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Lesson No. 8

Challenges to Democracy

Topic : 1 : Challenges to Democracy :The serious challenges that democracy face in a country for smooth running

of govt is called challenges. A challenge is not just any problem. We usuallycall only those difficulties a challenge which are significant and which can beovercome.

Challenges :At least one fourth of global is still not under democraticgovt. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark.These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to

democracy and then instituting democratic govt.- Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This

involves applying the basic principles of democratic govt across all theregion, different social groups and various institutions.- Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in oneform or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices

of democracy. They should happen in such a way that people can realise theirexpectations of democracy.- Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can elect elections. The

common man can not stand in elections. The govt should minimise theelection expenditure. The govt should prepare budget for elections.

2. Topic : Political Reforms in Democracy

Meaning :All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming variouschallenges to democracy are called democracy reform or political reform.- Reforming politics by making new laws.- Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political

practices and encourage good ones.- Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics.

Sometimes the results may be counter productive. For example, many stateshave banned people who have more than two children from contestingpanchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to

many poor people and women.- The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democraticreforms.

- The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers thepeople to find out what is happening in govt.

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- Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through politicalpractice.- Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is agood solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Questions :

1. Name the two democratic countries who face challenge of expansion.2. What is political reforms.3. What is the importance of Right to Information Act.

4. What is the meaning of word challenge.5. How we can make political reforms in democracy.6. Evaluate the main challenges faced by Indian democracy.

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Lesson No. 7

Outcomes of Democracy

Democracy is better than othersWe felt that democracy is better because it :- Promotes equality among citizens.

- Enhance the dignity of the individual

- Improves the quality of decision making.- Provides a method to resolve conflicts.

- Allows room to correct mistakes.

- The countries which have formal constitutions, they hold elections

and form govts.- They guarantee rights of citizens.

- Democracy solves the social and political and economic problems ofthe country.

Topic - 2 : Accountable responsive and Legitimate

Govt.

Accountable Govt. :Democracy is a accountable govt because itis the govt. of the people and made by people and for the people. The

representatives elected by the people are responsible to them. If thepeople are not happy with the govt they can change the leaders in

coming elections.

Responsive Govt. :A citizen who wants to know if a decisionwas taken through the correct procedures can find this out. She has theright and the means to examine the process of decision making. This

type of transparency is not available in non democratic govts.

Legitimate Govt. :Democratic govt is legitimate govt.It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. Buta democratic govt is peoples own govts can not ignore the needs of

people. So people wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

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Questions :

1. Give the definition of democracy?

2. How democracy is better than other types of govt.?

3. How does democracy produce an accountable,responsive and legitimate govt.

4. democracy depends on political equality. clarify this

statement.

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LESSON NO. 6

POLITICAL PARTIES

Meaning :A political party is a group of people who come together tocontestelections and hold power in govt and make public opinion among the people

of country.

Topic : The role of Political Parties to Shape Public Opinion :- They raise and highlight issues.- The parties clear the policies of govt. to people.- The parties clear the policies of govt. to people.- Political parties give their ideas in favour and against the govt.

- Political parties give their ideas about the new laws made by the govt.- In this way the political parties help to create public opinion in people. Soit is necessary for people if they want to establish democratic

govt. they have to analyze for and against democracy.

2. Topic : Challenges to Political PartiesParties are for the working of democracy parties are the most visible face of

democracy. It is natural that people blame parties, criticise them.Parties have to face many challenges :-1. Lack of Internal democracy :-

1. Concentration of powers in one hand.2. Parties do not conduct internal election.3. Leaders assume greater power to make decision in name of party.

- The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one.Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantageto favour people close to them or even their family members.

Growing role of money and muscle power in parties :

1. The parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lotsof money. In some cases parties support criminals.

- The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer ameaningful choice. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must besignificantly different.- There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties.- The difference among all the major parties on the economic policies have

reduced.- Those who want really different policies have no option available to them.

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Lesson No. 5Popular struggles and Movements

Establishment of democracy in Nepal.Meaning of the word democracy : - Democracy is the govt of the people, forthe people and by the people.

The aims of movement for democracy in Nepal:The Nepalesemovement for

democracy arose with the specific objectives of reversing the kings orders that

led to suspension of democracy. Establishment of democracy in Nepal :

- Democracy established in Nepal in 1990.

- King Birendra accepted it.- King Gyanendra the new king of Nepal was not prepared to accept democratic

rule after the death of king Birendra.

- The king dismissed the popularly elected Parliament.

- The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over

the govt from the king and establish democracy means the govt of the people.

All the major parties of parliament formed a seven party alliance. (SPA)

and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the countrys capital.

- On 21st April the protestors served an ultimatum to the king.

- 24th April 2006 was the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to

concede all the demands.

- The SPA choose Girija Parasad Koirala as new Prime Minister of the

interim govt. The parliament passed laws taking away most of the powers

of the king. This struggle came to be known as Nepals second movement

for democracy.

Questions :1. What was SPA?

2. What was the main demands of people of Nepal?3. What was the aims of movement for democracy in Nepal?

4. When did the protestors served ultimatum to the king?

5. How was democracy established in Nepal?

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Topic - 2Sectional Interest groups and Public Interest Group meaning of Interest

Groups.

Usually interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or

group of society.

