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Libertyville HSLibertyville HSLibertyville HSLibertyville HS
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newlyprotect newlyemancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newlyprotect newlyemancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
Republican Conflict• President Lincoln viewPresident Lincoln view
– Saw war as “rebellion of Saw war as “rebellion of individuals”individuals”
– Believed Southern states never Believed Southern states never legally left Union (unconstitutional legally left Union (unconstitutional act)act)
– Second Inaugural Second Inaugural address
• Republican Congress viewRepublican Congress view– ““Radical Republicans”Radical Republicans”
– Saw war as rebellion of statesSaw war as rebellion of states
– Moral dimension to war: ending Moral dimension to war: ending slaveryslavery
– Punish the South!Punish the South!
Radical Congressional Radical Congressional RepublicansRepublicans
• Sen. Thaddeus StevensSen. Thaddeus Stevens– South committed “state South committed “state
suicide”suicide”
• Sen. Charles SumnerSen. Charles Sumner– Southern states were Southern states were
“conquered provinces”“conquered provinces”
President Lincoln’s 10% Plan
President Lincoln’s 10% Plan* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
(December 8, 1863)
* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South
* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.
* Lincoln didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of
1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion )
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congressman
HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketVeto
PocketVeto
Pocket veto: if Congress sends a bill to Presidentwithin 10 days of adjournment, and President does
not act on the bill, it automatically dies
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) “Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands”
Purpose = help black freedmen adjust to freedom (food, clothing, schools)
Congress authorized Bureau for one year only; it existed from 1865-1868 (Johnson killed it)
Northerners who came to help (or profit) from effort called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats (INSULT!)
“Scalawags” = white, southern Republican
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln• Civil War ended April 9, Civil War ended April 9,
18651865• Lincoln attended Ford’s Lincoln attended Ford’s
Theater on April 14, 1865Theater on April 14, 1865• Assassin: John Wilkes Assassin: John Wilkes
BoothBooth– Background– ConspiracyConspiracy– Death of BoothDeath of Booth
• Lincoln died April 15, Lincoln died April 15, 18651865
President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat
Slave owner Anti-Aristocrat White Supremacist Only Southern Democrat senator
to remain in Congress after secession
Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union
Picked to be VP by GOP in 1864 as reward, appeal to Democrats
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Johnson became President while
Congress was in recess, for 8 months
His plan was VERY generous to South
Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers
Civil, military officers and Southerners with property worth more than $20,000 had to apply to give loyalty oath to Johnson, directly
Allowed special congressional elections, in 1865
President Johnson’s Plan President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)(10%+) Named provisional governors Named provisional governors
in Confederate states and in Confederate states and called them to oversee called them to oversee elections for constitutional elections for constitutional conventions (NO 10% loyalty conventions (NO 10% loyalty requirement)requirement)
In new constitutions, States In new constitutions, States had to accept minimum had to accept minimum conditions: rejecting slavery, conditions: rejecting slavery, secession and state debtssecession and state debts
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats were brought back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Southern states met Johnson’s easy
requirements to re-join union Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons to Southern white leaders
Revival of southern defiance: white leaders passed laws to restrict African Americans’ rights
BLACK CODES BLACK CODES
Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose (for White South)
* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations
* Effect: re-establish slavery (curfews, labor ks, only live in rural areas = plantations)
* Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]
Congress , President SplitCongress , President Split Congress refused to seat Southern
congressional delegations in early 1866
Joint Committee on Reconstruction created
February, 1866: President vetoed continuing the Freedmen’s Bureau bill
March, 1866: Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act, designed to overturn Black Codes
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes: 1st in U. S. history!!
14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.
* Declared all persons “born or naturalized” in US citizens
* Prohibited states from making laws interfering with rights of citizens
* Also prohibited states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process
* Assured equal protection of laws to all citizens
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens
Confederates disenfranchised
The 1866 Congressional Election
The 1866 Congressional Election
Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
A referendum on Radical Reconstruction
Johnson went on a propaganda tour around the country to push his reconstruction plan (bad idea)
Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.
The Balance of Power in South
The Balance of Power in South
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
Radical Plan: Reconstruction Acts of
1867
Radical Plan: Reconstruction Acts of
1867 1866 - Southerners had rioted
against blacks, killing hundreds Congress: civil authorities (police,
etc) in the South were subject to military supervision
Required new southern state constitutions to include black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments
In March, 1867, Congress authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters to begin the process of constitution making
White Southerners disenfranchised
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act
* Restarted political Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment (Tennessee excepted)
* Divided the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.
Reconstruction Act of Reconstruction Act of 1867: Southern Reaction1867: Southern Reaction• Southerners resented Southerners resented
Reconstruction governmentsReconstruction governments– GraftGraft– CorruptionCorruption
• Southerners couldn’t fight Southerners couldn’t fight back with ballots, cback with ballots, chose violence– Knights of the White Knights of the White
CamelliaCamellia– Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
Increasing TensionIncreasing Tension Congress prepared for showdown with
President Command of the Army Act
* The President was required to issue all Reconstruction orders through the General in Chief, Ulysses Grant
Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove
any officials, esp. Cabinet members, without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval
Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.
