lhakey melong ngondro

8/13/2019 lhakey melong ngondro

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Mingyur Dorje

TIBETAN LANGUAGE

BEGINNERS

COURSE BOOK


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Special thanks to:SIT, AD Isabelle OniansSIT, AD Kabir (For their great support to have the book possible.)

English editing:Christopher Psomadellis

Also to:Ven. Ngawang Lungtog la (Vietnamese), Ven. Dorje Dudul la (Vietnamese), Ven. Tenzin Wangmo (Vietnamese),

Miranda la (Vietnamese), Joice la, Rozanna la, Layne Mayard la and Jeroen Collier la.(For their great help in the computers, internet and teaching me the layout design.)

And then to all my Dharma friends and students who encouraged me to write this book.

Thank youMingyur Dorje


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ts elek


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CONTENTS

Lesson Page no.

11 WHERE DID YOU GO? 41

The Past Simple Aux. Verbs 11.4 42

The Forms of the Verbs 11.5

12 TO DO WHAT? 45

The purpose of going/coming/sending etc. (The in nitives for motion verbs) 12.4 46

to do / in order to do (The in nitive) 12.5

13 DID HE/SHE SING SONGS? (DID YOU SEE/HEAR HIM/HER SINGING SONGS?) 49

Witnessed Past 13.3 50

Un-witnessed Past or Discovering Past 13.4

Commonly discovered or Logic Past 13.5Speaker-Powered Existential Past 13.6

14 HAS HE/SHE EVER BEEN TO TIBET? 53

Experiential Past 14.3

15 HOW LONG IT HAS BEEN SINCE YOU STARTED LEARNING TIBETAN? 57

Since 15.4 58

The Post-positions 15.5

GLOSSARY 61

PHONETIC 67

______________________

Each lesson has a drilling and an exercise page.

rror of Lhasa Spoken Language


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vocabulary

1

ngndo

14

11

12

13

ep

ghare

jenehphr

jeyla jeyong

khng-ghi

khyyrang

khyyrang-ghi

kuk-la

la

[la] yi

ming

nga

nge

-py

er-ghyi yorey

er-ghyi yy

tsh elek

hkje ch

-yang

yi

ne

what (?)

Jennifer

see you later, bye

his/her

you (singular)

your (singular)

body (honoric)

for, to

(honoric mark)

yes (honoric)

name

I

my

(yes/no question marker)

is called

is called

hello (greeting)

thank you

also, too

am, to be

kusuk ep yin-py?

How are you?(Lit. Is your body ne?)la yi, nga ep yi.

Yes, I am ne.

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?WHAT IS YOUR NAME?

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?

khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey?

tsh elek

tsh elek

[la] yi,nga ep yi. hkje ch.

khyyrang kuk ep yi-py?

[la] yi, nga-yang ep yi. hkje ch.

khng-ghi ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yorey.

nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi yy.

[ ] [khyyrang] kuk ep yi-py?

jeyla jeyong!


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15 Word order

GRAMMAR

In Tibetan,the verb is always seenat the end of a sentence.

Subject Object Verb+ -

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yynge ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yy er -ghyi meykhng-ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yoreykhng-ghi ming-la awa er -ghyi yorey er -ghyi yo marey

The question word and its answerare found next to the verb.

Place of the questionsand answers

The Personal Pronounsghangag tsbtsg

To be calleder-ghyi yy / er-ghyi yorey

Personal pronouns Possesive pronouns (Genitive case)

Singular Plural Singular Plural

nga I ngats we nge my ngats our

khyyrang you[ ]

khyy[rang]ts you khyyrang-ghi your [ ]

kyhy[rang]ts your

khng he/she khngts they khng-ghi his/her khngts their

In the above sentences; er is the main verb call[ed], -ghyi is a genitive particle and yy / yorey / ug are the existential copulasto be. The genitive particles (-ghyi, kyi, ghi, i and yi) with the existential copulas, they together make the processing helping verbs.In the Tibetan language, the helping verbs do not change because of the persons ( rst/second/third), but they vary in accordance with the

way the knowledge was gained or under what circumstances the action happened or was done. We will learn more about it in the next lessons.

In genera l (depending on the situation or context ):

verb + -ghyi yy for the 1st person (singular/plural) in afrmative sentences: For example :

nge ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yy. verb + -ghyi yy for the 2nd person (singular/plural) in interrogative sentences:

Example : khyyrang -ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yy?

verb + -ghyi yorey for the 3rd person (singular/plural):

Example : khng -ghi ming-la ghare er -ghyi yorey? khng -ghi ming-la jenehphr er -ghyi yorey .

16

15

17


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DRILLS18

19Object building Subject building

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?What is your name?

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy?What is your name?

khyyrang-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yy? nge ming-la nyima er-ghyi yy.

khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey? khng-ghi ming-la psng er-ghyi yorey.

What is your name? My name is Nyima.

What is his/her name? His/her name is Psng.

1.

2.

nge ming-la nyima

awa

migm

lhkp

phrbhu

psng

pp

er er -ghyi yy -ghyi yy

-ghyi yorey

-ghyi mey -ghyi mey

-ghyi yo m

[to] my name Nyima

Dawa

Migmar

Lhakpa

Phurbu

Pasang

Penpa

call[ed] call[ed]is is

is

is not is not

is not

nge

khng-ghi

gela-ky

nge p:la-ky

nge ma la-ky

khng-ghi p:la-ky

khng-ghi ma la-ky

ming-la awamy

his/her

the teachers

my fathers

my mothers

his/her fathers

his/her mothers

110 Phrase building


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Where do we nd the main verb in a Tibetan sentence?

Which is the place of a question word in a Tibetan sentence?

How do we greet somebody and say bye, see you later?

1.

2.

3.

Give the meaning of the following words and memorize them!

ngakhyyrang

khng

nge

khyyrang-ghi

khng-ghiming

ghare

ep

hkje ch

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

ts elek



khng-ghi ming-la ghare er-ghyi yorey?

khng-ghi ming-la migm er-ghyi yorey.

[khyyrang] kuk ep yi-py?

[nga] ep yi.

jeyla jelyong!

1.

2.3.

4.

5.

6.


khng-ghi ming-la migm er-ghyi yorey.nge ming-la awa er-ghyi mey.

khng-ghi ming-la lhkp er-ghyi yo marey.

nge ming-la jenehphr er-ghyi mey.

khng-ghi ming-la pp er-ghyi yo marey.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

1.

2.3.

4.

5.

6.

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

1

1

13

12

114

Answer the following questions

Write the opposite statements of the following sentences

111

EXERCISE

Translate the following


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2 khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?WHICH COUNTRY ARE YOU FROM?

ngndo

leyri

ri-mibhy

bhypdhokpghaney

gyamigyanag

khlihphrniya-ky la

la mareyla melungpmarey

me-ney

ni york-py

reysbt

yi

Oh, I see America AmericanTibetTibetanfriend (male)from where/what/whichChineseChina

Californiaof, -s (genitive particle)(H.)[It] is not. (H.)am/are/not (H.)countryis not, noam/are not, nofromNew York(yes/no Q.P.)is/are, yesmapam/are, yes

vocabulary

khyyrang je-ney gap jhug.Nice to see/meet you.nga-yang.Me too.

25

khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?

nga ri-ney yi.

nga ni york-ney yi.

khyyrang ri ghaney yi.

khng lungp ghaney rey?

khng ri-ney rey.

khng ri ghaney rey?

khng ni york-ney rey.

A:

B:

A:

B:

22

[ ]

khyyrang-yang ri-ney yi-py?

la yi, nga-yang ri-ney yi.

ley. khyyrang-yang ni york-ney yi-py?

la me,nga ni york-ney me.nga khlihphrniya-ney yi.

ley. khyyrang-ghi dhokp-yang ri-ney rey-py?

[la] marey, khng ri-ney marey. khng gyanag-ney rey.

nga bhyp yi. khng ri-mi rey. khngts gyami rey.

23

bhy-ky sbtThe map of Tibet

24

21


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GRAMMAR

From

am, are, is ( to be the essential copulas )

The copulas are also used for answering yes/no questions.

2

2

2

6

7

8

Examples :

a)

b)

c)

nga ri-ney yin.

khng gyanag- ney rey.

awa bhy-ney rey.

I am from America.He/she is from China.Dawa isfrom Tibet.

Please note that in English the particle from precedes a noun, for example from America. But, in Tibetan - ney ( ) which means from comes after a noun, eg. America -ney which means from America.

KnowledgeStatement Interrogative

+ - + -Personal (P) (speaker based) yi me yi- py * me-py?Impersonal (IP) (factual) rey marey rey-py marey-py?

In genera l (depending on the situation or context ):

yi / me (the Personal positive/negative statements ) go with the 1st person (singular/plural). Example 1 :

nga ri-ney yi. I am from America.

nga gyanag-ney me. I am not from China. yi-py / me -py (the Personal positive/negative interrogatives ) go with the 2nd person (singular/plural).

Example 2 :

khyyrang bhy-ney yi-py? Are you from Tibet?

khyyrang gyanag-ney me-py? Arent you from China? rey / marey / rey- py / marey- py (the Impersonal copulas ) go with the 3rd person (singular/plural).

