a thin layer of 2-3 sublayers on the lower side

of thallus; thalloconidia completely covering the lower

side, but typically scarce or absent on rhizinomorphs or

restricted to basai parts, and on the marginai pale part

of lower side.

Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. A discussi on of Antarctic materiai of V.

aprina can be found in Filson (1975b, 1987), Sancho et

al. (1992) and 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001). Accor

ding to Filson (1987), V. aprina is highly variable, in

particular as far as the variability of the colour of the

lower side is concemed. Among the synonyms of V.

aprina there is V. saviczii Llano, a species characterized

by the pale, only partially coloured lower side and by

branched rhizines. In the absence of a clarification of

the taxonomy of this complex, ali collected specimens

morphologically similar to V. aprina with light pinkish

brown lower side are considered as V. cf. saviczii (see

comment to this species). Sancho et al. (1992) pointed out that in the field V.

aprina can be easily confused with V. africana, a species known from the continental and mari time Antarctic regions: the thalloconidia of V. africana are globose

and multicellular (4 to 10-celled or more), and the

rhizinomorphs always reach the margin of the thallus. No specimen with these characters was found in the

survey area.

Materiai of this taxon collected in the survey area is

very variable in morphological features. Young thalli may have completely smooth upper side and revolute

margins, and some specimens have small cracks

through which black rhizinomorphs project from the

lower side, and they were considered by Castello &

Nimis (1995b, 2000) as Umbilicaria antarctica Frey &

Lamb. According to Sancho (in litt.), who investigated

severa! specimens from ELA (TSB), ali materiai be

longs in V. aprina: this taxon differs from V. antarctica

in the usually clearly wrinkled upper side, the longer,

more branched, usually ivory white to pale grey rhizinomorphs, sometimes with black base, and the often

oviform thalloconidia, not developed in columns

M. CASTELLO

(Hestmark 1990). Furthermore, according to 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001), U. aprina is characterized by the rhizines never being strap-like.

Distribution in the survey area. Rather common, often collected along streams, sometimes completely

immersed in water; it often occurs with Buelliafrigida,

Candelariella flava, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Physcia

caesia and Xanthoria spp. Total number of samples: 26, from: Cape King,

Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Stefania Cirque, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station.

Distribution. Bipolar. Reported in Antarctica from

the continental and maritime regions; distribution map in Filson (1987). Continental Antarctica (Filson 1987):

Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen

1985, Seppelt et al. 1995), Wilkes Land (Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1988, Melick et al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), Ma

cRobertson Land (Filson 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton I 978), Enderby Land (Inoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue

1994), Dronning Maud Land (Engelskjl?)n 1986, Lindsay 1969b, 1971c, 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995), NE Peninsula (Lewis Smith & 0vstedal 1994 (cf.), Lindsay 1969b), S Peninsula (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); the maritime Antarctic

(Filson 1987): South Shetland Is. (Olech 1989b ).

Selected :,pecùnens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Terra Nova Bay Station, P. Modenesi (TSB A390); Terra Nova Bay, Gondwana Station, R. Bargagli (TSB A5l8, A5l9); Wood Bay, Mt Melbourne, Edmonson Point, P. Modenesi (TSB A37); Wood Bay, Kay Island, G. Del Frate (TSB A372), P. Modenesi (TSB A374, A391).

Umbilicaria decussata (Vili.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 490 (1942). - Lichen decussatus Vili., Hist. Plant Dauphiné 3: 964 ( 1789). - Gyrophora decussata (Vili.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ., 4: 678 (1927) -Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Nyt Mag. Naturvid. 75: 23 (1934).

Dennatiscum mawsonii C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 152 (1948). Type: King George V Land, Cape Denison, 67°00'S l42°36'E, saxicole, BANZARE 536 (AD 12682 lectotype). Fide Filson l987: 340.

? Omphalodiscus decussatus var. tortuosus Llano, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 46: 185 (I 956). Type: Antarctica, MacRobertson Land, AN ARE, Base Mawson, 67°36'2 I "S 62°52'48"E, R.O. Summers, Jan. 1955. Fide Filson 1987: 340.

Umbilicaria cerebriformis C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 562 (1938). - Charcotia cerebriformis (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 150 (1948). - Omphalodiscus decussatus var. cerebriformis (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Llano, Monogr. Umbil.: 83 ( l950). - Llanoa cerebrifonnis (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 127 (1973). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, P. Siple & S. Corey 72W-15. Fide Llano 1950: 78; Filson 1987: 340.

Umbilicaria eximia Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. 1908-10, Lich.: 55 ( 1915). - Omphalodiscus eximius (Hue) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. lsl.: 122 (1973). Type: Ile Jenny, baie Marguerite, sur les pierres des éboulis, très abondant, Xlle excursion, no 226

42

altitude 380 métres et no 227, altitude 75 métres, no 228, 15 janvier 1909 (PC lectotype). Fide Filson 1987: 339.

Umbilicaria hunteri C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 148 (1948). Type: King George V Land, Cape Denison, J.G. Hunter21,A.A.E. 21. Fide Llano 1950: 78.

Umbilicaria leiocarpa var. nana Vain., Exped. Antarct. Beige Rés. Voy. S.Y. Belgica 1897-99, Rap. Sci. Bot.: 9 (1903). -Agyrophora leiocarpa var. nana (Vain.) Llano, Monogr. Umbil.: 56 (1950). -Agyrophora nana (Vain.) C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. lsl.:118 (1973). Type: Détroit de Gerlache: sur un rocher isolé au milieu d'un glacier, 300 m. d'altitude au-dessus du niveau de la mer, a l'Ilé Brabant, 64 °21 'S (I Oe debarquement, n. 250) (TUR 00554 Herb Vainio 200 lectotype, BR isolectotype). Fide 0vstedal 1983a: 224.

Umbilicaria parvula Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. 1908-1 O, Lich.: 56 (1915). -Gyrophoraparvula (Hue) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4: 720 ( 1927). Type: Peti te ile dans la baie Marguerite, sur les rochers (diorites), XVe excursion, no 267, 24 janvier 1909 (PC lectotype). Fide Filson 1987: 340.

Umbilicaria pateriformis C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 564 (1938). Type: Mari e Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Skua Gull Peak, P. Siple & S. Corey 72W-l3. Fide Llano 1950: 78; Filson 1987: 340.

Umbilicaria rugosa C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 561 (1938). -Omphalodiscus bakeri C.W. Dodge, Lich. Fl. Antarct. Cont. lsl.: 120 (1973). Type: King Edward VII Land, Rockefeller Mts, Mt Helen Washington, P. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StanclijfHW-12. Fide Llano 1950: 78.

Umbilicaria subcerebriformis C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct.Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 149 ( 1948). -Omphalodiscus subcerebriformis (C.W. Dodge) C.W. Dodge, Bui!. Jard. bot. Etat. Brux. 32: 302 (1962). Type: King George V Land, Cape Denison, J.G. Hunter, A.A.E. 70. Fide Llano 1950: 78; Filson 1987: 340.

