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Latin 2 Semester Review: Lessons 29-40 Nomen mihi est _________________________

I. Nouns

A. 3rdDeclension:

1. What are the 2 major categories of 3rdDeclension nouns?

a. ____________________ b.____________________

2. Endings for regular 3rd Declension M/F nouns:

Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

3. What are the NEUTER consonant-stem endings? Place an asterisk by the ones that differ from the M/F.

Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

4. Third Declension i-stem nouns:

a. For M/F i-stem nouns, ONLY the Genitive Plural differs from the non i-stem endings, having

the ending -ium instead of just -um. Decline the i-stem feminine noun urbs, urbis

Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

5. Fourth declension nouns: All nouns whose genitive singular ends in s belong to the 4th

declension. Nounsof the 4thdeclension can be masculine (lacus, lacs lake), feminine (manus, mans hand) or neuter (gen,

gens knee). Neuter nouns are recognizable by the nominative singular in , and are uncommon. Feminine 4th

declension nouns are also uncommon.

Decline hand

Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Decline kneeSingular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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II. Case Constructions:

1. Ablative of Manner: In English, the manner of an action is expressed by an adverb or a phrase which

answers the question how? it is often translated with + an abstract noun. In Latin, manner is often expressed

bycum + ablative (often an abstract noun). Note that if the noun is modified by an adjective, the cum is often

omitted in Latin, and when used, often comes between the adjective and noun, e.g., magncum laude, with

great praise, which could also correctly be written simply as magnlaude. Remember if the noun is NOT

modified by an adjective, cum must be used, as in cum curwith care.

* * Know the difference between the ablatives of Manner, Means, and Accompaniment.

2. Ablative of Respect. The Ablative of Respect (also known in many grammars as the Ablative of

Specification) expresses the respect in which the meaning of an adjective, noun, or verb is true. It can be said to

make something more specific (hence, Specification.)how is someone fasterin intelligence or on foot? This

ablative would answer that question. In English, the construction generally is translated in, but also by the

phrase as to. In Latin, the ablative of respect is used WITHOUT a preposition.

Examples: Not all people are equal in speed: Non omnes celeritatepares sunt.

But all people are equal by right: Sed omnes iurepares sunt.

3. Ablative of Time When: Place where in physical space is an ablative expression, so also place when

in time. In English, time may be expressed with our without a preposition, e.g., before Sunday, on Friday, in

winter, tonight, this morning. In Latin, time when is pxpressed by the ablative case WITHOUT any preposition;this is the ablative of time when, and this construction indicates a specific point in time. The soldiers fought at

night Milites nocte pugnaverunt.

4. Ablative of Time Within Which: To express the time range in which something happens, Latin

again uses the Ablative Case WITHOUT a preposition. This is translated in English as within or within the

period of. The distinction between this and the ablative of time when is sometimes very narrow. Within the

last three years tribus proximis annis is a clear example; te tribus diebus videbimus could be translated either as

in three days we will see you (time when) or within three days we will see you (within which). Many Latingrammars consider these two aspects of the same ablative (e.g.,Allen and Greenough). Remember that duration

of time is expressed by the Accusative (see next).

5. Accusative of Duration (Extent) of Time. To express how long an action will take, theaccusative case is used without a preposition. In English this is generally translated as for. He ruled for ten

years decem annos regnavit. This construction is closely related to the accusative of extent of space, see next.

6. Accusative of Extent of Space. To express how far with space, rather than time, Latin also uses

the accusative case, again WITHOUT a preposition. They walked for ten miles ambulaveruntdecem milia

passuum. The mountain is one hundred feet tallMonscentum pedesaltus est (literally, the mountain is tall for

100 feet).

7. Ablative Absolute: This is a phrase of usually two or more words in the ablative case, and can have a

temporal, causal, or concessive force (when, since, or although), and if as it can substitute for part of a

conditional sentence. Ablative absolutes consist of two elements, a subject, and a predicate. Most commonly it

is along the lines of hoc facto this having been done or since this was done or although this was done,where hoc is the subject, and the participlefacto is the predicate. By definition the construction is absolute

meaning that it is not grammatically related to or dependent upon any other words in the sentence, though in

terms of sense it often is.

Officio facto, dominus discessit When the duty was done the master departed.

Caesare duce, milites felices erant Since Caesar was general the soldiers were happy.