Example 3 : jenehphr ni york-ney rey-py ? Is Jennifer from New York?

khng khlihphorniya-ney marey-py ? Isnt he/she from California?

khng ni york-ney rey. He/she is from New York.

khng khlihphorniya-ney marey. He/she is not from California.

Honoric

yes yi rey la yi la rey

no me marey la me la marey

-ney

yi, rey

a)

b)

a)

b)

a)

b)

a)

b)

-pyis used for yes/no question marker. It goes after a verb or a copula.


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212

EXERCISE

ghare er-ghyi yy khyyrang-ghi ming-la?

khng-ghi ming-la er-gyhi yorey ghare?

rey ri-ney khng.

nga me ri-ney.

rey-py gyanag-ney khng?

yi-pey bhy-ney khyyrang?

lungp ghaney khyyrang yi?

1.

2.

3.

4,

5.

6.

7.

Give the meaning of the follwing words and memorize them!

lungpghaney

-ney

ri

bhy

gyanaggyami

gyagha

chgye-mi

dhokp

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

kyhyrang lungp ghaney yi?

nga bhy-ney yi.

khyyrang-ghi dhokp-yang bhy-ney rey-py?marey, khng bhy-ney marey.

khng gyanag-ney rey. khng gyami rey.

aley. kyhyrang ri-ney yi-py?

la me, nga gyagha-ney yi.

nga chgyel-ney me. nga chgye-mi me.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

213

214

Correct the word order of the following sentences!

Translate the following sentences


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khng leyk ghare jhey-ky yorey?

khng lbthg rey.

3 khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?WHAT DO YOU DO?

ngndo

hengsng

mch

jhey

-ky yorey

-ky yy

leyk

leyk jhey

lbtg

mach

ngma

pghu -kh

ingp

tsngp

vocabulary 34

khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?

nga lbthg yi.

31

33

A:

B:

ngma, khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?

these days

doctor

do

(aux. verb, IPH+)

(aux. verb, P+)

work (n.)

to work (vt.)

student

cook

before

baby sitter

farmer

businessman

ghare jhey-ky yy?What are you doing?

or Whats up?

khng-ghi leyk ghare rey?

khng pghu -kh rey.

khng mch rey-py?

la marey, khng mch marey.

khng mach rey.

32 A:

B:

A:

B:

nga mch me.

nga mach yi.

ngma, nga ingp yi.

hengsng, nga tsngp yi.


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GRAMMAR

What do you do?khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?35

Subject Object Verb (to be)

+ - +? -?

lbthg

nga yi me rey-py? marey-py?

khyyrang rey marey yi-py? me-py?

khng rey marey rey-py? marey-py?

verb + kh shows who does the action or the verb + er .It can also show ones profession when the action is related to a job.

For example :1. pghu means to look after a baby.

pghu -kh means one who looks after babies (baby sitt er ). khng ngatsi pghu -kh rey. She is our baby sitter. (She is the one who looks after our baby.)

2. mot ng means to drive a car.

mot ng-kh

means one who drives a car/vehicle (driv er ).

khng nge mot ng-kh rey. He/she is my driver. (He/she is the one who drives my car.)

3. huglg thy means to wash clothes. huglg thy-kh means one who washes clothes.

khng khyyrangts huglg thy-kh rey-py? Is he/she is the one whowashes your (plural ) clothes?

4. lng means to beg. lng-kh means one who begs. (beggar).

khng lng-kh rey-py? Is he/she a beggar?

Sometimes -kh is not needed to say ones profession: eg. mch a doctor, mach a cook, gege a teacher.

1. khng mch rey-py? Is he/she a doctor?

2. khng ngats mach rey. He/she is our cook.

3. khng nge bhyky gegen rey. He/she is my Tibetan teacher.

36 verb + kh


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DRILLS37



What do you do? (Lit. What work do you do?)

ngma khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?

What did you use to do before?

nga lbthg yi. khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?

ngma khng leyk ghare jhey-ky yorey. khng mach rey-py?

I am a student. What do you do?

What did he/she use to do before? Was he/she a cook?

1.

2.

nga

khng

lbthg

gege

mach

chyp

mch

ingp

dogp

yi

rey

yi

rey

me

marey

me

marey

I

he/she

student

teacher

cook

practitioner

doctor

farmer

nomad

am

is

was

was

am not

is not

was not

was not

nga

khng

nyima

ngats

nge dhokp

khngts

gela

ngma tsngpI

he/she

Nyima

we

my friend

they

teacher

before businessman

39 Phrase building


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310

EXERCISE

kuk ep yi-py?


khyyrang lungp ghaney yi?


ngnma khyyrang leyk ghare jhey-ky yy?

khyyrang-ghi bhyky gela phy* ghaney rey?

khyyrang-ghi p:la ingp rey-py?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Give the meaning of the words and memorize them!

leyk jhey

lbthg

gege

dogp

mch mach

hengsng

ngma

kh

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

311

312

Answer the following questions in Tibetan

ep yin.

1 2 3 4 5

khng mch rey.

khng-ghi leyk ghare rey? What is his/her work?

What do these people do? Ask a Tibetan friend!

phy : homeland


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pch

chyp

chysm k[dra]chye

4 i ghare rey?WHAT IS THIS?

ngndo

Tibetan language

shrine roomoffering[s]alter/shrinestupanowandthat, it, thebookand thenthose, theythisthese

so, wellteacher ! [addressing]it doesnt matter body (H.)statueof, -sat, in, on, tothat down thereinBuddhist text[s]that [over there]those [over there]

incense holder Buddhais calledwordsthangka paintingmind [H.]that up therethose up there

4 41 2

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

[]

[ ]

jenehphr-hang khng-ghi bhyky gela chykhng nang-la

vocabulary 43bhyky

chykhngchypchysm

chyha

-dhang-heheb

heney-hets

iits

nigela!ghe yo marey

kk[da]

-ky -la

maghinang-la

pchphghi

phts

pyongsngyeyer-ghyi rey

snghngkhk

yaghiyats

i ghare rey?

i chysm rey.

gela! its-la [bhyky-la] ghare er-ghyi rey?

its-la k[da] er-ghyi rey. phts-la hngk er-ghyi rey.

ley. ni, yats-la heb er-ghyi rey-py?

er-ghyi marey. yats-la pch er-ghyi rey.

ley. phghi ghare rey? gela!

phghi chye rey. k[da]-dhang hngk-hets sngyey-ky k rey.

pch-hets sngyey-ky sng rey. heney, chy-he sngyey-ky hk

rey. ni, its chyp rey. maghi pyong rey. ha hgho sng-gey?

hgho sng, gela! hkje ch.

ghe yo marey.

hgho sng-ngey?

Did you understand?

hgho sng. / hgho masng.

Yes, I understood. / no I didnt.


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GRAMMAR

The Demonstrative Pronouns

Subject, object and verb in a singular or plural sentence

4

4

4

5

Examples on the singular demonstrative pronouns :

Sentences

Singular form Plural form

i heb rey This is a book. its heb rey These are books.nga lbthg yi I am a student. ngats lbthg yi We are students.

NOTE: In Tibetan, the copulas or the verbs remain the same in the singular and the plural form.

Example A : a) i hebrey (singular form), and its hebrey (plural form).

b) nga lbthg yi (singular form), and nga-ts lbthg yi (plural form). In general, the nouns need not be pluralized, and take no articles in order to have a complete sentence.(Please check the table above.)

Example B :

Simple Determined/deniteSingular i heb rey This is a book . heb-i ngai [heb] rey. This book is mine.

Plural its heb rey. These are books . heb-its ngai [heb] rey. These books are mine.

Please check the following two sentences and also the difference in the question forms:1) i ghare rey? i heb rey. (What is this? This is a book.)2) heb ghaghi rey? heb-i rey (Which is the book? This is the book.)

Examples on the plural demonstrative pronouns :

i ghare rey?phghi gnp rey-py?yaghi heb marey.

maghi pyong marey-py?

its kdra rey.phts hngk rey-py?yats pch rey.mats bu marey-py?

A: 1.

2.

3.

4.

B: 1.

2.

3.

4.

What isthis ?Is that (over there)a monastery?That up there is not a book.Isntthat down there an incense holder?

These are statues. Are those thangkas?Those are Buddhist textsup there . Arentthose insects down there ?

i phghi yaghi maghi heSingular this that (over there) that up there that down there it, that, the

Plural its phts yats mats hetsthese those (over there) those up those down there they, those, the


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DRILLS46


i ghare rey?

What is this?

i ghare rey?

What is this?

[ ]

i heb rey. heb-i khyyrang-ghi [heb] marey. heb-i jenehphr-ghyi [heb] rey.

phts nyghu rey-py? nyghu-hets khyyrang-ghi nyghu rey-py?

This is a book. This book is not your [book]. This book is Jennifers [book].

Are those pens [over there]? Are those pens your pens over there?

1.

2.

48

i chysm

kda

hngk

pch

chy

ychb

py

chykhng

rey

rey-py?

rey

rey-py?

marey

marey-py?

marey

marey-py?

This alter, shrine

Buddha statue

thangka

scriptures

stupa

water offering

incense

shrine room

is

is?

is

is?

is not

isnt?

is not

isnt?

i

phghi

yaghi

maghi

its

phts

yats

mats

hebthis

that [over there]

that up there

that down there

these

those

those up there

those down there

book

Phrase building


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49

Translate the following sentences


iphghi

yaghi

maghi

its

phtsyats

mats

er-ghyi rey

-hang

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

410

411

Change the following demonstrative pronouns into determining!