Thallus foliose, monophyllous, variable in size, up

to severa) cm diam., pale to dark grey or brown to almost black; margin sometimes laciniate; upper side matt, pruinose, smooth to rugulose and deeply folded; lower

side matt, pale pinkish brown to brown or sooty black; without rhizinomorphs. Thalloconidia unicellular, completely covering the lower side.

Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. This species is very variable morpholo

gically and different morphotypes were described as new taxa. For a detailed description and discussion see Filson (1987), Hestmark (1990) and Sancho et al.

(1992). Distribution in the survey area. Very common and

widespread, occurring on granites and diorites, in non

or weakly nitrophytic communities of the fruticose and foliose subformation, growing with Usnea sphacelata,

Pseudephebe minuscula, Buellia lignoides, Rhizacar

pon adarense, Pleopsidium chlorophanum and Acaro

spora spp.


Island, Black Ridge, Campo Icaro, Cape Sastrugi, Ca

rezza Lake, Crater Cirque, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Lamplugh Island, Mt Kenaith, Mt Moriarty, Prior Island, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Vegetation



Island, Vegetation Ridge, Whitmer Peninsula.

Distribution. Bipolar. Widespread in the continental

and maritime Antarctic; distribution map in Filson

(I 987). Continental Antarctica (Filson 1987, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001): Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Mun-ay 1963), King George V Land (type of D. mawsonii), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994 ), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning Maud Land (Bowra et al. 1966,

Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay 1969b, 197 l c, 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay 1969b, Lindsay & Brook 1971), E Peninsula

(Lindsay 1969b); the maritime Antarctic (Filson 1987):

W Peninsula (Lewis Smith & Corner 1973, Lindsay 1969b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985),

NE Peninsula (Lindsay 1969b), South Shetland Is. (Ja

cobsen & Kappen 1988, Lindsay 1969b, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, Sancho et

al. 1992, 1999), South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972, Lindsay 1969b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Vegetati on Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A379, A380); Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, S. Sedmak (TSB A214); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A385).

Umbilicaria cf. saviczii Llano Bryologist 69: l 10 (1966). Type: Antarctica, Princess Astrid Coast, Novolazarevskaya, 70°46'S 11 °50'E, Meyer 6 (US).

Thallus foliose, monophyllous, up to 3 cm diam.; upper side smooth to rugose or weakly wrinkled, pale brown to grey; lower side smooth, pinkish near the umbilicus to pale brown; rhizinomorphs light-coloured, moderately branched; thalloconidia not seen.

Apothecia omphalodisc, c. 1.2 mm diam. Spores 8

per ascus, unicellular, colourless, 22-25 x 10 µm.

Discussion. According to Llano (1966) U. saviczii

is morphologically similar to the 'virginis-crustulosus

spodochrous' complex, and is distinguished by the par

tly coloured lower side and highly branched rhizinomorphs. No fertile materiai was examined by the this

author: he states that if omphalodisc apothecia were found, the affinities with this complex would be confirmed. This species is known only from Dronning Maud Land (LI ano I 966). Fil son ( 1987) lists U. saviczii as a

synonym of U. aprina, adopting a wide concept of U.

aprina and including forms with cream to pale brown to black lower side, but U. aprina has gyrodisc apothe-

43

eia. The holotype of U. saviczii was sought for in US but it could not be located.

In the survey area two specimens of Umbilicaria

with pale lower side were collected, one of which is with omphalodisc apothecia. This materiai belongs in the U.

crustulosa group (Codogno, Sancho, in litt.) and is tentatively attributed to Umbilicaria saviczii.

Distribution in the survey area. Tota! number of samples: 2, from: Edmonson Point, Football Saddle.

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Wood Bay, Mt Melbourne, Edrnonson Point, P. Modenesi (TSB A477); Hallett Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi (TSB A375).

Usnea antarctica Du Rietz Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 20: 93 (1926). - Neu.ropogon. an.tarcticu.s (Du Rietz) I.M. Larnb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 2 I O (1939). Type: Regio Antarctica, South Victoria Land, Adrniralty Range, 2000' s.rn., l 900, C.R. Borchgrevink (UPS holotype, S, O isotypes).

Neu.ropogon in.su.laris l.M. Larnb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 215(1939). - Usnea insu.laris (l.M. Larnb) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 211 (1948). Type: Prince Edward Group: Marion I., 26 Dee. 1873, Challenger Exped. (BM holotype). Fide

Walker 1985: 55. Neu.ropogon melaxanthu.s var. sorediifer Cromb., J. Linn. Soc.

(Bot.) 15: 182 (1876). - Usnea melaxantha var. sorediifera (Crornb.) MUll. Arg., J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 32: 200 (1896). - Usnea su.lphurea var. sorediifera (Crornb.) Vain., Exped. Antarct. BelgeRés. Voy. S.Y. Belgica 1897-99, Rap. Sci. Bot.: I l ( 1903). - Neu.ropogon. an.tarcticus

f. sorediifer (Crornb.) I.M. Larnb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 213 (1939).Type: Kerguelen Land, Royal Sound, Venus Transit Expedition, A.E.

Eaton (BM lectotype, BM, M, UPS isolectopytes). Fide Larnb l 964:5.

Usnea crassa Zarnrnuto, in Dodge, Trans. Arner. Micros. Soc. 84: 521 (1965). Type: Antarctica, Melchior Is., Eta (Bailey), 64° 19'S 62°55'W, 5 March l94l , P.A. Siple 349 (US isotype). Fide Walker 1985: 56.

Usnea crombiei ['Crombii'] C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 212 (1948). norn. invai. (Art. 36.1). Spec. orig.: Heard I., between Atlas Cove and Corinthian Bay, BANZARE B 140-36. Fide Larnb 1964: 5.

Usnea crombiei var. su.blaevis C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct.Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 213 (1948). norn. invai. (Art. 36.1). Spec. orig.: Heard I., between Atlas Cove and Corinthian Bay, BANZARE B 140-40. Fide Lamb 1964: 5.

Usnea jloriformis C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped.Rep. B, 7: 214 (1948). Type: Heard I., between Alias Cove and Corinthian Bay, BANZARE B 140-41 (AD holotype). Fide Walker 1985: 55.

Usnea propagu.lifera C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 213 (1948). Type: Heard I., between Atlas Cove and Corinthian Bay, BANZARE B 150-42 (AD holotype). Fide Walker [985: 56.

Usnea pseudofru.ticosa Zarnrnuto, in Dodge, Trans. Arner. Micros. Soc. 84: 521 ( 1965). Type: Antarctica, Melchior Is., Gordon Lien I., 7 March 194l , P. Siple 352 (US isotype). Fide Walker 1985: 56.

Usnea pustu.lata C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 203 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Land, Possession Nunatak, C.T.

