LESSON 5 TEACHER’S GUIDE The Golden Age of Sail

Number of Words: 1,415

L E S S O N 5 T E A C H E R ’ S G U I D E

The Golden Age of Sailby Lisa M. Cocca

Fountas-Pinnell Level PNonfictionSelection SummaryIn the mid-1800s, the United States was growing and changing. The need for goods and services was increasing. Merchants had to fi nd a way to transport their goods to other parts of the world. Sailboats became the answer to the merchants’ problems.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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Characteristics of the Text Genre • Nonfi ction

Text Structure • Third-person narrative divided into four sections Content • Growth of goods and services

• Yankee Clippers• Steam engines

Themes and Ideas • Early sailboats helped deliver goods to various parts of the world.• The growth of American trade was due in large part to the use of sailboats.

Language and Literary Features

• Narration conveys strength and confi dence of growing nation; the allures of sea adventure and speed; the sleekness and utility of the Yankee Clippers

Sentence Complexity • A mix of short and complex sentences• Items in series

Vocabulary • Some sailing-related terms: clipper, masts, bow, sailsWords • Many multisyllable words, such as memorable, conditions, and betrayed

• Contractions, such as aren’t and weren’tIllustrations • Photographs and illustrations

• Map; chart on successful sails during the golden age of sail Book and Print Features • Eleven pages of text, photographs or illustrations on most pages

• Full-sentence captions• Questions and italics

© 2006. Fountas, I.C. & Pinnell, G.S. Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, Heinemann, Portsmouth, N.H.

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Target Vocabulary

betrayed – done something to disappoint someone else, p. 8

condition – general state of a person or thing, p. 7

foaming – makes a layer of foam, p. 2

horrifi ed – to feel shock, terror,

or fear, p. 10memorable – worth

remembering, p. 11outcast – someone who is not

accepted by a group, p. 14seafaring – working or traveling

at sea, p. 13

shortage – not enough of something, p. 6

tidal – affected by the tides, p. 2yearning – strong desire, p. 9

The Golden Age of Sail by Lisa M. Cocca

Build BackgroundHelp students use their knowledge of sailing and ships to visualize the selection. Build interest by asking a question such as the following: In the time before steamships and airplanes, how do you think products were moved across the ocean? Read the title and author and talk about the cover photo. Explain that huge clipper ships were once the best and fastest means of transporting goods. Ask students what they think the term golden age might mean.

Introduce the TextGuide students through the text, noting important ideas and nonfi ction features. Help with unfamiliar language so they can read the text successfully. Give special attention to target vocabulary. Here are some suggestions:

Page 3: Turn to page 3. Read the sentence: America was rich in natural resources. Ask: What is a natural resource?

Page 6: Point out that captions can give clues about information in the text. The text on page 6 says there was no shortage of markets in the world. Ask: How do you know when there is a shortage of something?

Page 9: Explain that Nat Palmer was a shipbuilder who had a yearning for the sea from a young age. Ask: What was Nat Palmer’s yearning for the sea?

Page 11: The text says the day Nat Palmer met Edward Collins was memorable. Edward Collins was also a shipbuilder. He provided the money to build the ship Nat dreamed of building. Ask: Why was the day the men met memorable?

Page 13: The text talks about seafaring men. Ask: What would make a man seafaring?

Now turn back to the beginning of the selection and read to fi nd out what happened during the golden age of sail.

2 Lesson 5: The Golden Age of SailGrade 4© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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ReadHave students read silently while you listen to individual students read aloud. Support their understanding of the text as needed.

Remind students to use the Infer/Predict Strategy and use text clues to fi gure out what isn’t exactly stated by the author.

Discuss and Revisit the TextPersonal ResponseInvite students to share their personal responses to the selection. Suggested language: Why do you think sea captains found Yankee Clippers to be such an improvement over earlier cargo ships?

Ways of ThinkingAs you discuss the text, help students understand these points:

Thinking Within the Text Thinking Beyond the Text Thinking About the Text

• As America grew, the needs for certain goods and services increased.

• Early sailboats, called clippers, helped make the transport of goods to other parts of the world more effi cient.

• The invention of steam engines reduced, or virtually eliminated the need for sailboats as cargo transporters.

• Early sailboats helped deliver goods to various parts of the world.

• The growth of American trade was due in large part to the use of sailboats.

• The chart provides more information about the text.

• Captions help to explain the illustrations/photos.

• The photos/illustrations/chart contain a lot of visual information.

© 2006. Fountas, I.C. & Pinnell, G.S. Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency, Heinemann, Portsmouth, N.H.

Choices for Further Support• Fluency Invite students to read pages 9 through 12 aloud to a partner, taking turns

reading one paragraph at a time. Remind them to use infl ection to refl ect punctuation.

• Comprehension Based on your observations of the students’ reading and discussion, revisit parts of the text to clarify or extend comprehension. Remind students to go back to the text to support their ideas.

• Phonics/Word Work Provide practice as needed with words and word parts, using examples from the text. Remind students that contractions are two words that are joined together to form a shortened version of the combined words. For example, the contraction aren’t on page 2 is a combination of the words are and not. Remind students that certain letter(s) in the words are replaced by an apostrophe. Be sure the students are able to identify which two words were used to make the shortened form.


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Writing about ReadingVocabulary PracticeHave students complete the Vocabulary questions on BLM 5.1.