EXERCISE

i heb rey.

its khng-ghi heb rey-py?

phts khyyrang-ghi nyghu rey.

yaghi pch marey.

yats khyyrang-ghi pch marey-py?

i nge nyelkhng* rey-py?

phghi-la gp er-ghyi rey.

i-la chysm er-ghyi rey-py?

heb i rey. ( Example ) ____________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

nyelkhng* (bedroom/room)khngmig** (room/cell)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

i-la ghare er-ghyi rey?

i-la kda er-ghyi rey.

its khyyrang-ghi pch rey-py?

khyyrang-ghi khngmig** i rey-py?

phghi-la ghare er-ghyi rey?

phghi-la hngk er-ghyi rey.

heb-its gela-ky rey.

pch-phts jenehphr-ghyi pch rey.

i-yang khyyrang-ghi rey-py?

yaghi ghare rey?

mats bu marey.

phghi gp rey.

maghi pyong rey-py?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________


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5

khyyrang momo-la gap yy-py?DO YOU LIKE MOMOS?

ngndo

bhyjhabhykybhyey

-cjg / ig / sgug

gapo mey!gap yy

gap yy-py?ghai yo marey

ghadeyghe chp

gonghagla

khlagmi

momonyngje chp

psmp sangp

impimp ug.

imp ug-ghey?imp midug

imp yorey-py?hgp

tzmpyagp

Tibetan tea

Tibetan [language]

Tibetan food

a, an (indenite article)

is (with a quality)

dont like

[I/we] like

like?

it doesnt matter

how?

important

sorry, I beg your pardon

(addresing) (H.)

food, meal

person, human, man

momo

compassionate

very, extremely

good/pure heart

tasty. delicious

[it] is tasty (NPNH+)

[is it] tasty? (IPNH?)

[it is not] tasty (IPNH-)

[is it] tasty? (IPH+)

noodles soup

roasted our

good

vocabulary

5

5

5

1

2

3

nga momo-la gap yy. I like momos.

Nyima:

nnifer:

Nyima:

nnifer:

Nyima:

nnifer:

Nyima:

nnifer:

Nyima:

nnifer:

khlag imp ug-ghey?

imp ug. p imp ug! momo-i p imp ug!

nga momo-la p gap yy.

nga-yang momo-la gap yy. ni, hgp-la-yang gap yy.

nga bhyjha-la p gap yy. khyyrang bhyjha-la gap yy-py?

nga bhyjha-la gap mey! bhyjha imp midug. gonghag!

ghai yo marey. ni, khyyrang-ghi bhyky gela s rey?

khng-ghi ming-la orje-la er-ghyi yorey.

ley. khng mi ghadey ug?

khng mi yagp ug. khng smp angp-hang nyngje chp ug.

i ghare rey?

i tzmp rey. i bhyey ghe chp-cjg rey.

ley. i imp yorey-py?

ghare jheyneywhy?

ghangyiernabecause

jheytzngtherefore, thats why


25/89


GRAMMAR

gyetsg

gap yy

The Adjectives

[I/we] like ____.

5

5

4

5

In Tibetan, the adjectives appear after the nouns. The copulas that usually follow the adjectives are ug, yorey and yy.(The basic meaning of these copulas: to have or to be there somewhere or to be or to have a quality. These are existential verbs.)

The existential/connectivity copulas:

Thecopulas

Statement Interrogative+ - +? -?

P

Speaker based(PH)

yy mey yy-py mey-pySpeaker based(PNH)

IP

Common/logic(IPH) yorey yo marey yorey-py yo marey-pyDiscovering/(IPNH) ug miug ug-ghey * miug-ghey

There are no different copulas for singular and plural form of the subjects and objects.

Examples :1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

nga bhyey-la gap yy.

nga bhyjha-la gap mey.

khng-yang bhyjha-la gap yo marey.

khyyrang sh-la gap yy-py?

khyyrang i-la gap mey-py?

I like Tibetan food.

I dont like Tibetan tea.

He/she also doesnt like Tibetan tea.

Do you like meat?

Dont you like this?

Examples :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

khng nyng jep ug. (IPNH+)

i imp ug. phghi imp miug. (IPNH-)

bhychy-hets ep yorey. (IPH+)

khngts mi yagp yy. (PH+)

khyyrang bhey-la kyp ug-ghey? (IPNH+?)

She is beautiful.

This is tasty. That is not tasty.

Tibetan dresses are comfortable.

They are good people. (for me)

Are you happy in Nepal?

Personal (P) Impersonal (IP)Sentence

PH/PNH IPNH IPH

[ ][la]

at, in, to

gaplike

yy ug yorey + mey miug yo marey -

yy-py? ug-ghey? yorey-py? +? mey-py? miug-ghey? yo marey-py? -?

-ghey is also used for yes/no question mark. It goes after a verb or a copula which ends with the letter gha .


26/89

56

57

DRILLS

Object building Subject building

[ ]khlag [dhowa] ghadey ug?What is the food like? (Lit. How is the taste of the food?)

khyyrang s-la gap yy-py?Do you like meat? (Lit. Do you have liking in meat?)

[ ]

bhyey imp ug, [jheytzng],nga bhyey-la gap yy.

nga bhyey-la gap yy, ghangyierna, bhyey imp ug.

The Tibetan food is tasty, [therefore], I like Tibetan food.

I like Tibetan food because Tibetan food is tasty.

1.

2.

58

khlag dhowa chp

simp

kh tsp

tskh

ngmo

cjy chp

dhowa kh-tsp

ug

yorey

ug-ghey?

yorey-py?

miug

yo marey

miug-ghey?

yo marey-py?

food tasty

delicious

spicy/hot

salty

sweet

nutritious

strange taste

is

is

is _?

is _?

is not

is not

isnt _?

isnt _?

nga

khng

nga dhokp

khng-ghi garok

kyhyrang-ghi gela

jenehphr

bhyp

s-la gap yy

yrey

yrey-py?

ug

ug-ghey?

mey

yo marey

yo marey-py?

miug

migug-ghey?

I

he/she

my friend

his/her lover

your teacher

Jennifer

Tibetan

in meat liking have

has

has __?

has

has __?

dont have

doesnt have

does __ have?

doesnt have

does __ have?

Phrase building


27/89


59

EXERCISE


khlagghadey

imp

yagp

nyng jep

gapp

yy

ug

yorey

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

512

Correct the word order of the following sentences

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ug nyng jep khng.

dhowa chp khlag ug.

yorey bhyey imp.

ug-ghey khlag imp?

yy nyngje chp ngai garok.

gap yy nga bhyjha-la.

khng nyng jep ug. (Example )

eg. sp a dangtz b ts c nimbu d ts khgg

di kh tsp yorey.

1.

2.

3.

4.

nga bhyey[-la] gap yy, ghangyierna, bhyey imp ug.

khng-yang bhyey[-la] gap yorey.

khyyrang i[-la] gap yy-py?

khng smp angp ug, jheytzng, nga khng-la gap yy.

i dhowa ghadey yorey? What does it taste like?

510 Translate the following sentences

511 Describe the taste of the following with your Tibetan friends


28/89

khyyrang-la garok yy-py?

nga-la garok yy.

nga-la garok mey. I dont have a girlfriend/boyfriend.

6

khyyrang-la garok yy-py?DO YOU HAVE A BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND?

ngndo

61

cjma

bhy-la-cjg.

cjcjhahung

garokghap

-ghi / ghyi / ky / kym

khngtskyhgha

-lamangp

m:lanang

nangminangmi

ngynygmap:la

prpdom

p:laedhak

shch nng.

tzngmazigp

[elder] sister

mother/mom

in Tibet

something, one

[elder] brother

moreover, still, more

boyfriend/girlfriend/love

where?

s, of, belong to

wife, woman

they

husband

at, in, on, with (locative prtcl.)

many

grandmother

home

family [member]

familys

really

younger bros/sisters

father/dad

photo

photo album

grandfather

very

who

thank you

clean

handsome/impressive

vocabulary 6

26

3

nnifer:

Dawa:

nnifer:

Dawa:

nnifer:

Dawa:

nnifer:

Dawa:

nnifer:

Dawa:

nnifer:

[ ]

awa la, khyyrang-ghi nang tzngma edhak ug.

hch nng. i nge nangmi pdom rey.

ley. i s rey? khng zigp edhak ug.

khng nge p:la rey. i ma rey. ni, i m:la rey.

ni, i nge p:la rey. nga khng-la p gap yy.

khngts nge cjcj-hang, i cj rey, heney khng nge gma rey.

ngyny, khyyrang-la nangmi mangp edhak ug.

hahung, khng cjcj-ghi kymn rey. khng cja-ghi khygha rey.

ley. ni, khyyrang-la garok mey-py?

mey. nga-la garok mey. khyyrang-la garok yy-py?

mey. nga-la-yang [garok] mey. gp-i ghap yorey?

gp-i bhy-la yorey. i bhy-kyi pr rey.

ley.