Harrisson A.A.E. 85-1. Fide Larnb 1964: 7. Usnea su.lphurea var. gran.u.lifera Vain., Exped. Antarct. Beige

Rés. Yoy. S.Y. Belgica [897-99, Botan., Lichenes: 11 (1903). - Usnea melaxantha var. granu.lifera (Yain.) Hue, Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Fr. Lich.: 27 (1915). - Usnea gran.u.lifera (Yain.) Motyka, Lich. Gen. Usn. Stud. Monogr. 1: 35 (1936). Type: Détroit de Gerlache: dans !es fentes d'une falaise rocheuse, Cap Anna Osterrieth, 64°33' de latitudine sud, Terre de Danco (9e débarquernent, 197 p.p.), M.E.G.

M. CASTELLO

Racovitza (TUR 443 herb. Vainio 358, lectotype). In Walker 1985: 56.

? Usnea subfoveolata C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 202 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Land, Hippo Nunatak, 66°26'S 98°06'E, C. T Harrisson A.A.E. 82-2. In Walker 1985: 56.

? Usnea subpapillata C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 204 (1948). Type: Queen Mary Land, Hippo Nunatak, C. T.

Harrisson A.A.E. 82-3. Fide Lamb 1964: 5.

Thallus epilithic, fruticose, 2-5(-10) cm tali, arising

from a more or less delimited, rarely pigmented holdfast, erect, richly and more or less dichotomically

branched, with numerous branches; branches terete,

yellow-green, variegated above with black bands and

with dark apices; surface matt, subpapillate to grossly

papillate, sometimes smooth; cortex variable in thic

kness; medulla compact; axis thick, occupying 0.5-0.7

of the principal branch diameter. Soralia common

throughout thallus, flat to concave, rarely pulvinate,

arising from papillae, delimited, often with a crateri

form margin. Soredia granular. Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. This taxon was treated by Lamb (1964) and Walker (1985).

Distribution in the survey area. Rather rare; it grows in more or less eutrophicated stands, with nitrophytic

species such as Buellia frigida, Candelariella flava,

Xanthoria mawsonii, X. elegans and Physcia caesia. U.

antarctica seems to be more nitrophytic than U. spha

celata.


Island, Campo Icaro, Crater Cirque, Football Saddle,

Harrow Peaks, Kay Island, Prior Island, Stefania

Cirque, Vegetation lsland.

Distribution. Antarctica, southern South America and New Zealand mountains (Walker 1985). U. an

tarctica is a circumpolar species, with main centre of distribution in the Antarctic Peninsula and associated islands (Walker 1985). Continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001): King Edward VII Land

(Walker 1985), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Murray 1963, Seppelt et al. 1995, Walker

1985), King George V Land (Walker 1985), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt 1995, Lewis

Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994, Walker 1985),

Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a, Wal

ker 1985), Kaiser Wilhelm Il Land (Walker 1985),

MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt &

Ashton 1978, Walker 1985), Enderby Land (Walker

1985), Dronning Maud Land (0vstedal 1983a, Walker 1985), north-eastern Peninsula (Lindsay 1969a); the

maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et

al. 1998, Gremmen et al. 1995, Lamb 1964, Lewis

Smith & Corner 1973, Lindsay 1969a, 0vstedal &

44

Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985, Walker 1985), South Shetland Is. (Allison & Lewis Smith 1973, Andreev

1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Jacobsen &

Kappen 1988, Lamb 1964, Lindsay 1969a, 1971b,

Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon

1985, Sancho & Valladares 1993, Walker 1985), South

Orkney Is. (Lamb 1964, Lewis Smith 1972, Lindsay 1969a, 1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon

1985, Walker 1985), South Sandwich Is. (Lindsay 1969a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Bouveti,:;ya (En

gelskj0n 1987, Ji,:;rgensen 1986, Lindsay 1969a, 0vste

dal & Lewis Smith 2001, Walker 1985); subantarctic

region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1974c, 0vstedal &

Lewis Smith 2001, Walker 1985), Prince Edward &

Marion Is. (Lindsay 1977a, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith

2001, Walker 1985), Kerguelen I. (Lamb 1964, Walker 1985), Heard I. (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon

1985, Walker 1985), Macquarie I. (Kantvilas & Seppelt

1991, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Walker 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Campo Icaro, S. Sedmak (TSB Al55); Wood Bay, Kay Island, G. Del Frate (TSB A47), P. Modenesi (TSB A61, A62, A64); Hallett Peninsula, Football Mt, Football Saddle, P. Modenesi

(TSB A63).

Usnea sphacelata R. Br. Chloris melvilliana: 49 ( 1823 [" I 821 "]). - Usnea melaxantha var. sphacelata (R. Br.) Hook f., Bot. Ant. Voy. "Erebus & Ten-or" 1: FI. Antarct. 2: 520 (1847). - Usnea sulphurea var. sphacelata (R. Br.) Vain., Exped. Antarct. Beige Rés. Voy. S.Y. Belgica 1897-99, Rap. Sci. Bot.: 11 (1903). Type: Melville I., Mr J. Ross 114 (BM holotype).

Lichen pallidus Retz., Fl. Scandin. Prodrom.: 234 (1779), non Lichen pallidus Schreb. (1771). Type: Lichen sulphureus J. Konig. Fide Walker 1985: 92.

Lichen sulphureus J. Konig, in Olafsen & Povelsen, Reise igien. Island: 16 (1772), non Lichen sulphureus Retz. (1769). - Usnea sulphurea Th. Fr., K. svenska VetenskAcad. Handl. 7 (2): 9 (1867). - Neuropogon melanoxanthus f. sulphurea (Th. Fr.) Hue, Nouv. ArchsMus. Hist. nat. Paris Ser. 3, 2: 272 (1890). - Neuropogon sulphureus (Th. Fr.) Hellb., Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 21 (3/13): 21(1896). Fide Walker 1985: 92.

Neuropogon acromelanus var. inactivus f. picatus I.M. Lamb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 220 (1939). - Usnea picata (l.M. Lamb) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 205 (1948). Type: [South Victoria Land] Cape Adare or Sastrugi, Br. Antarct. 'Terra Nova' Exped. 1910 (BM holotype). Fide Walker 1985: 92.

Neuropogon acromelanus var. inactivus f. scabridulus I.M.

Lamb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 220 (1939). - Usnea scabridula (I.M.

Lamb) C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 204 ( 1948). Type: Antarctica, Campbell D. Mckellar (BM holotype). Fide Walker 1985: 92.

Neuropogon ciliatus var. subpolaris I.M. Lamb, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 52: 217 (1939). - Usnea subpolaris (I.M. Lamb) C.W. Dodge, Lich. FI. Antarct. Cont. Isl.: 237 (1973). Type: South Victoria Land, Cape Sastrugi, Evans Cave, Br. Antarct. 'Te1rn Nova' Exped. 191 O (BM holotype). Fide Walker 1985: 92.

Usneafrigida C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 603 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Rea-Cooper, P. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StancliffR l. Fide Lamb 1964: 14.

Usnea laxissima C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 198 {1948). - Neuropogon antarcticus var. laxissima (C.W. Dodge) Js. Mu1rny, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 71 (1963). Type: Queen



Mary Land, Possessi on Nunatak, 15 Dee. 1912, C. T. Harrisson A.A.E. 84 (MEL 1012296 isotype, CHR isotype). Fide Walker 1985: 92.

