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Species Relationships
• Feeding relationships• Autotrophs Vs Heterotrophs• Autotrophs are=things that make their own food– Examples- plants
• Heterotrophs= eat others** for food– Examples- monkeys & humans
"I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!"
Carnivores and Scavengers
• Heterotrophs which eat other heterotrophs– Carnivore= meat eaters– Examples= lion
• Some animals do not kill their own food they are called scavengers– They play a beneficial role in ecosystem.– Clean up dead animals• Examples= turkey vulture
herbivores
• Herbivores eat plants
Omnivores & decomposers
• Omnivores- eat both• Examples= humans & bears
• Fungus is an example of decomposer.
• Decomposers break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms.
Detritivores
• Detritivores eat “garbage” of ecosystem – organisms that have recently dies, fallen leaves and branches, animal wastes (vulture, bacteria and fungi - decomposers)
Relationships for survival
• Symbiosis– “living together”– Relationship in which there is a close and permanent
association between organisms of a different species
• Commensalism• The predator-prey relationship• Mutualism• Parasitism
Commensalism• One species
benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed– Barnacles on a
whale• Do not harm or
help whale• Barnacles benefit
because constant moving water source
Predators vs prey
• One organisms hunts another for food– Predators- hunt for food– Prey- organism that predator eats– Predators can be the prey of larger animals
• Population sizes are linked– If # of prey grows or shrinks # of supported
predators does the same
Predator- Prey
• Hunter• Lions• Insect eating birds• Benefit from
relationship
• Hunted• Zebra• Insects• Die from relationship
Predator & prey
• When the # of prey increases the # of predators will increase too because there is more food to support them– Creates a cycle• The larger the animal the larger the life cycle vs smaller
animals–Live longer–Reproduce slower
The changing population size of the prey species controls the population size of the predator species
Predator vs prey
• Fox hunts can kills rabbit
Mutualism
• A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit– Ants and acacia tree– Flowers and insects– Lichen
– Example: pollination – bees, butterflies, bats, and birds carry pollen to other plants
•
Mutualism • Lichens • An alga and a fungus– depend on each other
and cannot live independently.
• Through photosynthesis, the alga produces the food the lichen requires, while the fungus absorbs vital nutrients and water for it.
Parasitism
• When one organism harms another– A symbiotic relationship in which one organism
derives benefit at the expense of others.– Example• Parasite and host…
– How come parasites only harm not kill host?
Parasite vs Host• Feeds on host• Live on body of host• Depends on host for life
processes• Thrive in crowded areas• Are a density-dependent
limiting factor
• Is feed on• Larger the host the
more parasites it can support
• May become ill or die from parasite
Parasites• Sheep Tick • Carnivorous, feeding on
the blood of various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including human beings.
Summary of symbiotic relationships
Relationship Description Harmful vs helpful
Example
Predator & prey One animal eats another
One is helped one is killed
Cat eating a mouse
Parasitism One animals feeds off another
One is helped one is drained of resources or killed
Tick living off a deer
Commensalism One species benefits from another
One is helped one is not phased
Barnacles and a whale
Mutualism Both rely on each other
Both are helped Flower and insect
Competition
• Results from niche overlap (use of the same limited resource by two or more species)– Some animals will fight to the death for their
resources– Some plants species release toxins into the soil
that prevent other species from growing nearby, restricting the space of the other species