29/89


GRAMMAR

-gyhi / -ky / ghi / / -yi

There is / are

Have / Has

of , -s (The genitive/possesive particles)

6

6

6

4

5

6

Examples :1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

nyima-la pky manp ug. (IPNH+)khng-la-yang pky mangp yorey-py ? (IPH+?)khng-la pky mangp yo marey . (IPH-)khyyrang-la pky mangp yy-py? (PH+?)nga -la pkyyy, yinnayang, mangp mey . (PH+ / PH-)

Examples :1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

ri-la yg yo rey-py ? (IPH+?)khng-ghi nang -la imi mangp ug. (IPNH+)nge nang -la-yang imi manpo yy. (PH+)khyrang-ghi nang -la tztz ug-ghey ? (IPNH+?)chy-la nghu mang ug. (IPNH+)gp-la dhawa mang p yorey . (IPH+)

Examples phonetic meaning ending letterof a syllable Pronunciation

1. jenehphr -ghyi nangmi Jennifer s family consonantsounds

The difference between -ghyi ,-ky , and -ghi is barely heard in thespoken language, but one should still

follow the rules when writing.

2. bhy-ky pr photo of Tibet3. cjcj-ghi kym [elder] brother s wife4. nyime garok Nyimas lover a

vowelsounds

eslightly longer

in the tone5. phrbh dhokp Phurbus friend (male) u 6. lhm kyhgha Lhamos husband o

Translations:1) Nyima has many relatives. 2) Does he/she also have many relatives? 3) He/she doesnt have many ralatives. 4) Do you have manyrelatives? 5) I have relatives, but not many.

Translations:1) Are there yaks in America?2) There are many cats in his/her home. 3) I also have many cats at/in my home.4) Do you have rats in/atyour home? 5) There are many pigeons at the stupa. 6) There are many monks in the monasteries.

Please note :

The -la ( ) in 6.4 and 6.5 examples is the locative particle, and it is a part of the sentence struture.

yy / ug / yorey

yy / ug / yorey


30/89

67

DRILLS

Building vocabularies

PH/PNH+? IPNH+? IPH+?

khyyrang-la ng sma yy-py?Do you have any change? (Are you aware of it?)

khyyrang-la ng sma ug-ghey?Do you have any change? (Can you nd it?)

khyyrang-la ng sma yorey-py?Do you have any change? (like you usually do)

bhy-la yg yorey. ri-la yg yorey-py?

khng-ghi nang-la imi mangp ug. khyyrang-ghi nang-la-yang imi yy-py?

There are yaks in Tibet. Are there yaks in America?

There are many cats in his/her home. Do you also have cats in your home?

1.

2.

68

SUBJECT OBJECT

VERB

P IPSentence form

PH/PNH IPNH IPH

+

Statements

-

+?

Interrogatives

-?

nga

khng

nyima

jenehphr-ghyi gela

gela

khng-ghi garok

nge garok

yy

mey

yy-py?

mey-py?

ug

miug

ug-ghey?

miug-ghey?

yorey

yo marey

yorey-py?

yo marey-py?

ng sima

ng

lgly

dhokp

ngo syp

hytsy

leyk

laI

he/she

Nyima

Jennifers teacher

teacher

his/her love

my love

have

dont have

do [you] have?

dont [you] have?

has

doesnt have

does [he] have?

doesnt [he] have?

has

doesnt have

does [he] have?

doesnt [he] have?

change (money)

money

computer

friend (male)

acquantance

time

work

to,with

Phrase building


31/89


69

EXERCISE

nangmip:la

ma

pp

mm

cjcjcj

gma

pky

mangp

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

khyyrang-la cjcj ___________ ?

khng-ghi nang-la tztz mangpo ___________ .

nga nang-la imi ___________ .

gnp-la dhawa mangp ___________ .

khyyrang-la ng sma ___________ .

nga-la pnky mangp ___________ .

jenehphr-la garok ___________ .

khyyrang-la garok ___________ ?

khng-la ghare ___________ ?

khng-ghi garok ghapa ___________ ?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

khyyrang-la hytsy yy-py?

la yy, nga-la hytsy yy.

jenehphr lak. khyyrang-la lgly yy-py?

nga-la lgly yy.

khng-la lgly ug.

nyima-la lgly yo marey.

khyyrang-la ghare yy?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

PH+?

IPNH-

P-

IPH+

IPH-

P+

IPNH-

P-?

IPNH+?

IPH+?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

610

611

Fill in the blanks with the existential copulas matching the second column

Translate the folllowing sentences and also write whether they are personal or impersonal.



32/89

7 khyyrang-la ghare go?WHAT [DO] YOU WANT/NEED?

ngndo

7

7

1

2

khyyrang-la ng-its go-py?

mogo. hch nng!

nga-la ng-hidey go marey

khng kga rey. khng lhkp rey.

lhgp chyp rey. jheytzng, khng-la

ng mangpo idey go-marey.

yinayang, kga tsngp rey.

khng-la ng mangpo go yorey.

khyyrang-la ng go yy-py?

go yy, yiney, mangpo idey

go mey. ghangyierna

nga ng-la gapo edhak mey.

ngyny?

chyp

idey

ghangyierna

go marey

go yy

go/gy

jheytzng

kga

lhkp

mangp

mogo

go mey / gy mey

ngny

ng

edhak

hch nngtsngp

yinayang

yiney

ngny?

ngny!

Dharma practitioner

like this, so [much]

because

not necessary, no need

need (to have in general)

want, need (for now)

therefore, thats why, so

(Tibetan name)

(Tibetan name)

many

dont want (for now)

dont need (in general)

really

money, silver

very

thank you

businessman

but

but

really?

really!

vocabulary 73


33/89


34/89

77

78

DRILLS

Object building Object building

khyyrang-la ghare go?What do you want?

khyyrang-la ghare go yy?What do you want [to have]?

lbthg-la ghare gorey?What does a student need?

kga tsngp rey, jheytzng, khng-la ng mangp gorey. yina yang, lhgp chyp rey, khng-la ng mangp go marey.

nga-la ng tgtzm gy ug ghangyierna nga-la bagbag-cjg gy ug.

Kunga is a businessman, therefore he/she needs lots of money. But, Lhakpa is a practitioner, he/she doesnt need much money.

I need some money because I need a motorbike!

1.

2.

nga-la go

go yy /gy yy

mogo

go mey /gy mey

ng

jhiri

khykp jhiri

gyugp jhiri

nmdhu

mot

le pkg

I, for me want dont wantmoney

candies

ice-cream

lollipop

aeroplane

car, motor

doll

lbthg-la go rey go mareyheb

nyghu

lgly

gege

lbdha

lbjong

ng-yang

[for] a student are needed arent neededbook[s]

pen[s]

computer[s]

teacher[s]

school[s]

education

also money

79 Phrase building


35/89


710

EXERCISE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

( ___ )

( ___ )

( ___ )

( ___ )

( ___ )

( ___ )



gogo yy

go rey

ghangyierna

jheytzng

yina yangtsngp

chyp

ng

hch nng

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

711

712

Match the the following

tsngp-la

chyp-la

lbdha-la

gp-la

akhng-la

meg

khyyrang-la lgly go yy-py?

khyyrang-la ghare go?

nga tsngp yi. nga-la ng mangpo go rey.

ng mangp go rey-py?

khng-la rokp go yorey.

lbthg

ng

mach

chy

nyng jep

dhap / dhawa

go rey

[for/with] the business man

[for/with] the practitioner[s]

[at] a school

[at] a monastery

[in] a restaurent

ower

student

money

cook

Dharma

beautiful

monk

is/are needed


36/89

8 nga yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?CAN I COME IN?

ngndo

81

ley!

bheycjy jheybhyky tsgzy

bhyky-ky tsgzy

ch

cjg

ha

-hang!

-he

dig-hang dig

gekhng

gela

ghe nng-ghi marey

ghe yo marey

go

gyab

jheyna

leysy

-na dig-ghi rey

-na dig-ghi rey-py

nyy

php

-rok nng!

uk

hch nng

tsgzy

yagp jhung

ya

yong

zidha tsk

Oh!

to use

Tibetan dictionary

dictionary of the Tib. L.

to open

once, one, some

now

(imperative particle)

that, the

of course okay

window

teacher

it doesnt matter (H.)

it doesnt matter

door

to close

well then, so, well

okay (accepting)

it is okay if -

is it okay if -?

two

to go/come (H.)

(imperative particle) (H.)

to sit, to stay (H.)

thank you

dictionary

nice! good!

in, upwards

come

to have class

vocabulary 82

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

nnifer:

Dorje:

[ ]

gela, nga ya yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?

ley! jenehphr! dig-hang dig! ya php-hang! uk-hang!

ni, ep yi-py?

ep yi. hch nng. khyyrang kuk ep yi-py?

la yi, nga-yang ep yi. go-he gyab-rok nng!

ni, gekhng-he ch-rok nng! hch nng.

leysy gela. ghe nng-ghi marey.

khyyrang-la bhyky-ky tsgzy yy-py?

la mey, nga-la mey. yiney nga-la cjg go[-ky] ug.

jheyna yagp jhung. i bhyky tsgzy rey. nga-la nyy ug.

cjg khyyrang bheycjy jhey-na dig-ghi rey. khyyrang-la gy-py?

go, gela! yagp jhung! thch nng!

ghe yo marey. ni, ha, ngats zidha tsk-na dig-ghi rey-py?