? Usnea striata Zammuto, in Dodge, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 84: 522 ( 1965). Type: Edward VII Peninsula, Rockefeller Mountains, Mt Breckinridge, 78°03'S 155°28'W, R.G. Frazier & F.A. Wade 315. Fide Walker 1985: 93.

Thallus epilithic, fruticose, 1.5-4 cm tali, ansmg

from a more or less delimited or proliferating holdfast,

erect, sparsely to richly branched, with thin secondary

branches; branches terete, yellow-green, with black

bands and black apices, or more or less completely

black; surface subnitid or matt, smooth to foveolate, more or less scabrid with small papillae; cortex variable

in thickness; medulla lax or sublax; axis thin, occupying 0.2-0.4 of the main branch diameter. Soralia numerous,

usually on terminal parts of branches, flat and emargi

nate to convex-pulvinate or globose with age, yellowish

to black. Soredia granular.

Apothecia not seen.

Discussion. This taxon was treated by Lamb (1964)

and Walker (1985). U sphacelata differs from U. an

tarctica in the subnitid, smooth to foveolate surface of

the thallus, the lax medulla, the thin axis, occupying less

then half diameter of main branches, and the convex to

subglobose soralia which are never crateriform (Walker

1985).

Distribution in the survey area. Widespread: it is

characteristic of weakJy nitrophytic communities, be

longing to the fruticose and foliose lichen subformation,

and it grows with Umbilicaria decussata, Pseudephebe

minuscula, Buellia lignoides, B. frigida, Rhizocarpon

adarense and Acarospora spp. At the base of the thalli

of U. sphacelata some nitrophytic species, such as

Candelariellaflava and Rinodina olivaceobrunnea, can

be found. These communities were described by Kap

pen (1985) as the Usneetum sulphureae "mixtum ": they

are characterized by the accumulation of detritus at the

base of fruticose lichens, where many nitrophytic or

even muscicolous species are able to develop.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape Irizar, Cape King, Cape

Phillips, Coulman Island, Crater Cirque, Daniell Penin

sula, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station, Index Point,

Kay Island, Lamplugh Island, Mt Moriarty, Prior

Island, Starr Nunatak, Stefania Cirque, Tinker Glacier,

Tripp Island, Vegetation Island, Whitmer Peninsula.

Distribution. Bipolar. In the Antarctic continent U.

sphacelata is circumpolar and is more frequent than U.

antarctica; it is known from the Peninsula, while it

seems to be absent from the islands of the mariti me and

subantarctic regions, where it is replaced by U. antarcti

ca (Walker 1985). Continental Antarctica (0vstedal &

45

Lewis Smith 2001): Ellsworth Land (Walker 1985),

Marie Byrd Land (Walker 1985), King Edward VII

Land (Walker 1985), Victoria Land (Castello & Nimis

1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Murray 1963, Walker

1985), Wilkes Land (Filson 1974b (as U. acromelana

according to Walker 1985), Hovenden & Seppelt 1995,

Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994, Walker

1985), Queen Mary Land (isotype of U. laxissima,

Olech 1989a, Walker 1985), MacRobertson Land (Fil

son 1975c (as U. acromelana according to Walker

1985), Walker 1985), Enderby Land (lnoue 1995, Kan

da & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977,

Walker 1985), Dronning Maud Land (Bowra et al.

1966, Engelskj!,"ln 1986, Lindsay 197 l c, 1972a, 0vste

dal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, Walker 1985); the

mari time Antarctic: (Redon 1985), Antarctic Peninsula

(Lamb 1964, Lindsay 1969a, Walker 1985).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Whitmer Peninsula, S. Sedmak (TSB A286); Terra Nova Bay, Vegetation Island, G.

Del Frate (TSB A49), P. Modenesi (TSB A387); Coulman Island, P.

Modenesi (TSB Al06).

Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. N. Acta Reg. Soc. Se. Upsal., ser. 3, 3: 69 (1861). - Lichen. elegans

Link, Ann. Naturges. 1: 37 (179]). Blasten.ia sparsa Js. Murray,Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 63 ( 1963). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Hallett,Tombstone Hill, Hallett Base, 3200 ft, Fitzgerald & Croll (WELT143! holotype). Fide Castello 1995: 81. Calop/aca sparsa v. latespora(C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Js. Murray, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 65(1963). Type: Victoria Land, Football Mountain, 2700 ft, on rock, Croll & Fitzgerald (WELT 127 holotype). Fide Filson 1984: 311.

Cande/arie/la rudolphi C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 520 ( l 965). Type: [Victoria Land] Ross lsland, Cape Crozier, 77°29'S 169°34'E, Pat's Peak, on black lava, E.D. Rudolph 64023 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello & Nimis 1994b: 9.

Gasparrinia adarensis C.W. Dodge, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 84: 524 (1965). Type: Victoria Land, Cape Adare, 71 ° l 7'S I 70°15'E, on calcareous grit, R.E. Priestley 49, Brit. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. Fide Castello & Nimis 1995a: 79.

Gasparrinia siplei C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 624 (1938). - Xanthoria siplei (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) C.W. Dodge, Lich. F1. Antarct. Cont. !si.: 274 (1973). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°49'S 145°29'W, on dark greenish graysiate, orthoclase-sericite schist, fine-grained dike, 1934, P.A. Siple,F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. Stancliff72W-6/7 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Castello 1995: 81.

Kuttlingeria rufa C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 615 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Lanci, Mt Woodward, 77°1 ?'S 145°45'W, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. Stanclijf DW-4. Fide Karnefelt 1989: 151, 197; Castello 1995: 81.

Kuttlingeria rutilans C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 616 (1938). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°49'S 145°29'W, P.A. Siple & S. Corey 72W-9. Fide Karnefelt 1989: 151, 197; Castello 1995: 81.

Polycaulionajohnstonii C.W. Dodge, BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 239 ( 1948). Type: MacRobertson Coast, Cape Bruce, 67°26'S 60°49'E, rocks near shore, B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. B l08-28 (FHDodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1984: 311; Castello 1995: 81.

Polycauliona pulvinata C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 628 (1938). - Caloplaca elegans var. pulvinata (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Js. Murray, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 64 (1963). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Edsel Ford Range, Mt Rea-Cooper, 77°07'S 145°30'W, on coarse-grained leucogranite, P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S.

M. CASTELLO

Corey & O.D. Stanclif.fR-3 (FH-Dodge! holotype). Fide Filson 1984: 311; Castello 1995: 81.

Polycauliona sparsa C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25: 629 (1938). - Caloplacasparsa (C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker) Js. Murray, Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 2: 65 (1963). Type: Marie Byrd Land, Skua Gull Peak, 76°53'5 J45°30'W, P. Siple & S. Corey 72W-5. Fide Filson 1984: 311; Castello 1995: 81.

