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Bioterrorism Agents – PlagueBioterrorism Agents – PlagueLesson 8Lesson 8
Scenarios and QuestionsScenarios and Questions
OverviewOverview
• Developing scenarioDeveloping scenario• Questions to review knowledgeQuestions to review knowledge• Additional questions for laboratorians and Additional questions for laboratorians and
veterinariansveterinarians
Plague Scenario Question 1Plague Scenario Question 1
• Physician in Hartford, ConnecticutPhysician in Hartford, Connecticut• 35yo male, no underlying35yo male, no underlying• Fever, chills, malaise, myalgias x 3 daysFever, chills, malaise, myalgias x 3 days• Productive cough, watery mucoid sputum, Productive cough, watery mucoid sputum,
chest pain x 1 daychest pain x 1 day
What would you review to rule out other What would you review to rule out other diseases?diseases?
Plague Scenario Question 1Plague Scenario Question 1
What would you review to rule out other What would you review to rule out other diseases?diseases?
A.A. Mediastinum on x-rayMediastinum on x-rayB.B. Progression of diseaseProgression of diseaseC.C. Presence of influenzaPresence of influenzaD.D. A and CA and CE.E. A, B and CA, B and C
Plague Scenario Question 1Plague Scenario Question 1
What would you review to rule out other What would you review to rule out other diseases?diseases?
E.E. A, B and CA, B and C– Mediastinum on x-rayMediastinum on x-ray– Progression of diseaseProgression of disease– Presence of influenzaPresence of influenza
Plague Scenario Question 2Plague Scenario Question 2
• Patient deteriorating rapidlyPatient deteriorating rapidly• No widening of mediastinumNo widening of mediastinum• No influenza in communityNo influenza in community• You suspect plagueYou suspect plague
What specimens will you collect for What specimens will you collect for laboratory workup?laboratory workup?
Plague Scenario Question 2Plague Scenario Question 2
What specimens will you collect for What specimens will you collect for laboratory workup?laboratory workup?
A.A. Pharyngeal swabsPharyngeal swabsB.B. Tracheal wash or aspiratesTracheal wash or aspiratesC.C. Sputum specimensSputum specimensD.D. SerologySerologyE.E. All of the aboveAll of the above
Plague Scenario Question 2Plague Scenario Question 2
What specimens will you collect for What specimens will you collect for laboratory workup?laboratory workup?
E. All of the aboveE. All of the above– Pharyngeal swabsPharyngeal swabs– Tracheal wash or aspiratesTracheal wash or aspirates– Sputum specimensSputum specimens– SerologySerology
Plague Scenario Question 3Plague Scenario Question 3
• Laboratory initial reportLaboratory initial report– Small, gram-negative, bipolar-staining, plump Small, gram-negative, bipolar-staining, plump
rods in single, short chainsrods in single, short chains– Catalase positiveCatalase positive– Oxidase and urease negativeOxidase and urease negative– Unable to rule out Unable to rule out Y. pestisY. pestis
• You suspect plague You suspect plague What is your next step?What is your next step?
Plague Scenario Question 3Plague Scenario Question 3
What is your next step?What is your next step?
A.A. Shut down the hospitalShut down the hospitalB.B. Refer to hospitals reference laboratoryRefer to hospitals reference laboratoryC.C. Call public healthCall public healthD.D. All of the aboveAll of the above
Plague Scenario Question 3Plague Scenario Question 3
What is your next step?What is your next step?
C. Call public healthC. Call public health
Plague Scenario Question 4Plague Scenario Question 4
• You’ve contacted your hospitals infection You’ve contacted your hospitals infection control practitionercontrol practitioner
What should your infection control What should your infection control practitioner recommend to you?practitioner recommend to you?
Plague Scenario Question 4Plague Scenario Question 4
What should your infection control What should your infection control practitioner recommend to you?practitioner recommend to you?
A.A. Patient on respiratory precautionsPatient on respiratory precautionsB.B. Close contacts on prophylaxisClose contacts on prophylaxisC.C. Names of those within 6 feet of patientNames of those within 6 feet of patientD.D. A and CA and C
Plague Scenario Question 4Plague Scenario Question 4
What should your infection control What should your infection control practitioner recommend to you?practitioner recommend to you?
D.D. A and CA and C– Patient on respiratory precautionsPatient on respiratory precautions– Names of those within 6 feet of patientNames of those within 6 feet of patient
Plague Scenario Question 5Plague Scenario Question 5
• Asked to obtain travel historyAsked to obtain travel history
If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he have traveled?have traveled?
Plague Scenario Question 5Plague Scenario Question 5
If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he have traveled?have traveled?
A.A. AustraliaAustraliaB.B. CanadaCanadaC.C. Western United StatesWestern United StatesD.D. Northeast United StatesNortheast United States
Plague Scenario Question 5Plague Scenario Question 5
If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he If it’s naturally-acquired, where would he have traveled?have traveled?