37/89

rror of Lhasa spoken language

Please note :Unlike the main verb + - hang structure (as above), a noun + -hang is in the associating case (In this case hangmeans and .)

Example : nga-la heb-hang nyghu mangp yy. I have many books and pens.

GRAMMAR

Is it okay if I/you do ___ OR he/she does ____?

Verb + - rok nng / verb + - hang Imperative Particles

83

4

We use this structure to ask for/give permission to do something.

+ - +? -?

IPthe verb +-na drig-ghi rey drig-ghimarey drig-ghirey-py drig-ghimarey-py

Answering yes/no. Yes, it is okay. No, it is not okay.

The verb in this structure usually comes in the past form, but it is not incorrect to use the present and future forms. na means if in general, but it can function as to (in nitive). jhey-na drig-ghi rey-py can be translated eitheris it okay if somebody does something? or Is it okay to do something?. drig means to be okay Since the action is yet to be done, we have the future auxiliary verbs - ghi rey / - ghi marey etc. The structure will be the same for the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd person.

the mainverb +

-rok nng could you please - Asking for something politely

-hang Can you - / please Asking in an ordinary way

-na dig-ghi rey-py?

Example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

[ ]

[ ]

[nga] ch-i ng-na dig-ghi rey-py?

dig-ghi rey. ch-i tzngma rey.

ng-na dig-ghi rey.

dig-ghi marey. ch-i tzngma marey.

[ch-i] ng-na dig-ghi marey.

nga yong-na dig-ghi rey-py?

dig-ghi rey, khyyrang yong-na dig-ghi rey.

yiney, khng yong-na dig-ghi marey.

Is it okay if [I] drink this water?

[Yes], it is okay. This water is clean.

It is okay to drink.

No, it is not okay. This water is not clean.

It is not okay to drink this water.

Is it okay if i come?

Yes, It is okay if you come.

But, it is not okay if he/she comes.

Example :

1.

2.

3.4.

imgo ch-rok nng !go ch-hang !

nga-la chb-cjg nng- rok nng !nga-la ch-chjg ty-hang !

Could you please open the door !

Can you open the door !

Please give me some water !Can I have some water !

8


38/89

85

86

DRILLS

verb + na dig-ghi rey-py? verb + rok nng! / verb + hang!

nga ch ng-go yy!

I need to drink water! khyyrang nyth-la gap yy-na

If you like watching TV ...

nga momo-la gap yy. ngats gongha khlag-la momo a-na dig-ghi rey-py?

bhyjha chy-rok nng! bhyjha chy-hang!

I like momos. Is it okay if we have momos for dinner?

Please have someTibetan tea! Have some Tibetan tea!

1.

2.

nga

khyyrang

khng

nyima

ch-i ng

chng ng

gekhng ch

go gyab

khlag a

momo a

nythn

I

you

he/she

Nyima

drink this water

drink chang

open the window

close the door

eat food

eat momos

watch TV

khyyrang nyth ik

chb chy

chychng chy

gekhng gyab

go ch

elag chy

emo chy

-ro nng

-hang

-ro nng hang

you watch TV (H.)

drink water (H.)

drink chang (H.)

close the windows

open the door

eat food (H.)

eat momos (H.)

please (polite)

have/please/[you] can

please (polite)

87

naif, to

dig-ghi rey-py

dig-ghi rey

dig-ghi marey

dig-ghi marey-py

is it okay

it is okay

it is not okay

isnt it okay

Phrase building


39/89


88

EXERCISE



dig-ghi reydig-ghi marey

dig-ghi rey-py

dig-ghi marey-py

bheycjy jhey

tsgzygo ch

go gyab

nng-rok nng

jhey-hang

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

Could you please open the door!

Is it okay if I open the door?

You can close the window!

Have some momos!

Please have some momos!

It is not okay to drink this water.Is it not okay?

No, it is not okay.

I like momos! Is it okay to eat these momos?

Please give me some boiled water!

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

89

810

Make these sentences negative

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ch-hi ng-na dig-ghi rey.

gekhng ch-na dig-ghi rey.

go gyab-na dig-ghi rey-py?

khyyrang nyth -na dig-ghi rey.

khng-la pch-i ty-na dig-ghi rey.

nga do-na dig-ghi rey-py?

ch-i ng-na dig-ghi marey. (eg.)

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________


40/89

ng-ghi yin. nga bhyjha ng-ghi yin. Yes, I will drink Tibetan tea.

9 khyyrang bhyjha ng-ghi yi-pyWILL YOU HAVE TIBETAN TEA?

ngndo

91

:mmley

bhyjhachy

cjgheneyheringdhowa

dik-songghadey

ghang-ghi rey.-ghi yi

-ghi yi-py-ghi yy.

hghoky

khy tsrp-ky marey

-ky rey.-ky rey-py-ky yi-py

lamemar

nngnyig

phpsngnyihngng

-yangyangkyr

mm.. (tasting)Oh!Tibetan teadrink, eat (H.)one, once, somethingand thentodaytaste (n.)enough!howone full(fut. aux.) (IP+)(fut. aux.) (P+)(fut. aux.) (P+?)(present aux.) (P+)to knowcupstrange(fut. aux.) (IP-)(fut. aux.) (IP+)(fut. aux.) (IP+?)(fut. aux.) (P+?)no (H.)butter the day after tomorrowokaycome/go (H.)tomorrowdrink (present)drink (fut./past)alsoagain

vocabulary 9

29

3

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

jenehphr la, khyyrang bhyjha chy-ky yi-py?

bhyjha? bhyjha dhowa ghadey yorey?

imp yorey. khyyrang cjg chy-dhang! heyney hgho-ghi rey.

leysey. jheyna ng-ghi yi. :mm. i-la ts ug.

yorey. bhyjha-la ts-dhang mar-yang yorey.

ley. mar-yang yo rey-py?

yorey! chy-hang! howa ghadey ug?

dowa-i khytsrp-cjg ug. yiney imp ug!

ni, hering khyyrang-ghi gela php-ky rey-py?

khng hering php-ky marey. khng sngnyi php-ky rey.

heney nngnyi-yang php-ky rey. :mm. jha-i imp ug !

jheyna yangkyr ky ghang ng-ghi yi-py?

lame. ha dik-song. hch nng

mala, khyyrang-yang chy-hang !

g,nga hng-ghi yy.

khyyrang ks a-ghi yi-pey?

Will you eat an apple?

nga sml ng-ghi yi.I will think [about it].


41/89


GRAMMAR

Future Simple TenseI/you/he/she/it will

Ive had enough! / Thats enough/okay!

9

9

4

5

+ - +? -?

Future form of theverb + ghi /kyi/ghyi( / /)

Pyi me yi-py me-py IP

rey marey rey-py marey-pya) As we have learned, the Personal positive and the negative statements are usually used for the 1st person (singular/plural).For example :

b) The Personal interrogative forms of the auxiliary verbs are usually used for the 2nd person (singular/plural).

For example :

c) The Im-personal auxiliary verbs are always used for the 3rd person (singular/plural).For example:

More examples :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

nga yong-ghi yi.khng-yang yong- ghi rey .

khyyrang yong-ghi yi-py?khongts do-ghi marey .

nga-yang do- ghi me .khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yi?khyyrang-yang do-ghi me-py ?

I will come.He/she will also come.Will you come?They will not go.I will not go either.What will you (singular) do?Will you (singular) alsonot go?

1.

2. nga bhy-la d-ghi yi.ngats chgye-la do- ghi me .

I will go to Tibet.We will not go to a foreign country.

1.

2.

khyyrang jha ngmo ng- ghi yi-pey?khyyrang bhyjha ng-ghi me -py?

Will you drink sweet tea?Will you not drink Tibetan tea?

1.

2.

3.

4.

ma momo a-ghi rey .

khng hgp ng-ghi marey .

nyima-yang hgp ng-ghi marey-py ?khng-yang momo a- ghi rey-py ?

Dolmawill eat momos.He/she will not drink noodle soup.Will Nyima alsonot drink noodle soup?Will he/she also eat momos ?

+ - +? -?

IPdik-sng dik-masng dik-sng-gey dik-masng-gey

Thats enough! Okay! Thats not enough! / Not okay! Is that enough? / Okay? Isnt that enough? / Not okay?


42/89

96

97

DRILLS

Vocabulary building Subject building

sngnyi khyyrang ghap do-ghi yi?

Where will you go tomorrow?

[ ]

nga bhy-la do-ghi yi, yina yang ngai garok [bhy-la] do-ghi marey.

khngts s[-la] gapo yorey. jheytzng khngts s a-ghi rey. khyyrang-yang s a-ghi yi-py?

I will go to Tibet. But, my girl/boy friend will not go.

They love meat, so they will eat meat. Will you also eat meat?

1.

2.

sngnyi nga

khng

nyima

ngats

khng-nyy

awa

khngts

tomorrow I

he/she

Nyima

we

they-two

Dawa

they

98

gtzm jey-la, khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yi?