Thallus epilithic, foliose to subfoliose, crostose or pulvinate, effigurate, orange to reddish, K + red, usually forming more or less rounded rosettes; peripheral lobes radiating, discrete to more or less contiguous or overlapping, irregularly branched, usually strongly convex, up to 1 mm wide, attached to the substratum by short white hapters; centrai parts of thallus often with overlapping evident lobes, sometimes incomplete, reduced or missing. Upper cortex 20-30 µm thick, paraplectenchymatous, with an outer layer encrusted with brownyellowish granules; medulla consisting of loosely interwoven hyphae, c. 5 µm diam.; lower cortex more or less developed, similar to the upper cortex.

Apothecia sessile to constricted at the base, concolorous with the thallus, 0.5-2.5 mm diam., rounded, numerous and crowded; disc flat, with a thick, smooth to crenulate, persistent margin. Epithecium yellowish brown, granular; hymenium hyaline, 50-80 µm tali; hypothecium hyaline, 20-30 µm tali. Paraphyses branched, c. 2 µm diam., apices 4-5 µm diam., encrusted with brownish granules. Asci eia vate, 50-65 x 12-15 µm, 8-spored. Spores polarilocular, colourless, (9-) 10-13 x (5-)6-7 µm, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; septum 3-4 µm wide.

Pycnidia immersed in red warts on the upper side ofthe thallus; conidia ellipsoid, 3.2-4 x 1.2-1.5 µm.

Discussion. X. elegans is a cosmopolitan and highly polymorphic species with a broad ecologica! range. lt is one of the commonest species in Antarctic regions, but the strong variability in thallus characters (growthform, colour, frequency and development of apothecia) gave rise to the description of a great number of taxa which turned out to be conspecific. In the survey area thallus development varies from pulvinate to subfruticulose forms in nutrient-emiched stands to placodioid crostose thalli or reduced areolate forms with small discrete, convex lobes in less eutrophicated or more wind-exposed conditions. For a discussion and a taxonomic account of X. elegans in Antarctica see Castello (1995).

X. elegans is distinguished from the similar Calopa

ca saxicola by the presence of a lower cortex, the never pruinose, orange or reddish thallus, with longer and strongly convex, often branched, discrete to more or less contiguous peripheral lobes, the centrai parts of thallus with frequent overlapping lobes, or incomplete

46

or missing, covered by numerous, flat apothecia with a thick and persistent margin, and the ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid spores with wider septum (see also comment to C. saxicola).

X. elegans can be confused with Caloplaca lucens

(Nyl.) Zahlbr., known from the maritime and subantarctic regions, being well-separated by cortical structure (S0chting & 0vstedal 1992).

Distribution in the survey area. A very common nitrophytic species throughout the survey area; it grows on rocks, usually with Buelliafrigida, Caloplaca citri

na, C. saxicola, Candelaria murrayi, Candelariella

flava, Physcia caesia, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, L.

mons-nivis and X. mawsonii.

Tota! number of samples: 96, from: Apostrophe Island, Baker Rocks, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Cape Phillips, Carezza Lake, Coulman Island, Crater Cirque, Edmonson Point, Football Saddle, Gondwana Station, Harrow Peaks, lndex Point, Inexpressible Island, Kay Island, Mt Dickason, Stefania Cirque Tam Flat, Teall Nunatak, Terra Nova Bay Station, Tripp Island, Vegetation Island.

Distribution. A cosmopolitan species. X. elegans is widespread in Antarctic regions. Continental Antarctica (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001 ): Mari e Byrd Land (type of P. pulvinata, P. sparsa, G. siplei, Castello 1995), King Edward VII Land (Castello 1995), Victoria Land (type of C. rudolphi, G. adarensis, B. sparsa, Castello 1995, Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000, Kappen 1985, Murray 1963, Seppelt et al. 1995), Wilkes Land (Castello 1995, Filson 1974b, Lewis Smith 1988, Melick et

al. 1994), Queen Mary Land (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a), MacRobertson Land (type of P. johnstonii,

Castello 1995, Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land (Castello 1995, Inoue 1995, Kanda & Inoue 1994, Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning Maud Land (Bowra et al. 1966, Castello 1995, Engelskj0n 1986, Lindsay 1971c, 1972a, 0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor 1995, 1997), Coats Land (Lindsay & Brook 1971); NE Peninsula (Lewis Smith & 0stedal 1994); the maritime Antarctic: Antarctic Peninsula (De Leeuw et al. 1998, Lewis Smith & Corner 1973, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Shetland Is. (Allison & Lewis Smith 1973, Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Lindsay 1971 b, Olech 1989b, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Orkney Is. (Lewis Smith 1972, 1995, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001, Redon 1985), South Sandwich ls., Bouvetl<')ya (0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001); subantarctic region: South Georgia (Lindsay 1974c, 0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001), Prince Edward Is. (Lindsay 1977a), Macquarie I. (Kantvilas & Seppelt 1991).



Selected specimens examined: Marie Byrd Land: Skua Gull Peak, 76°50'S 145°30'W, 1934 P.A. Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey &O.D. Stanclijf72W-9 (FH-Dodge), as G. siplei; Edsel Ford Range, J.E. Perkins 146 (B46) (FH-Dodge), as K. rufa; Mt Woodward, P.

Siple, F.A. Wade, S. Corey & O.D. StanclijfDW-2 (FH-Dodge), asK. rutilans; Edsel Ford Mts, J.E. Perkins 142 (FH-Dodge), as K.

Rutilans. - King Edward VII Land: Rockefeller Mountains, MtPatterson, I 8 Dee. 1940, R.G. Fitzsimmons 280 (FH-Dodge), as G. siplei; Rockefeller Mountains, Mt Patterson, 25 Dee. 1940, R.G.

Fitzsimmons 325 (FH-Dodge), as G. siplei; Rockefeller Mountains,Mt Nielson, Dee. 15 1940, R.G.Frazier & F.A. Wade 317b (FHDodge), as P. sparsa. - Victoria Land: Ross Island, Hut Point Peninsula, ca 77°5 l 'S 166°35'E, 26 Jan. 1956, C.R. Lewis HP-12,HP-14 (FH-Dodge), as P. pulvinata; Ross Island, Cape Crozier,77°29'S 169°34'E, Dee. 9 1959, O. Holm-Hansen 12-1, 12-2 (FH

Dodge), as P. pulvinata; Ross Island, Cape Crozier, 77°29'S 169°34'E, 25 Jan. 1962, E.D. Rudolph 62017 (FH-Dodge), as P.

pulvinata; Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Teall Nunatak, P. Mode

nesi (TSB A401 ); Terra Nova Bay, Reeves Glacier, Tam Flat, S.