Viro inimico feminae non timuerunt. Although the man was unfriendly the women were not frightened.

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III Pronouns

A. The relative pronounintroduces a clause in English with who which or that. The key aspect

of a relative pronoun is that it refers back to an antecedent in an earlier clause, but functions in its own clause

it agrees with its antecedent in both gender and number, but its case is determined by its own use in its own

clause. In the sentence, I saw man who was the general of the Romans man is the antecedent, it is the

direct object of I saw but the relative pronoun who is the subject of its own clause, in Latin:

virum vidi qui dux Romanorum erat the relative pronoun qui is masculine and singular because of its antecedent

virumbut its case is nominative (not accusative) because it is the subject of its own clause, the subject of erat.

Remember the rule: A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is

determined by its own use in its clause.

Decline the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod and write the translations in the same boxes

Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Note: In English we translate qui, quae, quod variously as who which or that. But who must be used

only for people, which only for things, and that can be used for people or things.

Examples: puella cui librum dedi soror mea est. The girl to whom gave the book is my sister.

quem audis meus frater est. The one whom you hear is my brother. [note here a common use inLatin where the relative pronoun can come before its antecedent].

B. The interrogative pronoun is similar to the relative pronoun but (1) has no antecedent and (2) asks a

question. In English we translate these as who for people and what for things.

Decline the interrogative pronoun quis, quid and write the translations in the same boxes

Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

AccusativeAblative

Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Note that in English the forms are the same for the singular and plural.

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C. The interrogative adjective is in its Latin forms identical to the relative pronoun, but (1) they have

no antecedent and (2) they introduce a question. Note that in the plural, in Latin, you cannot distinguish the

relative pronoun from the interrogative pronoun or from the interrogative adjectivethey all appear identical,

they can only be distinguished in how they are used. Many of the singular forms such as cui not only can be any

gender (M, F, or N) but could be a form of any of the three pronoun types.

Videsne viros qui me vocant? Do you see the men who are calling me? [ qui = Relative pronoun]

Qui me vocant? Who (pl) are calling me? [ qui = Interrogative pronoun]

Qui homines me vocat? What men are calling me? [ qui = Interrogative adjective]

IV. Third declension adjectives. Third declension adjectives decline in general like the i-stem versions of

third declension nouns, with ium in the genitive plurals, and ia for the neuter nom/acc pl, with the addition that

usually they have i also in the ablative singular (except when used substantively, in which case the normal e is

often retained). The accusative plural for (-is) is also found often instead of (-es).

These have been classified by grammarians into three types, one-ending, two-ending and three-ending; this refers

to the number of differentnominative singular forms the adjective has. Hence:

Three ending: celer, celeris, celere

M F N

singular Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Two ending: fortis, forte

M F N

singular Nominative

Genitive

Dative

AccusativeAblative

plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Single-ending: potens [note, single-ending adjectives are often listed in dictionaries such that they look like

nounspotens will usually appear as: potens, potentis (adj). The dictionary will list the genitive singular, so

that you know the stem, but indicate that it is an adjective.

M F N

singular Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Remember that all adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in ___________, _______________, and in

______________.

IV. Participles: Thus far we have learned the Perfect Passive Participle, which is the 4

th

principal part of aregular verb, and can be translated as having been __________. Participles can be used as adjectives or

substantive nouns, but will always retain a verbal aspect. Sometimes they can be translated as a relative clause.

One of the most common uses of the perfect passive participle is in the ablative absolute construction. Review

Lesson 35 (p.250 ff.) in your textbook.

V. The irregular verb Possum.

1. This verb is a compound ofpotis + sumand means to be able.

2. The forms ofpossum are often followed by the complementary infinitive, just as in English, where we

say, e.g., I am able to read Latin verba Latina legere possum.3. The forms of possum in the present are irregular, just as are the forms of sum, and can simply be

memorized. However, if you already know sum, you can work out what the form is in the present by this rule: the

form in the present will bepot + sum, except that t changes to s before s.pot + sum = possum pot + sumus = possumus

pot + es = potes pot + estis = potestis

pot + est = potest pot + sun = possunt

The forms of sum in the imperfect and future do not start with s so present no problem:

pot + eram = poteram , etc, for all forms.

The tenses of the perfect system are regular, and follow the same rule as for any regular verbadd the appropriate

endings to the third principal part ofpossum which is _____________