What will you do a bit later?

nga nyth

ey

leyk

nges

-

-

nyigung khlag

gp-la-ghi yi -ghi yi

-ghi rey

-ghi me -ghi me

-ghi marey

nye

jhey

gyag

do

yong

a

droI TV

song, music

work

rest

lunch

to the monasterywill will

will

will not will not

will not

watch, look

listen

do

take

go

come

eat

go

Phrase building


43/89


99

EXERCISE


Translate the following sentences into Tibetan!

-ghi yi-ghi rey

jha

ng

khlag

achy

sngnyi

ogtzm jeyla

nngnyi

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

I will not eat momos.

Will you go to the monastery tomorrow?

They will not come .

Will he also not come tomorrow?

Will you watch TV?

Jennifer will go to Tibet.

She will also go to India.

Will you not drink chang?

He/she will not drink Tibetan tea.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

910

911

Make these sentences negative

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

nga nyth -ghi yi.

khyyrang nangjong jhey-ky yi-py?

sngnyi nge garok yong-ghi rey.

khng khlag mangp a-ghi rey.

sngnyi nga gp-la do-ghi yi.

khyyrang momo a-ghi yi-py?

jenehphr bhy-la do-ghi rey-py?

ngats nges gyag-ghi yi.

khyyrang nge nang-la yong-ghi yi-py?

khyyrang leyk jhey-ky yi-py?

nga nyth -ghi me. (eg.)

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________


44/89

10 khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?WHAT ARE YOU DOING?

ngndo

101

jhey

-ky yykhlag

khlag o-ghi ug

-ghi ug-ghey-ghi miug

gomgom gyag

tskpr lg

ghapr do

lbdha-la

to do

present aux. (P+)food

to cook

present aux. (IPNH+)

present aux. (IPNH+?)

present aux. (IPNH-)

meditation

to meditate

newspaper

to read

where?

to go

school

to, towards

vocabulary 104

khng ghare jhey-ky ug?

khng khlag o-ghi ug.

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

kyhyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?

khng ghap do-ghi yorey?

A: khng ghare jhey-ky yorey?

B: khng gom gyag-ghi yorey.

nga khlag o-ghi yy.

khng lbdha-la do-ghi yorey.

khngts khlag o-ghi ug-ghey?

o-ghi miug, khngts khlag o-ghi miug.

na, khngts ghare jhey-ky ug?

khngts tskpr lg-ghi ug.

school

102

103


45/89


GRAMMAR

The Processing Auxiliary Verbs, for the Present or the Past105+ - +? -?

present form ofthe verb + ghi/ky/ghyi( / / )

H/NM

Pyy mey yy-py mey-py

H

IP

yorey yo marey yo rey-py yo marey-py

NHug miug ug-ghey miug-ghey

1) The Personal positive and the negative statements are usually used for the 1st person (singular/plural).Whether it is a habitual action or not depends on context.For example :

1.

2. nga nangjong jhey -ky yy.

ngats kych sy- ky mey.I am doing homework.

We are not talking .

2) The Personal interrogatives are usually used for the 2nd person (singular/plural).Whether it is a habitual action or not again depends on context.For example :

1.

2.

khyyrang pch lg- ghi yy-py?khyyrang gom gyag- ghi mey-py ?

Are you reading pecha?

Are you not doing meditation?

3a) The 3rd person (singular/plural) gets the Impersonal auxiliary verbs for habitual actions:For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

dma s a-ghi yorey .khng chng hng- ghi yo marey .

nyima s a- ghi yorey-py ?khng-yang chng hng- ghi yo marey-py ?

Dolma eats meat.He/she doesnt drink chang.Does Nyima eat meat?Does he/she also not drink chang?

3b) The third person (singular/plural) gets the Impersonal auxiliary verbs for non-habitual actions:For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

dma jha o-ghi ug .khng khlag o-ghi miug.nyima tzmo tz- ghi ug-ghey ?khng nangjong jhey- ky miug-ghey?

Dolmais making tea.He/she is not cooking .Is Nyima playing?Is he/she not doing homework?

Please check the Grammar Section 3.3 and 3.4 to see how the present simple/continuous changes to past simple/continuous.Example :

1.

2.

nga s a- ghi yy.ngma nga s a- ghi yy.

I eat meat. or I am eating meat.

Before, Iused to eat meat.or I ate meat before.


46/89

106

107

DRILLS

Object and verb building Subject with the aux.verbs

khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?Whatare you (singular) doing ?

khyyrang ghare jhey-ky yy?Whatare you (singular) doing ?

[ ]

nga ha zidha tsk-ky yy. khyyrang khp gtzm jeyla ng-rok nng!

ngma nga s mangp a-ghi yy. yiney, hengsng [nga s] a-ghi mey.

I am having a class right now. Please call me a bit later!

Before, I used to eat a lot of meat, but these days I dont eat meat.

1.

2.

ngaI

nga

khng

ngats

nga-nyy

khng-nyy

nyima

I

he/she

we

we two

they two

Nyima

108

leyk

dungheb

huglg

ukp

sml

lgny

dhagya-la

leykwork

story book

cloth[es]

body

thought

movie

on the internet

work

-ky yy -ky yy

-ky yorey

-ky ug

-ky mey -ky mey

-ky yo marey

-ky miug

jhey

lg

thy

thy

ng

jhey(PH+) /(PNH+)

(PH-) /(PNH-)

do

read

wash

wash

(verbalizer)

watch

check, look up

do

Phrase building


47/89


109

EXERCISE


Translate the following into Tibetan (you can use phonetics).

jhey-ky yy jhey-ky yorey

jhey-ky ug

ha

hengsng

ngmaleyk jhey

ukp thy

huglg thy

dhagya-la

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

What are you doing? Are you taking a shower?

What is he doing? Is he washing clothes?

Is he reading a newspaper? No, he is reading pechas.

They are cooking momos. They are not eating momos.

I am not drinking chang. I dont drink chang.

Does she smoke?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

1010

1011

See the pictures and answer the questions with a Tibetan friend.

khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng-ts ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey?

khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey? khng ghare jhey-kyi yorey?

1

4

2

5

3

66


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49/89


50/89

116

DRILLS

build vocabulary 117 build vocabulary

haghi, khyyrang ghare jhey-p yi?

What did you do a while ago?

khs khyyrang ghap ch-p yi?

Where did you (singular) go yesterday?

[ ]

khs, ngats nyighung khlag [la] momo ey-p yi. khyyrang nyighung khlag [la] ghare ey-p yi?

khs, nga gp-la ch-p yi. khyyrang khs ghap ch-p yi?

Yesterday we ate momos for lunch. What did you eat for lunch?

Yesterday I went to the monastery. Where did you go yesterday?

1.

2.

nga khlag

khlag

ukp

pch

nangjong

jha

chyn-la

-p yi -p yi

-p rey

-mey

-yo marey

-meyey

y

ty

lk

jhey

ng

ch

I food

food

body

pecha

home-work

tea

to the Stupa

(P+) (P+)

(IP+)

(P-)

(IP-)

(P-)ate

made

washed

read

did

drank

went

nga

khng

nyima

nga-ts

khng-nyy

lhkp

khngts

chy

akhng

ngkhng

gp

lbdha

zidha

nyekhg

chlaI

he/she

Nyiima

we

they two

Lhakpa

they

Stupa

restaurant

bank

monastery

school

classroom

bedroom, room

wentto

118

+ - + -

Phrase building


51/89


52/89

12

ghare jhey-ghar / ghare jhey-yag-laWHAT FOR? (TO DO WHAT?)

ngndo

121

khyyrang-nyy ghap php-p yi?

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

khng-nyy jhokhng-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p rey?

khng-nyy jhokhng-la chyje u-gha ch-pa rey.

khng thm-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p rey?

khng thm-la nyobch gyag- gha ch-p rey.

122

A:

B:

khyyrang nyghu-i ghare jhey-yag-la nyy-p yi?

nga nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-p yi.

khng nyghu-i ghare jhey-yag-la nyy-p rey?

khng nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-pa rey.

chyje udhi-yag-la

-gha ghare jhey-gha

ghare jhey-yag-la jhokhng

khng-nyykhyyrang-nyy

-lanyobch gyag

nyyphp

thm[yighe] dhi

to visit a monastery

for writing, to write

for, to

what for?, to do what?

what for?, to do what?

Jhokhang (Name of a Temple)

they-two

you-two

to, atto do shopping

bought

to come/go (for all tenses)

market

to write [letters]

vocabulary 123

nga-nyy jhokhng-la ch-p yi.

khyyrang-nyy jhokhng-la ghare jhey-gha php-p yi?

nga-nyy jhokhng-la chyje u-gha ch-p yi.


53/89


GRAMMAR

Innitive Particle (to do, for doing, in order to do __ )

Innitive Particle (to do, for doing, in order to do __ )

verb + gha

verb + yag-la

12

12

4

5

GHA is used only with motion verbs, such as: going / coming / inviting someone / sending someone (somewhereto do something).For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

nga thm-la nyobch gyag-gha ch-p yi.I went to the market for shopping.

khng lbdha-la lbjong jhey-gha do-ghi yorey.He/she goes to school for studying.

jenehphr gp-la lma je-gha do-ghi rey.Jennifer will go the monastery to visit a Lama.

khng khyyrang-la kych sy-gha yong-ghi rey-py?Will he/she come to talk to you?

khng ts nyo-gha ng-p yin.I sent him/her to buy vegetables.

khng khyyrang-la kych sy-gha ky ng-ghi yi.I will call him/her to talk to you.