Sedmak (TSB AI80, A188, A299); Wood Bay, Kay Island, G. Del

Frate (TSB Al 15); Hallett Peninsula, E.D. Rudolph 61050 (FHDodge), as K. rufa; Mt Suess, Gondola Ridge, J. Mulligan 9, IO (FH-Dodge), as K. rufa; Cape Hallett Station, G.A. Llano 2729(FH-Dodge), as K. rutilans. - Wilkes Land: Knox Coast, E.A. Midgley 80 (FH-Dodge), as K. rutilans. - MacRobertson Land: Mawson, lichen type B, R.O. Swnmers (FH-Dodge), as P. johnstonii. -Prince Olav Coast: Showa, 69°00'S 39°35'E, Japanese Antarctic Exped., 1957-8, 32a (FH-Dodge), as P. johnstonii. - PrincessRagnhild Coast: Vengen Spur, 72°04'S 23°40'E, 1966, T. van Au

tenboer 5 (FH-Dodge), as P. johnstonii.

Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge BANZ. Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep. B, 7: 236 (1948). Type: George V Land, Cape Denison, 67°00'S, 142°36'E, Winter Quarters, A.A.E. 38 (FH-Dodge! holotype).

Thallus epilithic or muscicolous, foliose to subfru

ticose, rosette-shaped, yellow-orange or reddish, up to

1-1.5 cm diam., often confluent with other thalli, K+

red; lobes piane or convex, horizontal to ascending, 2-5

mm tali and 1-3 mm wide, often with a whitish pruina;

terminal parts of the lobes wide, scarcely to irregularly

incised; blastidia yellow or orange-yellow, present on

the apical and marginai parts of lobes, on the lower

surface, often forming labriform "soralia"; lower side

yellowish to yellowish orange, with thin veins and

sparse whitish hapters; upper cortex paraplectenchyma

tous, 30-40 µm thick, outer edge with yellowish brown

granules; medulla consisting of loosely interwoven

hyphae, 4-5 µm diam.; lower cortex 30-40 µm thick,

similar to the upper cortex.

Apothecia not seen.

Pycnidia rare, immersed in small orange or reddish

warts on the upper side of the thallus; conidia ellipsoid,

3-4.5 X 0.8-1.2 µm.

Discussion. This taxon was discussed by Castello

(1995). X. mawsonii is characterized by the rosette-sha

ped orange to reddish thallus consisting of erect subfru

ticose blastidiate lobes. lt belongs in the X. candelaria

group, and was often treated by many authors as a

47

simple modification of X. candelaria s.str., but it is

characterized by different morphological features and

longer ellipsoid conidia (see Poelt & Petutschnig 1992).

X. mawsonii is closely related with X. borealis R. Sant.

& Poelt, an omithocoprophilous species known from

arctic and subarctic regions (Poelt & Petutschnig 1992),

differing in minor morphological features; as no fertile

materiai of X. mawsonii has been ever collected from

Antarctica, the two taxa are kept separate.

Distribution in the survey area. Very common in

eutrophicated stands throughout the survey area, occur

ring on rocks and mosses, with nitrophytic species, such

as Buellia frigida, Caloplaca athallina, C. citrina, C.

lewis-smithii, Cande/aria murrayi, Candelariellaflava,

Lecanora expectans, L. fuscobrunnea, Lecidella siplei,

Physcia caesia and Xanthoria elegans.


Island, Campo Icaro, Cape King, Cape Ross, Crater

Cirque, Edmonson Point, Harrow Peaks, Inexpressible

Island, Kay Island, Mt Kenaith, Prior lsland, Terra

Nova Bay Station, Tinker Glacier.


This species was often treated as X. candelaria: it is

likely thatX. mawsonii is a widespread circum-antarctic

species, replacing X. cande/aria s. str. in continental

Antarctica. Continental Antarctica: Victoria Land (Ca

stello 1995, Castello & Nimis 1995b, 2000), King Geor

ge V Land (type), Wilkes Land (Castello 1995, Filson

1974b), MacRobertson Land (Castello 1995, Filson

1966, 1975c, Seppelt & Ashton 1978), Enderby Land

(Kashiwadani 1970, Nakanishi 1977), Dronning Maud

Land (Castello 1995, Thor 1995, 1997).

Selected specimens examined: Victoria Land: Prior Island, S.

Sedmak (TSB A273); Terra Nova Bay, Northern Foothills, Terra Nova Bay Station, P. Modenesi (TSB A396); Wood Bay, Kay Island, P. Modenesi (TSB A398, A458); Wood Bay, Mt Melbourne, Edrnonson Point, P. Modenesi (TSB A397); Lady Newnes Bay, Cape King,S. Sedmak (TSB A262, A414 ); Birthday Ridge, L. Kappen (KIEL-HAA207). - Wilkes Land: Knox Coast, Mjtchell Island, 66°20'S l l 0°30'E, 20 Jan. 1958, G.A. Liana 2964 (FH-Dodge); Clarke Peninsula, L. Kappen (KIEL-HA Al491, A l498); Bunger Hills, 66°18'S 100°45'E, M. Andreev (GZU 42-93). - MacRobertson Land: Mawson Rock, East Bay, R. Filson 14993, Lich. Antarct. Exsiccati I, n°

24 (BM). - Dronning Maud Land: Heirnefrontfjella, Sivorgfjella,

74°33'S I l 015'W, G. Thor 10543, 10547 (S).

Discussi on

The lichen flora of the Terra Nova Bay area consists

of 57 taxa, 51 of which were identified to species leve!.

Most taxa are crustose ( 4 7 species, 82.4. % of the tota!);

foliose species are 7 (12.3 %) and fruticose species are

only 3 (5.3 %). Most species produce apothecia, and

only 10 taxa (17 .5 % ) are sorediate.

There are 23 genera, all of them widespread in both

M. CASTELLO

Tab. I - Distribution, number of samples and occurrence of the 57 lichen species in 41 surveyed localities in the Terra Nova Bay area. EC = endemie to continental Antarctica; ECP = endemie to continental Antarctica and Peninsula; ECM = endemie to continental and mariti me Antarctic regions; EA= endemie to Antarctica; ASA = Antarctica and South America; A= austral; B= bipolar; C= cosmopolitan.

"' e Q) D e o a. e

Tu D o

e Q)

� E o � o El � Q ·a, e Q) e

Q) ·5 '6 � cn o "'

:::, :e � o :::, e a.. D e Q) � Q) o.. o

2 Jg- �

o 3Zl !=! ·e o o o e o .e () O> .Q

O> � cl ...J Q) e cn e Q)

o a. o D Ol e :e e 0 o.. o o o.. ·os ai Q ne 12 e o :E 2 o.. ne cn � o o e! o 3 3 .o .o "fj ai � ·e .Cl. Q) Q) Q) Q) <I) Q) � E 2 cii o .o D Q

E () � E a. Cl. Cl. a. Cl. Cl. s ·e E o e Q) -""' o o o o o o o o o o 2 o o a D :::, a. o D o

o z <i: C!l a5 C!l () () () () () () () () () () o UJ u... (!) :r: f;