RespondingHave students use their Reader’s Notebook to complete the vocabulary activities on page 15. Remind them to answer the Word Teaser on p. 16. (Answer: foaming)

Reading Nonfi ctionNonfiction Features: Captions and Chart Remind students that nonfi ction has many features to help readers fi nd and understand important information. Captions and charts are two of these features. Explain that captions can be short phrases or longer sentences, as in this book. Captions tell what a photo or map or diagram is about. Reading the captions in a nonfi ction book is a good way to preview the book before reading the main text. Have students choose a caption to rewrite in their own words.

Charts are another important source of information. They often restate information or add information that is not in the text. Have students look at the chart on page 13. Ask what information they can learn from the chart (men who have traveled around the world and the length of their journeys). Then have students use the information provided in the second column of the chart to locate the routes on a map.

Writing Prompt: Thinking Beyond the TextHave students write a response to the prompt on page 6. Remind them that when they think beyond the text, they use their personal knowledge to reach new understandings.

Assessment Prompts• What is the main idea of the second paragraph on page 3?

• On page 14, what does the word outcast mean?

• What caused the end of the golden age of sail?


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Target VocabularyWrite the correct Target Vocabulary word beside its definition below.

yearningconditiontidalhorrifi ed

memorableseafaringoutcast

betrayedshortagefoaming

Vocabulary

1. too short an amount or supply

2. worth remembering

3. forming a mass of tiny bubbles

4. the way a person or thing is

5. relating to, caused by, or having tides

6. was unfaithful to

7. making a living at working at the sea

8. caused horror

9. a person rejected by or driven out of a group

10. a tender or urgent longing

Target Vocabulary© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Lesson 5B L A C K L I N E M A S T E R 5 . 1

Grade 4, Unit 1: Reaching Out

The Golden Age of SailTarget Vocabulary

3

Name Date

shortage

memorable

foaming

condition

tidal

betrayed

seafaring

horrifi ed

outcast

yearning

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English Language DevelopmentReading Support Pair advanced and intermediate readers to read the selection softly, or have students listen to the audio or online recordings. Remind students that clippers helped make the transport of goods to other parts of the world easier.

Cognates The text includes a few cognates. Explain the English word and its Spanish equivalent: conditions (condiciones), (p. 7) and memorable (memorable), (p. 11).

Oral Language DevelopmentCheck student comprehension, using a dialogue that best matches your students’ English profi ciency level. Speaker 1 is the teacher, Speaker 2 is the student.

Beginning/Early Intermediate Intermediate Early Advanced/ Advanced

Speaker 1: What is one natural resource?

Speaker 2: wood, soil, metals, minerals

Speaker 1: How was cotton made into fabric?

Speaker 2: a cotton loom

Speaker 1: How did Americans move goods to other countries?

Speaker 2: People in America used ships to move their goods to other countries.

Speaker 1: Why did clipper ships move goods faster than early cargo ships?

Speaker 2: The front of the clipper ship was narrower, which made them go faster.

Speaker 1: Why do people not use clipper ships to move goods to other countries today?

Speaker 2: By the end of the 1850s, the invention of the steam-engine ship made the clipper ships useless. The steam-engine ships did not depend on the wind to move, so they could deliver goods faster and cheaper.


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Name Date

The Golden Age of SailThinking Beyond the Text

Think about the questions below. Then write your answer in one or two paragraphs.

Remember that when you think beyond the text, you use your personal knowledge to reach new understanding.

On page 3, the text says, “People needed to move faster to keep up with the changes.” Why were the Yankee Clippers the perfect solution to moving goods by sea in a changing world? Do you think Yankee Clippers helped to expand American trade? Support your answer with details from the text.



Target VocabularyWrite the correct Target Vocabulary word beside its definition below.

yearning

condition

tidal

horrifi ed

memorable

seafaring

outcast

betrayed

shortage

foaming

Vocabulary

1. too short an amount or supply

2. worth remembering

3. forming a mass of tiny bubbles

4. the way a person or thing is

5. relating to, caused by, or having tides

6. was unfaithful to

7. making a living at working at sea

8. caused horror

9. a person rejected by or driven out of a group

10. a tender or urgent longing

Lesson 5B L A C K L I N E M A S T E R 5 . 1

The Golden Age of SailTarget Vocabulary

Name Date



1414

200


Student Date Lesson 5

B L A C K L I N E M A S T E R 5 . 2 4

The Golden Age of SailRunning Record Form

The Golden Age of Sail • LEVEL P

Behavior Code Error

Read word correctly ✓cat 0

Repeated word, sentence, or phrase

®cat

0

Omission —cat 1

Behavior Code Error

Substitution cutcat 1

Self-corrects cut sccat 0

Insertion the

ˆcat 1

Word told Tcat 1

page Selection Text Errors Self-Corrections

2

3

A group of boys stand on a dock looking out into a harbor.

They watch as men lift and load cargo onto the ships. They see

the tidal waves foaming as they crash against the ships. The

boys aren’t worrying about the hard work. They aren’t even

worrying about the dangerous sea. They are too busy

daydreaming. They dream about a ship that can sail faster than

any of the ships in the harbor.

Boys weren’t the only people dreaming of faster ships in

1840. The world was growing and changing. People needed to

move faster to keep up with the changes.

Comments: Accuracy Rate (# words read correctly/102 ×

100)

%

Total Self- Corrections


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LESSON 5 TEACHER’S GUIDE The Golden Age of Sail