THE QUESTION WORD THAT IS USED FOR THIS KIND OF SENTENCES IS GHARE JHEY-GHA

For Example :

mi-hets chy-laghare jhey-gha do-ghi yorey?What do people go to the Stupa for? or Why do people go to the Stupa?

1.

2.

3.

YAG-LA is used for non-motion verbs.For example :

nga nyghu-i yighe dhi-yag-la nyy-p yi.I bought this pen to write with.

nga nyth -yag-la gap mey.I dont like watching TV.

ng sma-its lngkh-la ty-yag-la bheycjy jhey-na dig-ghi rey-py?Is it okay to use these coins to give to beggars?

THE QUESTION WORD THAT IS USED FOR THIS KIND OF SENTENCES IS GHARE JHEY-YAG-LA

For Example :

khyyrang namgy ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?What do you usually enjoy doing? Present form of the verb is used for both the in nitive structures.


54/89

126

127

DRILLS

verb + ghar verb + yag-la

khyyrang chy-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p yi?

What did you go to the Stupa for? /Why did you go to the Stupa?

khyyrang ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?

What you [usually] like/love to do?

nga nyobch gyag-yag-la gap yy, jheytzng nga thm-la nyobch gyag-gha do-ghi yi.

khng heb lg-yag-la gap yorey, jheytzng khng pzy khng-la heb lg-gha ch-p rey.

I like shopping, so I will go shopping.

He/she likes reading books, therefore he/she went to the library to read books.

1.

2.

nga

khng

nyima

ngats

awa

khngts

nga-nyy

chy

akhng

jhakhng

thm

gp

ngkhng

khng-ghi nang

khla a

nyobch gyag

heb lg

leyk jhey

tzmo tz

kych sy

lgny

gap yy

gap yorey

yag-lala kra gyag

khlag a

jha hng

nyobch gyag

lma je

ng

hkt ng

ch-pa yi

ch-pa rey

gha I

he/she

Nyima

we

Dawa

they

we two

Stupa

restaurant

tea shop

market

monastery

bank

his/her home

eat food

do shopping

read book

work

play

talk

watch movies

like, love

like/likes, love/loves

to tocircumambulate

eat food

drink tea

do shopping

visit guru

withdraw money

party

went

went

tonga

khng

nyima

nga-ts

awa

khng-ts

nga-nyy

I

he/she

Nyima

we

Dawa

they

we two

128 Phrase building


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129



jhey-gha jhey-yag-la

kych sy

hkt ng

lgny

pzy khnglma

ngkhng

jhakhng

kra gyag

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

khyyrang chy-la ghare jhey-gha ch-p yi?

khng ghare jhey-yag-la gap yorey?

khyyrang ghare jhey-yag-la gap yy?

nga heb lg-yag-la gap yy.

khyyrang bhy-la ghare jhey-ghar ch-p yin?

khngts lgny -yag-la gap-yo rey-py?

momo its a-yag-la nyy-p rey-py?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

nyghu-i yighe dhi __________ ny-ghi yi.

khyyrang yighe dhi __________ gap yy-py.

khng ghare jhey-__________ ch-p rey?

nga-la lgly nyo __________ ng go-ky ug.

sngnyi nga thm-la lgly nyo __________ do-ghi yi.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

1210

1211

Fill in the blanks with yag-la or gha

EXERCISE


56/89

khng-ghiy ey ng-sng.

13 khng-ghiy ey ng-sng-gey?DID YOU SEE HIM/HER SINGING SONGS?

ngndo

131

bhyhey

hahunggela-kyy

ghare-ghare ji ey

jheynakyk

kyk ngkyk hkt

khsy

khyyrangtsylp-ug.

lp-ug-ghey?lp-miug

lp-ag.mang chwa

mingatsy

ngey

ngo masy panyp gyapnyp gyap-yy

rey-ag!apdh gyap

ey ngey ng-kh

ik-sng-gey?

-sngey ng-yorey

hkthkt ng-hang!

tsngma

Tibetan song

still, even moreby the teacher

what...?

English songs

in that case,

birthday

to celebrate a birthday

birthday party

some

by you (plural)... has come.

has ... come?

... has not come

... has come.

most of them

people, person

by us

by me

stranger to shoot movies

... have shot movies (P+)

it is ...! (discovering a fact)

to dance

to sing a song

singer

see/check (H.)

(witnessed past +?)

(witnessed past +)

must have sung

party

to party

please show!

all

vocabulary 132

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

nnifer:

hamo:

jenehphr la, khs khyyrang ghap ch-p yi?

khs nga gela-ky nang-la ch-p yi. khs khng-ghi kyk

rey-ag. nga khng-ghi nang-la khng-ghi kyk ng-gha ch-p yi.

ley. lbthg tsngma lp-ug-ghey?

tsngma lp-miug. yiney mang chwa lp-ug.

hahung mi ngo mas pa-yang khsy lp-ag.

khyyrangtsy kyk hkt-la ghare-ghare jhey-p yi?

ngatsy bhyey-hang ji ey mangp ng-p yi.

ley. ni khyyrangts gela-kyy ey ng sng-gey?

ng-sng. khng-ghiy bhyey mangp ng-sng. hahung apdh-yang

gyab-song. ma la, ik-hang! ngey nyp khsy

gyab-yy. khng ngma ey ng-kh rey-ag!

ley. jheyna, ey yagp ng-yorey. cjg -hang!


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GRAMMAR

Witnessed Past

Non-witnessed or Discovering a Past Action

Commonly Discovered Past

Speaker-Powered Existential Past

13

13

13

13

3

4

5

6

-SNG : This auxiliary is used with a past verb when the action is happened or done in the presense of the speaker.For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

khng-ghiy * ey ng-sng.He/she sang songs . (Lit. I saw/heard him sing songs.)

khng-ghiy ey ng-masng.He/she didnt sing songs. (Lit. I didnt see/hear him/her sing.)

khng-ghiy ey ng-sng-gey?Did he/she sing songs? (Lit. Did you see/hear him/her sing songs?)

khng-ghiy ey ng-masng-gey?Didnt he/she sing songs? (Lit. Didnt you see/hear him/her sing songs?)

-UG/AG : This auxiliary verb is used with the past form of a verb when the action happened in the absence ofthe speaker, or the speaker discovers the action has nished / is completed.For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

hkt-la mi mangp lp-ag/ug!Many people have come to the party.

hkt-la mi mangp lp-miug.Not many people have come to the party.

hkt-la mi mangp lp-ug-ghey?Have many people come to the party?

hkt-la mi mangp lp-miug-ghey?

Havent many people come to the party?

- YOREY : This auxiliary verb is used with a past form of a verb when the action happened in the absence of thespeaker and the speaker is aware of it and has got used to it.For example :

1. hkt-la mi mangp lp-yorey.Many people must have come to the party [as usual / as it generally happens].

- YY : This auxiliary verb is used with a past form of a verb when the result of the action is seen or felt by others atthe time it happened. The action must be affected or done by the speaker himself.For example :

1. ngey* momo y-yy.I have made momos.

Note : The auxiliary verb is not used when the result of the action cannot be experienced by others.

ngey* momo ey-yy. (This isincorrect ) Instead one should say: ngey* momo ey -p yi. I ate or I have eaten momos.* In our previous lessons, we have seen khng-ghi which means his/her, but i n this lesson we see khng-ghiy which meansby him/her. Please check the difference in the spelling of the two words. In Tibetan spelling, when the sa letter is added to theGenitive particle, it chages into the Agentive particle.See also: ngey / ngatsy / khyyrang-ghiy / khyyrangtsy / khngtsy. The agentive particles are used to show whothe agent is, and thereby avoid confusion.


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137

138

DRILLS

Action building

+ -

Agent building

khng-ghiy momo sy-sng-gey?

Did he/she make momos? (Did you see him/her make momos?)

khyyrang-ghiy momo y-yy-py?

Have you made momos?

ngey khyyrang-ghiy kyk-la g-p cjg nyy-yy.

khs nyimey awa-la gp cjg nyy-ag. khng-ghiy gp-he awa-la harang oky ty-sng.

I have bought you some gifts for your birthday. Please have a look! What do you think of them?

Yesterday, Nyima bought some gifts for Dawa! He gave Dawa the gifts this morning.

1.

2.

khng-ghiy momo

ch

nangjong

lg

lg

huglg

kygz

y

k

jhey

sy

pr

ty

sy

-sngHe/she(by him/her)

momos

water

homework

light

light

clothes

lie

made

boiled

did

switched off

switched on

washed

told

(IPW)ngey

khng-ghiy

nyimey

mey

ngatsy

khngtsy

mach la-kyy

I (by me)

he/she (by him/her)

Nyima (by Nyima)

mom (by mom)

we (by us)

they (by them)

the cook (by the cook)

139

momo y -yy

-ug

-ag

-yorey

momos made have/had

has/had/have

has/had/have

has/have/had

-mey

-miug

-yo marey

have/had not

has/had/have not

_________

has/had/have not

-masng(IPNW)

+ -

Phrase building


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1310

EXERCISE

Translate the following sentences into Tibetan. (you can write in phonetic)


jhey-yy jhey-ug

jhey-ag

jhey-yorey

jhey-sng

namgy

gp

ty

khng-ghiy

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Jennifer has put a beautiful chupa on!