Acarospora f/avocordia EC 23 + +

Acarospora gwynnii ASA 64 + + + + +

Acarospora et. nltrophlfa 24 + + + +

Acarospora wllliamsil ECP 5 + +

Amandinea coniops B 25 + + +

Bacid/a Johnstonii EC 2 Bacldla sp. A ECM 5 +

Buellia cladocarplza ECM 33 + + +

Bue/lia darbishirei ECP 9 + +

Buel/ia frigida ECP 215 + + + + + + + + + + + +

Bue/lia grimmiae EC 3 +

Bue/lia /ignoides EC 8'1 + + + + + + +

Buel/ia pallida EC 3 +

Buellia papi/lata B 8 + + +

Buel/ia pycnogonoides ECM 1 Bue/Ila subfrigida ECP 2 + +

Ca/op/aca approxlmata B 1 +

Calop/aca atha/1/na ECM 41 + + + + + +

Ca/oplaca citrina e 72 + + + + + + + + + +

Caloplaca conversa B 11 + +

Caloplaca lewis-smithii EC 2'1 + + + + + +

Caloplaca saxico/a e 8 + +

Cande/aria murrayi ECM 54 + + + +

Cande/arie/fa flava EA 141 + + + + + + + + + +

Cande/arie/la vitellina e 13 + + + + +

Carbonea vorticosa B 12 +

Lecanora expectans ECM 56 + + + + + + +

Lecanora fuscobrunnea EC 11'1 + + + + + + + + + +

Lecanora aff. geophila 5 + +

Lecanora mons-nivis ECP 39 + + + + + + + +

Lecanora aff. orosthea 1'1 + +

Lecanora physciel/a EA 41 + + + + + +

Lecanora sverdrupiana ECP 1 Lecidea andersonii EC 12 + + +

Lecidea cancrlformls ECM 36 + + + + +

Lecldella slplel ECM 35 + + + + + + +

Leproloma cacuminum B 24 + + + + + + +

Physcia caesia e 115 + + + + + + +

Physcia dubia B 7 + +

P/eopsidium chlorophanum B 54 + + + + + + + + +

Pseudephebe minuscu/a B 59 + + + + + + + + +

Rhizocarpon adarense EC 21 + +

Rhizocarpon gemlnatum B 1 Rhizocarpon geographicum e 9 + + +

Rhizop/aca melanophtha/ma B 25 + + + + + +

Rhizoplaca sp. 1 13 + +

R/mularia psephota B '1 Rlnod/na olivaceobrunnea B 15 + + +

Rinodlna sp. 1 5 + +

· Tephrome/a atra e 8 + + +

Umb/1/carla aprlna B 26 + + + + + +

Umbilicaria decussata B 122 + + + + + + + + +

Umbilicaria et. saviczii 2 + +

Usnea antarctica A 25 + + + + +

Usnea sphace/ata B 8'1 + + + + + + + + + + +

Xanthor/a e/egans e 96 + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Xanthorla mawson/1 EC 1'12 + + + + + + +

48 Studia Geobot. 22 (2003)


o

2 "O QJ g e QJ u,

e o, � o "O "O :;;; e o, QJ >- o "O e

o e e .:,,: :::, .:,,: o

ai :;;; °' ·1: QJ :;;; o o e o Q" .!2 CO

:o :;;; e: 5l € o 0 o ·o "O e e

.e :i:: E

,E "O QJ o > o e o o o..

-�e o, :::, E o ·a .Q

e .:,,: e o ge

o 0 o

� +=

ai o :::, ro o :::, .:,,: o _g:::, :::,

:;;; 2 _s,i e o :;;; z ·e z z

.E:;;; Q. è .e N

QJ LI.. ai QJ o. � !2 2 o J2 !2 o.

X >- E 3 o ""

.$2 � � o .:,,: o. o, o, :e<Il. o o � � � ::, QJ � ("� Ql.. <Il.. � "ù 'l, � r.,.u 'il, -� '3:.s -' -' 2 2 et u, u, "t; I- I- ;:: > >

Acarospora f/avocordia +

Acarospora gwynnli + + + + + + +

Acarospora et. nitrophlla + + + + +

Acarospora wifllamsil +

Amandinea coniops + + + +

Bacldla johnstonii + +

Bacldla sp. A + +

Bue/I/a c/adocarpiza + + +

Bueflia darbishirei +

Buellia frigida + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Bue/Ila gr/mmiae + +

Bue/Ila lignoides + + + + + + + + + + +

Bue/Ila pallida +

Bue/lia papi/lata + +

Buelfia pycnogonoides +

Buelfia subfrig/da

Calop/aca approximata

Caloplaca athallina + + + + +

Caloplaca citrina + + + + + +

Caloplaca conversa + + + +

Calop/aca lewis-smlthli + +

Caloplaca sax/cola

Cande/aria murray/ + + +

Cande/arie/la flava + + + + + +

Cande/arie/la vitellina + + + +

Carbonea vorticosa + +

Lecanora expectans + + + + +

Lecanora fuscobrunnea + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Lecanora aff. geophila + +

Lecanora mons-nlvis + + + + +

Lecanora off. orosthea +

Lecanora physciella + + + + +

Lecanora sverdrupiana +

Lecidea andersonii + + + + +

Lec/dea cancriformis + + + + + + + +

Lecidella siplei + + + + + +

Leproloma cacum/num + + +

Physcia caesia + + + + + + +

Physcia dubia +

Pleopsidlum ch/orophanum + + + + + + + +

Pseudephebe mlnuscu/a + + + + + + + + + +

Rhlzocarpon adarense + + + + +

Rhizocarpon geminatum +

Rhlzocarpon geographicum + + +

Rhizoplaca me/anophthalma + + +

Rhizoplaca sp. l + + + +

Rimulorlo psephota + +

Rinodino o/ivoceobrunneo + + + +

Rinodino sp. l + + +

Tephromelo otro

Umb/1/cor/o oprlno + + + +

Umb/licorio decussato + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Umbilicario et. saviczii

Usneo ontarctica + + + +

Usneo sphoceloto + + + + + + + + + +

Xonthorio e/egons + + + + + + + + +

Xanthorio mawsonii + + + + + +

49

M. CASTELLO

hemispheres. The number of genera is rather high in comparison with that of species: this is a typical character of long-distance derived floras, and is common to many Antarctic areas (Engelskjpn & Jprgensen 1986).

The number of lichen species collected in the survey

area is rather high, but conforms with recent floristic

investigations carri ed out in different parts of continen

tal Antarctica, as summarised by Inoue ( 1991 b, 1995):

41 species from Birthday Ridge, northem Victoria Land (Kappen 1985); 33 species (Olech 1989a), 42 species

(Andreev 1990) from Bunger Hills, Queen Mary Land;

32 species from MacRobertson Land (Filson 1966); 57

species from the Syowa region, Enderby Land (Inoue

1991 b). According to the VICTORIA database, the most

updated numbers of known species for different areas of continental Antarctica are as follows: Victoria Land, 92 taxa (Kappen 1985, Hale 1987, Murray 1963, Castello & Nimis 1995b, Seppelt et al. 1995, 1996);

Wilkes Land, 36 (Filson 1974b, Hovenden & Seppelt

1995, Lewis Smith 1986, 1988, Melick et al. 1994);

Queen Mary Land, 48 (Andreev 1990, Olech 1989a);

MacRobertson Land, 30 (Filson 1966, 1975c, Seppelt

& Ashton 1978); Dronning Maud Land, 49 (Engelskjpn

1986,0vstedal 1983a, 1983b, 1986a, Thor1995, 1997).