Unconstitutional actEdwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868 (as secretary of war,
Stanton in charge of military in south)
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction
The House impeached him on February 24, before even drawing up the charges
by a vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial
Impeachment political
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 vote)
The Election of 1868• Johnson cast aside
by GOP
• They enlist U.S. Grant instead
• GOP strategy– ““Wave the bloody Wave the bloody
shirt”: draw shirt”: draw connection between connection between democrats, CSAdemocrats, CSA
– ““Vote as you shot”Vote as you shot”– And the winner is…And the winner is…
ResultsGrant: 214 ECV / 3,012,833Seymour: 80 ECV / 2,703,249
500,000 freedmen voted!
Note: “Unreconstructed states” had not metCongressional requirements to participate inelections
President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant• Born in OHBorn in OH
• West Point graduate, 1843West Point graduate, 1843
• Career military until 1854Career military until 1854
• He and his wife owned five He and his wife owned five slaves (released one, 1859)slaves (released one, 1859)
• Worked for dad in leather Worked for dad in leather shop in Galena, IL until CW shop in Galena, IL until CW
• Lincoln promoted Grant, rose Lincoln promoted Grant, rose quickly in Western theaterquickly in Western theater
• Became General in Chief, Became General in Chief, 18641864
• Difficult relationship with Difficult relationship with JohnsonJohnson
Grant and his familyGrant and his family
Grant Administration Scandals
Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era
of unprecedented growth and corruption
Credit Mobilier Scandal
1867-68: trans-continental RR stock and bond swindle (Grant’s VP, cabinet involved)
1872 “Salary Grab”: 50% Congressional pay raise, retroactive two years prior!
Grant Administration Grant Administration ScandalsScandals• ““Treasury Department Treasury Department
Scandal” (Whiskey Ring)Scandal” (Whiskey Ring)– Profiteering on overdue Profiteering on overdue
taxestaxes
• Erie Railroad Scandal (NY Erie Railroad Scandal (NY state)state)– Bribes to state legislatorsBribes to state legislators
• City scandalsCity scandals– ““Tammany Hall Ring”Tammany Hall Ring”
– William Marcy TweedWilliam Marcy Tweed
– Big city machine Big city machine corruption
Politicians
Business Labor
1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election• Many GOP disgusted by Many GOP disgusted by
corruption of Grantcorruption of Grant• Eight candidates, Eight candidates,
including splinter party, including splinter party, Liberal GOP (Greely)Liberal GOP (Greely)
• Democrats also Democrats also nominated Greely!nominated Greely!
• Greely dies Nov. 24Greely dies Nov. 24• Grant re-electedGrant re-elected
The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 Raised “the money question”
* Debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks (paper $)
* Creditors, intellectuals support hard money (primarily gold coinage)
1875: Specie Redemption Act
Country put back on hard money basis
Favored creditors
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans
Blacks were politically unprepared
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
Black Senate & House Delegates, 1872
Black Senate & House Delegates, 1872
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871
First protected freedmen voters Second allowed federal
supervision of southern elections Third increased penalties vs.
attacking blacks & their voting rights – Pres. Could suspend habeus corpus (KKK Act)
Amnesty Act of 1872
Allowed re-enfranchisement of all but 500 top Confederate leaders
Allowed white home rule (white supremacy)
“Solid South” voted Democratic in reaction to Radical GOP Reconstruction, for 90+ years
The Failure of Federal The Failure of Federal EnforcementEnforcement• Result of Amnesty ActResult of Amnesty Act
– Poll taxPoll tax– Literacy testsLiteracy tests– ““Grandfather clause”Grandfather clause”– Collectively known as Collectively known as
“Mississippi Plan”“Mississippi Plan”• Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws
– Segregation of races in Segregation of races in public placespublic places
– Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson (1896) (Separate but (1896) (Separate but equal upheld) equal upheld)
Emergence of the “New Emergence of the “New South”South”
• Diversified farmingDiversified farming– One crop economy One crop economy
brokenbroken– Tenant farmingTenant farming– SharecroppingSharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
Triumph of SegregationTriumph of Segregation• Barriers such as poll Barriers such as poll
taxes, etc resulted in taxes, etc resulted in disenfranchisement of disenfranchisement of BlacksBlacks
• Blacks economically Blacks economically powerless to resistpowerless to resist
• Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington– ““Atlanta Compromise”Atlanta Compromise”– Emphasis on economics, Emphasis on economics,
not politicsnot politics– Rejected as “Uncle Tomism”Rejected as “Uncle Tomism”
The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual
to deny full & equal use of public conveyances andpublic places
Prohibited discrimination in jury selection
Shortcoming: lacked a strong enforcement mechanism
No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years 16 African American Senators, Reps in 1875
Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption Panic of 1873 [6-year
depression] Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars With Civil Rights Act, North
felt job in South was done Key monetary issues
* Should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War?
* Should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks?
1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election• One of the most disputed & One of the most disputed &
vicious elections in historyvicious elections in history• Democrat: Sam TildenDemocrat: Sam Tilden• GOP: Rutherford HayesGOP: Rutherford Hayes• Issues in electionIssues in election
– End corruptionEnd corruption– End ReconstructionEnd Reconstruction– Civil Service reformCivil Service reform
• Rampant fraud in FL, LA, Rampant fraud in FL, LA, & SC (total 19 ECV)& SC (total 19 ECV)
The Political Crisis of 1877
The Political Crisis of 1877
• Each party announced it won the disputed states• All votes went to Hayes after bitter dispute• Back room deal to end dispute
• In return for Southern states votes, GOP agreed to pull troops out of south• Referred to as “Compromise of 1877”
Reconstruction was over!