Has Jennifer bought a gift for her teacher?

I have not been to her home.She went to the market to do the shopping. (I saw it)

He must have gone to the monastery. (as usual)

Have you done your homework?

Hasnt he eaten those momos?

She hasnt bought that computer!

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

1311

1312

Fill in the blanks with the suitable past auxiliary verbs matching the second column.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

khng-ghiy khyyrang-la gp-cjg nyy-__________.

khng-ghiy nga-la lgly nyy-__________?

hering nyighung khla-la mach la-kyy momo y-__________.

khs gela-ky kyk hkt-la jenehphr lp- __________?

khng lp ug, yiney khng-ghi ma lp- __________.

khng chng-la gap yorey. khng-ghiy chng ng- __________.

jenehphr-ghyiy lngkh-cjg-la rokp mangp jhey- __________.

nga nang-la lp- __________.

ngey gonghag khla-la y- __________.

namgy nge ks akh-he awa marey. khng-ghiy ng ks ey- __________ .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Past witnessed j + (IPNH)

Past witnessed +? (IPNH)

Discovering past + (IPNH)

Discovering past +? (IPNH)

Discovering past - (IPNH)

Logical past + (IPH)

Narrating past + (IPNH)

Existential past + (P)

Existential past - (P)

Logical past - (IPH)


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gen oje la nyg-ghi yorey.

14 khng bhy-la do-nyong yo rey-py?HAS HE/SHE EVER BEEN TO TIBET?

ngndo

141

-:chy

cjgcjg jheyna

haha

gap edhakghadey

ghe chpghe

gho-yag-ghyi kr-la

gongp u jhung

lp

leyelo jeymalbjong nng

nngnnghag midugngats khsy

-nyong mey-nyong yy-py?

nang

phy

smth majheyey

sm

gghkcjg nng

hkcjg nng-gho!

(Imperative mark)eat, drink (to have)some, once, something, onemaybenowat this timevery happyhowimportantanythingto hear [news]about (someone/something)to take leave (from someonereceived, got, had, was (EP)came, arrived

okaynext year to study (H.)to do (H)no problem, I am okaysome of ushave never -have you ever -?well then, so thenyes, okay I willhomeland

dont worry!atemedicine (H.)to watch, to look, to visitexactly, exact, right amountto take caretake care!

vocabulary 142

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

dents:

Dorje:

ley! khyyrangts nga-la -gha lp-p yi-py?

layi gela. khyyrang ghadey ug?

nga nnghag midug. hkje ch.

khyyrang ghare nng-ghi yy?

ga phy-ghi p its-la cjg -ghi yy.

khyyrangts bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?

do-nyong mey. cjg jheyna, ngats khsy lo jeyma do-ghi yi.

gg rey. ni, jenehphr-ghyi kr-la cjg gho-yag ug-ghey?

ha ghe hgho-masng. gela khyyrang sm chy-p yi-py?

ey-p yi. khyyrangts lbjong yagp nng-:. ghe chp rey.

leye genla. yiney gela, khyyrang kuk-la hkcjg-nng-rok nng.

ng. nga nnghag mey. khyyrangts smth majhey-:.

leye. ha ngats gongp u-ghi yi. gela hkcjg nng-gho!

leye. na php-:. nga gap edhak jhung. hkje ch !


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GRAMMAR

Experiential Past-nyong143

A) VERB (Present form) + NYONG : To have done/experienced the action in the past. (Lit. experience in doing ) The Copula Family yy ( ), ug ( ) and yorey ( ) are used for this structure.1) The Personal Copula yy ( ) means speaker-based / speaker-powered/chosen actions; habitual or non-habitual as usual, ( depending on the situation or context ): The 1st person (singular or plural) gets this copula for thestatements, and the 2nd person (singular or plural) gets the Interrogative forms of this copula.For example :

1.

2.

nga bhy-la do-nyong yy.ngats bhy-la do-nyong mey .

khyyrang bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?khyyrangts bhy-la do-nyong mey-py ?

I have been to Tibet.

We have never been to Tibet.

Have you ever been to Tibet?

Havent you ever been to Tibet?

2) The Impersonal Copula yorey ( ) which is used for habitual actions by others (but not the speaker) orwhen the action is common/general or logical to the speaker; As usual, (depending on the situation or context ): The3rd person (singular or plural) gets this copulas forms.For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

khng chng hng- nyong yorey .

khngts chng hng- nyong yo marey .

nyima chng hng-nyong yo rey-py ?khng-yang chng hng- nyong yo marey-py ?

He/she has drunk chang [in the past].

They have never drunk chang.

Has Nyima ever drunk chang?

Has he/she also drunk chang?

3) The Impersonal Copula ug ( ) is used for Non-habitual actions from other than the speaker, or whenthe action is discovered by the speaker and affects himself or others. And as usual, (depending on the situation or

context ): The 3rd person (singular or plural) gets this copulas forms.For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

khng leyk-i jhey-nyong ug.khngts leyk-i jhey-nyong miug.khng leyk-i jhey-nyong ug-ghey ?khng leyk-i jhey-nyong miug-ghey?

He/she has done the work [before]!

They have never done the work!

Has he/she ever done the work?

Hasnt he/she ever done the work?

B) VERB + NYONG : To have done or exprienced the action in the past. Without using copulas, this structure is called Egophoric which is used only with the 1st person (singular or plu-ral) in the statement forms and 2nd person (singular or plural) in the interrogative forms depending on the context.

And the verb comes in the past forms.For example :

1.

2.

3.

4.

khyyrang bhy-la ch nyong-gey ?ga bhy-la chma-nyong.

khyyrangts bhy-la ch ma-nyong-gey ?ngats bhy-la hngcjg ch nyong .


I have never been to TIbet.

Havent you ever been to Tibet?

We have been to Tibet once.


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144

145

DRILLS

Have you ever - ? Have you ever - ? (Egophoric)

khyyrang bhy-la do-nyong yy-py?


khyyrang bhy-la ch nyong-gey?Have you ever been to Tibet?

nga yk tzney hng-nyong mey. khyyrang-ghiy hng-nyong yy-py?

nga bhy-la ch-manyong. yiney, gey garok bhy-la hngma khsy do-nyong yorey. khyyrang ch nyong-gey?

I have never [ever] seen a yak. Have you?

I have never been to Tibet, but my girl/boy friend has been to Tibet several times. Have you?

1.

2.

nga

khng

bhy-la do

tzmp a

pg a

lhmo-la kych sy

pch-i lg

nangchy lbjong jhey

momo o

I

he/she

going to Tibet

eating tzampa

eating pak

talking to Lhamo

reading this pecha

studying Buddhism

cooking momos

nga

ngats

I

we

146

-nyongexperience in

yy

yorey

have

has

mey

yo marey

have not

has not

bhy-la ch

tzmp ey

pg ey

lhmo-la kych sy

pch-i lg

nangchy lbjong jhey

momo y

gone to Tibet

eaten tzampa

eaten pak

talked to Lhamo

read this pecha

studied Buddhism

cooked momos

nyonghave

manyonghavent (never in the past)

+ - + -

Phrase building


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15

khyyrang bhyky jang-ney gy ring-ly ch-sng?HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN SINCE YOU STARTED LEARNING TIBETAN?

ngndo

151

[hang/ghi] nymhubheylawaey

dkhngghahy

ghap ghap -ghyi thy-lagy ring-ly

jangkhy

muhy-ney

nangchynang-la-neynyy

seuk

-tzm

with, together withNepal

monthstay, live, sitguest housewhen?no way!nearbyhow long?learn[ed]to know (H.)continuously

Dharmainsincetwoto knowstay, sit, live (H.)around, about, just

vocabulary 153

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

B:

khyyrang bhey-la ghahy php-p yi?

nga bheyl-la lp-ney awa nyy-tzm ch-sng.

khyyrang ghap uk-ky yy?

nga dkhng-ig-la ey yy.

dkhng-he ghap yorey?

dkhng-he chy-ghyi thy-la yorey.

ley. ni, bhey-la ghare nng-gha php-p yi?

nga bhey-la nangchy lbjong jhey-gha lp-p yi.

khyyrang bhyky yagp khy-ghyi ug.

khyyrang bhyky ghahy jangp yin?

nga bhyky jang-ney awa nyy-tzm ch-sng.

hata-yang muhy-ney dhokmo-ig-hang nymhu jang-ghi yy.

nley. ngyny, awa nyy nang-la p yagp se-ag!

ghap ghap.

ts kgyeyThe eight auspicious signs

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

152


65/89


GRAMMAR

Since

The Post-positions

-ney

-la -tsl

15

15

4

5

The past form of the VERB + NEY followed by time: For example :

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

khyyrang bhyky jang-ney gy ring-ly ch-sng?How long it has been since you started learing Tibetan?

nga bhyky jang-ney awa nyy-tzm chn-sng.It has been about two months since I started learning Tibetan.

In the above sentences the verb chin at the end refers to the time passed or gone by.So, in the 1st example, it asks, gyun rin-loy chin-song , which means: How long has it (the time) been....And in the 2nd example, it answers, dawa nyiy-tzam chin-song which means: It (the time) has been around two months.

Some more examples :

kh

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