C. Western United StatesC. Western United States
Plague Scenario Question 6Plague Scenario Question 6
• Consulted with public healthConsulted with public health• All specimens they need have been All specimens they need have been
collectedcollected
What treatment regimen would you What treatment regimen would you consider?consider?
Plague Scenario Question 6Plague Scenario Question 6
What treatment regimen would you What treatment regimen would you consider?consider?
A.A. GentamicinGentamicinB.B. AmpicilinAmpicilinC.C. TetracyclineTetracyclineD.D. BactrimBactrim
Plague Scenario Question 6Plague Scenario Question 6
What treatment regimen would you What treatment regimen would you consider?consider?
A.A. GentamicinGentamicin
Plague Scenario Question 7Plague Scenario Question 7
• Plague confirmed by state public healthPlague confirmed by state public health• Six other suspect casesSix other suspect cases• Cases clustered in your areaCases clustered in your area
What will public health ask you to do to help What will public health ask you to do to help manage this outbreak?manage this outbreak?
Plague Scenario Question 7Plague Scenario Question 7
What will public health ask you to do to help What will public health ask you to do to help manage this outbreak?manage this outbreak?
A.A. Close down hospitalClose down hospitalB.B. Call the mediaCall the mediaC.C. Conduct chart reviewConduct chart reviewD.D. Everyone in building on prophylaxisEveryone in building on prophylaxis
Plague Scenario Question 7Plague Scenario Question 7
What will public health ask you to do to help What will public health ask you to do to help manage this outbreak?manage this outbreak?
C. Conduct chart reviewC. Conduct chart review
Plague Scenario Question 8Plague Scenario Question 8
• 12 people in ER12 people in ER• Compatible symptomsCompatible symptoms• All attended the hockey gameAll attended the hockey game
What procedure should be in place in the What procedure should be in place in the Emergency Room?Emergency Room?
Plague Scenario Question 8Plague Scenario Question 8
What procedure should be in place in the What procedure should be in place in the Emergency Room?Emergency Room?
A.A. All patients into respiratory isolationAll patients into respiratory isolationB.B. Shut down the ERShut down the ERC.C. Call public healthCall public healthD.D. A and CA and C
Plague Scenario Question 8Plague Scenario Question 8
What procedure should be in place in the What procedure should be in place in the Emergency Room?Emergency Room?
D.D. A and CA and C– All symptomatic patients into isolationAll symptomatic patients into isolation– Call public healthCall public health
Plague Scenario Question 9Plague Scenario Question 9
• 1,459 confirmed, probable and suspect1,459 confirmed, probable and suspect• Pneumonic plaguePneumonic plague• Associated with ice hockey gameAssociated with ice hockey game• Your hospital has 200 casesYour hospital has 200 cases• Mass Casualty Treatment ProtocolMass Casualty Treatment Protocol
What is one of the medications you will use What is one of the medications you will use for your adult patients?for your adult patients?
Plague Scenario Question 9Plague Scenario Question 9
What is one of the medications you will use What is one of the medications you will use for your adult patients?for your adult patients?
A.A. Gentamicin – 5mg/kg IM or IVGentamicin – 5mg/kg IM or IVB.B. Doxycycline – 100mg PO BIDDoxycycline – 100mg PO BIDC.C. Doxycycline – 100mg IV BID or 200mg Doxycycline – 100mg IV BID or 200mg
IVIVD.D. Ciprofloxacin – 400mg IV BIDCiprofloxacin – 400mg IV BID
Plague Scenario Question 9Plague Scenario Question 9
What is one of the medications you will use What is one of the medications you will use for your adult patients?for your adult patients?
B. Doxycycline – 100mg PO BIDB. Doxycycline – 100mg PO BID
Questions for LaboratoriansQuestions for Laboratorians
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 1Question 1
• Microbiologist at hospital in Hartford, Microbiologist at hospital in Hartford, ConnecticutConnecticut
• Specimens – pharyngeal swabs, sputum, Specimens – pharyngeal swabs, sputum, serologyserology
• Patient – presenting with pneumoniaPatient – presenting with pneumonia
What presentation would you expect on a What presentation would you expect on a Gram stain if this was plague?Gram stain if this was plague?
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 1Question 1
What presentation would you expect on a What presentation would you expect on a Gram stain if this was plague?Gram stain if this was plague?
A.A. Gram-positive bacillus, singly and chainsGram-positive bacillus, singly and chainsB.B. Faintly staining, very tiny Gram-negative Faintly staining, very tiny Gram-negative
coccobacillus, mostly single cellscoccobacillus, mostly single cellsC.C. Plump, Gram-negative rodPlump, Gram-negative rodD.D. Faintly staining, small Gram-negative Faintly staining, small Gram-negative
coccobacillus, “fine sand”coccobacillus, “fine sand”
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 1Question 1
What presentation would you expect on a What presentation would you expect on a Gram stain if this was plague?Gram stain if this was plague?