Sectional Interest Groups :- They are sectional because they representa section

of society-workers, employees, business, persons, industrialists, followers

of religion, caste group etc.

Features :Their principal concern is the betterment and well being of theirmembers, not society in general.

Public Interest Groups :Public interest group promote collective ratherthan selective goods. They aim to help groups other than their own members.

Example :BAMCEF (Backward and minorities community employeesfederation).

Questions :1. Distinguish between sectional interest groups and public interest groups?

2. Give one example of public interest group?3. What is public welfare groups?

4. In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics.

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Lesson No. 5

Consumer Rights

Rights of Consumers :Rights which are provided by law : - Right to safety

- Right to be informed - Right to choose- Right to be heard - Right to seek redressal- Right to consumer education.

Factors causing exploitation of Consumers :-Limited information

- Limited supplies- Limited competition- Low literacy

Duties of Consumers :- To purchase quality marked products such as ISI, AGMARK etc.- To ask for cash memo for the items purchased whenever possible.- To make complaint for genuine grievances consumers must know their

rights and mustexercise them.

Demerits of Consumer Redressal Process :- The Consumer Redressal Process is becoming cumbersome expensive andtime consuming.

- Many a time, consumers are required to engage lawyers. These casesrequire time for

filling and attending the court proceedings etc.- In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easytogether.- Most purchases in the market are small retail sales.

- The enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganisedsectors is

weak.- Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed.

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Consumer Protection Act - 1986 (COPRA)- To protect and promote the interest of consumers.- Under COPRA a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state andnational

levels is set up for redressal of consumer disputes.- The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto Rs. 20

lakhs; TheState level courts between Rs. 20 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore and the national levelcourt

deals with cases involving claims exceeding Rs. 1 crore.

Questions :1. Mention the Rights to consumers and write two sentences on each.2. Explain the factors which cause exploitation of consumers.

3. Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shoppingcomplex in your locality.

4. Mention the demerits of consumer redressal process.5. Explain Consumer Protection Act - 1986.

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Lesson No. 4

Globalisation and the Indian Economy

VArious ways By which MNCs set up or control productionin other countries:- Set up production jointly with some of the local companies. Joint

production provides money for additional investment and latest technologyfor production.- To buy up local companies and then expand production.

- Place orders for production with small producers.- By setting up partnerships with local companies, by using the localcompanies for supplies, by closely competing with the local companies or

buying themup, MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at thesedistant locations.As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is

getting interlinked.

Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets :- Exchange of goods - purchase and sale - across geographical boundaries ofthe countries.

- Goods travel from one market to another.

- Choice of goods in the market rises.- Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.- Producers in the two countries closely compete against each other eventhough they are separated by thousand of miles. Thus foreign trade results in

connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.

TradeBarriers and its importance :- Various restrictions which are used by the government to increase or

decrease Foreign Trade.- Government uses trade barriers to increase or decrease Foreign Trade and todecide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the

country.

SpecialEconomic Zones :- Setting up of industrial zones by the central and state governments to attract

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Foreign Companies to invest in India which have world class facilities,electricity,water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities.

Impact of Globalisation in India :- Greater competition among producers - both local and foreign producers has

been of advantage to consumers.- There is greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy improvedquality and lower prices for several products.

- Foreign investment has increased.- Increased competition has encouraged top Indian Companies to invest innewer

technology and production methods and raise their production standards.- Globalisation has enabled some large Indian Companies to emerge asMultinational.

- Created new opportunities for companies providing services particularlythose

involving Information Technology.

Questions :1. What are the various ways in which multinational companies set up, orcontrol,production in other countries?

2. What is Foreign Trade? How does Foreign Trade lead to integration ofmarketsacross countries?3. What are trade barriers? Why does Government uses Trade Barriers?

4. What are special economic zones? Why is the government setting upspecialeconomic zones?5. What is the impact of Globalisation in India?

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Lesson No. 3

Money and Credit

Barter System : Goods are exchanged without use of money.

Double Coincidence of wants :In exchange of goods both partieshave to agreeto sell and buy each others commodities. In a barter system doublecoincidence

of wants is an essential feature.

Medium of Exchange :Money act as an intermediate in the exchangeprocess.

Currency is authorised by the government as medium of exchange.- People deposit extra cash with the banks by opening the bank account intheir name.

- The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, thesedeposits are called demand deposits.- A check is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the

persons account to the person in whose name the cheque has been made.

Loan Activities of Banks :- Banks in India these days bold about 15% of their deposits as cash.

- Kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdrawmoney from the bank on any given day.- Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.

- Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income forbanks.

Terms of Credit :- Interest rate- Collateral- documentation requirement.

- the mode of repayment.the varying terms of credit in different credit arrangements.

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Formal Sector Credit in IndiaLoans from banks and co-operatives Functions of Reserve banks.- Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.

- RBI monitors the banks are actually maintaining cash balance.- RBI collect information from banks, how much they are lending to whom,at what interest rate etc.

Informal Sector LoansThe informal lenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends etc.

- There is no organisation which supervise the credit activities of lenders.- They can lend at what ever interest rate they choose.- Their is no one to stop then from using unfair means to get their money

back.

Questions :1. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants?Explainwith an example.2. What is check? How payments made with cheques? Explain with example.

3. How does RBI control the functioning of other banks? Why it is important4. Why people take more loan from Informal Sector.5. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised andunorganised sectors.

6. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.