Lichen diversity of continental areas is very low if compared to that of the maritime Antarctic: e.g. 256 lichen taxa are recorded from the South Shetland Is.

(Allison & Lewis Smith 1973, Andreev 1988, Aptroot & van der Knaap 1993, Jacobsen & Kappen 1988, Lindsay 1971 b, Olech 1989b, Redon 1985, Sancho & Valladares 1993, Sancho et al. 1999). These results are

not definite, as some publications are not included in VICTORIA database (0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001)

are not considered as surveyed areas from continental

Antarctica are often not specified) and taxonomic

knowledge of some genera is stili unsatisfactory.

The distribution and development of lichen species in the Terra Nova Bay area is strongly influenced by

water and nutrient availability and by the different types of substrata (Castello & Nimis 1995b). Morphological features, such as degree of development, type, colour, shape, size of the thalli, presence of upper amorphous protective layers, are affected by environmental condi

tions (Lamb 1970, Ahmadjian 1970). In eutrophicated

stands crustose lichens have a tendency to form substi

pitate or fruticulose thalli (Lamb 1968, Jacobsen &

Kappen 1988, Olech 1990). Reduced, badly developed

thalli with a scabrid or decomposed surface are often induced by the abrasion effect of ice crystals and sand

driven by strong winds. Many nitrophytic species occur

in the survey area (Amandinea coniops, Buellia clado

carpiza, B. frigida, Caloplaca athallina, C. citrina,

50

Candelariellaflava, Lecanora expectans, Physcia cae

sia, Ph. dubia, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Xanthoria

elegans, X. mawsonii), and their distribution is strongly influenced by bird colonies spread along the coast. The high incidence of omithocoprophilous species suggests

a significant role of birds in lichen distribution ali over

Antarctic regions (Engelskjpn & Jprgensen 1986).

Distributional information within the Antarctic re

gions shows that circumpolar species are common in

the Terra Nova Bay area (e.g. Acarospora gwynnii,

Amandinea coniops, Buellia frigida, Caloplaca athal

lina, C. citrina, Candelaria murrayi, Candelariellafla

va, Carbonea vorticosa, Lecanora expectans, Physcia

caesia, Pleopsidium chlorophanum, Pseudephebe mi

nuscula, Rhizocarpon geographicum, Rhizoplaca me

lanophthalma, Rinodina olivaceobrunnea, Umbilicaria

aprina, V. decussata, Usnea antarctica, V. sphacelata

and Xanthoria elegans), and that many taxa have wide

distributions (e.g. Acarospora williamsii, Buellia grim

miae, B. lignoides, B. pallida, B. papillata, B. pycnogo

noides, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Lecidea cancriformis,

Lecidella siplei and X. mawsonii), or are known from very distant areas (e.g. Bacidia sp. A, Buellia subfrigida,

Caloplaca approximata, Lecanora physciella, L. sver

drupiana and Lecidea andersonii).

The phytogeographical analysis of the flora is based

on the 51 taxa identified to species leve! (Tab. 1): the endemie element to continental Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula constitutes 31.4% of the tota! (16

species), whereas the continental endemie species (species restricted to continental Antarctica) are 19.6 % ( 10

species). Altogether, the Antarctic-subantarctic endemie species make up 51 % of the tota! (26 species), the

Antarctic-South American element 2% (1 species), the

austral element 2% (1 species), while the bipolar ele

ment represents 31.4 % (16 species) and the cosmopolitan element 13.7 % (7 species).

The lichen flora of the Terra Nova Bay area is

characterized by a strong endemie element, but the bipolar and cosmopolitan elements are also significant. lts phytogeographical structure agrees with the phytogeographical image of continental Antarctica sketched by Castello & Nimis (1997a) and with that discussed by 0vstedal & Lewis Smith (2001). The latter authors record 92 species from continental Antarctica, 82 of

which are identified to species leve!: the Antarctic

subantarctic endemie element makes up 50 % of the

tota!, the austral element 2.3 %, while the bipolar ele

ment constitutes 27.3 % and the cosmopolitan element 6.8 % of the total.

These results are not definite because of the relati

vely poor knowledge of species distribution and the

taxonomic uncertainty of many taxa (Seppelt 1995,



0vstedal & Lewis Smith 2001). Many taxa are stili not identified to species leve!, and many widespread genera, such as Buellia, Rinodina, Lecanora, are in urgent need of a revision. Severa! endemie taxa belong to very polymorphic and widely distributed groups, such as Lecanorafuscobrunnea of the L. polytropa group, Le

canora mons-nivis and L. expectans of the Lecanora

dispersa-L. hagenii complex, or have very closely related counterparts in the Northem Hemisphere, such as Caloplaca athallina and C. tiroliensis, Rhizacarpon

adarense and Rh. supeificiale, Xanthoria mawsonii and X. borealis. Their taxonomic position can be assessedonly by detailed revisions (e.g. see the discussion on C.athallina and C. tiroliensis by S!,'lchting & 0vstedal1992). Moreover, the new report of Acarospora gwyn

nii from the Centrai Andes shows that more extensivefloristic investigations in the Southem Hemisphere, andSouth America in particular, are needed to clarify thephytogeographical affinities of the Antarctic lichen flora (Sancho et al. 1999).

The Antarctic continent seems to host a rather poor and uniforrn flora, with many circum-Antarctic species; in spite of the high incidence of the endemie element, there are remarkable phytogeographical affinities with the Arctic flora.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the curators of BG, BM, FH, GZU, HA-KIEL, LE, MEL, PC, S, TSB, TUR, UPS, US, WELT, L. Kappen (Kiel) and G. Thor (Uppsala) for loan of materiai; G. Del Frate (Pavia), P.Modenesi (Genova), S. Sedmak, F. Bersan (Trieste) and R. Bargagli(Siena) for field work; L.G. Sancho (Madrid) and M. Codogno (Trieste) for discussions and identificati on of the Umbilicaria species. Particular thanks are due to D.O. 0vstedal (Bergen), U. S!!!chting (Copenhagen), H. Hertel (MUnchen), H. Mayrhofer (Graz) and the late J. Poelt for discussions and suggestions, and to G. Thor (Uppsala) for providing his unpublished data on lichens from Vestfjella and Heimefrontfjella (Dronning Maud Land). I am especially grateful to P.L. Nimis (Trieste) for the revision of some materiai, the criticaireading of the manuscript and the valuable comrnents, and for introducing me to the study of Antarctic lichens.

This study and the Antarctic field work were supported by the Italian National Antarctic Research Programrne (PNRA).

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54

received March 23, 2002

accepted May 3, 2002


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LICHENS OF THE TERRA NOVA BA Y AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA … · 2019. 6. 20. · Studia Geobotanica Voi. 22: 3-54 (2003) LICHENS OF THE TERRA NOVA BA Y AREA, NORTHERN VICTORIA LAND