C. Plump, Gram-negative rodC. Plump, Gram-negative rod
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 2Question 2
• Growth plates preparedGrowth plates prepared• Sheep blood agarSheep blood agar
What presentation would you expect to see What presentation would you expect to see after 48 hours?after 48 hours?
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 2Question 2
What presentation would you expect to see after 48 What presentation would you expect to see after 48 hours?hours?
A.A. Slow growing, pinpoint, gray-white to opaque Slow growing, pinpoint, gray-white to opaque colonies, “fried egg”colonies, “fried egg”
B.B. Growing poorly, 1-2mm, gray-white, non-hemolyticGrowing poorly, 1-2mm, gray-white, non-hemolyticC.C. Slow growing, pinpoint, smooth, entire border, Slow growing, pinpoint, smooth, entire border,
translucent, non-hemolytictranslucent, non-hemolyticD.D. Rapidly growing, non-pigmented, dry “ground Rapidly growing, non-pigmented, dry “ground
glass” surface, flat or slightly convex, irregular glass” surface, flat or slightly convex, irregular edges with Medusa headedges with Medusa head
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 2Question 2
What presentation would you expect to see What presentation would you expect to see after 48 hours?after 48 hours?
A.A. Slow growing, pinpoint, gray-white to Slow growing, pinpoint, gray-white to opaque colonies, “fried egg”opaque colonies, “fried egg”
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 3Question 3
• Suspicious of Suspicious of Y. pestisY. pestis• Other, more definitive testsOther, more definitive tests
What other characteristics would you expect What other characteristics would you expect to see?to see?
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 3Question 3
What other characteristics would you expect What other characteristics would you expect to see?to see?
A.A. Hemolysis – None, Catalase (+), Non-Hemolysis – None, Catalase (+), Non-MotileMotile
B.B. Oxidase (-), Catalase (+), Urea (-), Oxidase (-), Catalase (+), Urea (-), Indole (-)Indole (-)
C.C. Oxidase (-), Catalase Weak (+), Oxidase (-), Catalase Weak (+), --lactamase (+), Satellite (-), Urease (-)lactamase (+), Satellite (-), Urease (-)
D.D. Oxidase (+), Urease (+), Satellite (-)Oxidase (+), Urease (+), Satellite (-)
Plague Scenario LaboratoryPlague Scenario LaboratoryQuestion 3Question 3
What other characteristics would you expect What other characteristics would you expect to see?to see?
B.B. Oxidase (-), Catalase (+), Urea (-), Oxidase (-), Catalase (+), Urea (-), Indole (-)Indole (-)
Questions for VeterinariansQuestions for Veterinarians
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 1Question 1
• Vet in small-animal practiceVet in small-animal practice• Hartford, ConnecticutHartford, Connecticut• Near ice hockey arenaNear ice hockey arena• Domestic felineDomestic feline• Owner suspects pneumonic plagueOwner suspects pneumonic plague
What signs and symptoms would you expect What signs and symptoms would you expect to see?to see?
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 1Question 1
What signs and symptoms would you expect to What signs and symptoms would you expect to see?see?
A.A. Fever, respiratory difficulty, excitement and Fever, respiratory difficulty, excitement and depression, vomiting, bloody diarrheadepression, vomiting, bloody diarrhea
B.B. Depression, lymphadenopathy, abcesses, Depression, lymphadenopathy, abcesses, oral or lingual ulceration, anorexiaoral or lingual ulceration, anorexia
C.C. Rapidly progressing illness, fever, cough Rapidly progressing illness, fever, cough bloody sputumbloody sputum
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 1Question 1
What signs and symptoms would you expect What signs and symptoms would you expect to see?to see?
C. Rapidly progressing illness, fever, cough C. Rapidly progressing illness, fever, cough bloody sputumbloody sputum
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 2Question 2
• Domestic felineDomestic feline• Signs and symptoms seem to match Signs and symptoms seem to match
plagueplague
What kind of treatment would you begin on What kind of treatment would you begin on this cat?this cat?
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 2Question 2
What kind of treatment would you begin on What kind of treatment would you begin on this cat?this cat?
A.A. GentamicinGentamicinB.B. PenicillinPenicillinC.C. FluorquinolonesFluorquinolones
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 2Question 2
What kind of treatment would you begin on What kind of treatment would you begin on this cat?this cat?
A. GentamicinA. Gentamicin
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 3Question 3
• You suspect plagueYou suspect plague• Lab specimensLab specimens
– Pharyngeal swabPharyngeal swab– SerologySerology
• Lab results: Unable to rule out Lab results: Unable to rule out Y. pestisY. pestis
What is your next step?What is your next step?
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 3Question 3
What is your next step?What is your next step?
A.A. Send it to private reference laboratorySend it to private reference laboratoryB.B. Call public healthCall public healthC.C. Shut down your practiceShut down your practice
Plague Scenario VeterinarianPlague Scenario VeterinarianQuestion 3Question 3
What is your next step?What is your next step?
B. Call public healthB. Call public health