Legacy of Ancient Greece & Legacy of Ancient Greece & RomeRome

World HistoryWorld HistoryDr. RobbinsDr. Robbins

Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyAthens Builds a Limited Democracy

First large democracy in ancient GreeceFirst large democracy in ancient Greece““democracydemocracy”” = = ““rule of the peoplerule of the people””CityCity--state was basic political unitstate was basic political unit

Earliest forms of government in Athens:Earliest forms of government in Athens:11stst: Monarchy: Monarchy——rule by one leaderrule by one leader22ndnd: Aristocracy: Aristocracy——state ruled by noble classstate ruled by noble class

3 nobles elected as leaders every year by selected 3 nobles elected as leaders every year by selected citizenscitizens

The Reforms of SolonThe Reforms of SolonSolonSolon established important reforms, beginning in established important reforms, beginning in 594 BC:594 BC:

Ended debt slaveryEnded debt slaveryIncreased participation in governmentIncreased participation in government

Established 4 classes of citizens, Established 4 classes of citizens, based on wealth not heredity based on wealth not heredity Even lowest class of citizens could voteEven lowest class of citizens could voteAll free adult males were citizens All free adult males were citizens (only 10% of population)(only 10% of population)

Wrote fairer code of laws & made economic reformsWrote fairer code of laws & made economic reforms

The Reforms of PisistratusThe Reforms of Pisistratus

The The tryanttryant Pisistratus expanded democratic Pisistratus expanded democratic principlesprinciples

Seized power in 546 BCSeized power in 546 BCGave farmers & poorer citizens a greater voiceGave farmers & poorer citizens a greater voiceWeakened power of the aristocracyWeakened power of the aristocracy

The Reforms of CleisthenesThe Reforms of CleisthenesCleisthenesCleisthenes is considered founder of is considered founder of democracy in Athens, beginning in 508 BCdemocracy in Athens, beginning in 508 BC

Reduced power of nobility in AssemblyReduced power of nobility in AssemblyAllowed all citizens to submit laws for Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debatedebateCreated Council of 500 which proposed lawsCreated Council of 500 which proposed laws

Council members chosen at randomCouncil members chosen at random

SummarySummary

Democracy started in Athens. Solon made Democracy started in Athens. Solon made the first democratic reforms, like ending the first democratic reforms, like ending debt slavery & increasing participation in debt slavery & increasing participation in govt. Cleisthenes continued reforms and govt. Cleisthenes continued reforms and allowed citizens to submit laws. allowed citizens to submit laws.

Changes in Greek DemocracyChanges in Greek Democracy

Greek city states defeated the Persian Greek city states defeated the Persian Empire, gained confidenceEmpire, gained confidence

11stst against Darius in 490 BCagainst Darius in 490 BC22ndnd against Xerxes in 479 BCagainst Xerxes in 479 BC

Athens played a major role in the Persian Athens played a major role in the Persian Wars & became leader of Delian LeagueWars & became leader of Delian League

Athens increasingly controlled other Greek city Athens increasingly controlled other Greek city statesstates

Pericles Strengthens DemocracyPericles Strengthens Democracy

After defeating Persian invaders, After defeating Persian invaders, Pericles Pericles led Athens in a golden age from led Athens in a golden age from 461 BC461 BC……

He expanded democracy:He expanded democracy:increased number of paid public officialsincreased number of paid public officialsincluded poorer citizens in governmentincluded poorer citizens in governmentestablished DIRECT DEMOCRACY, in which citizens established DIRECT DEMOCRACY, in which citizens ruled directly, not thru representativesruled directly, not thru representatives

Athens, most famous of Athens, most famous of Greek cityGreek city--statesstates

The Acropolis at Athens TodayThe Acropolis at Athens Today

The Parthenon Temple at Athens, circa 450 BC

Discus Thrower

What are the similarities?What are the similarities?

Ancient Greece Ancient Rome

Renaissance Italy The White House

Greek Philosophers Search for TruthGreek Philosophers Search for Truth

During the 4During the 4thth century BC, several great century BC, several great thinkers, or philosophers, appearedthinkers, or philosophers, appeared

Used logic & reason to understand the universe Used logic & reason to understand the universe & to seek & to seek ““natural lawsnatural laws”” for societyfor society

Socrates: taught students to question beliefsSocrates: taught students to question beliefsPlato: believed the wisest should rule; Plato: believed the wisest should rule; wrote wrote The RepublicThe RepublicAristotle: believed the middle class Aristotle: believed the middle class should rule & said should rule & said ““man is man is ……a political animala political animal””

Greek respect for human intelligence Greek respect for human intelligence & reason encouraged democracy& reason encouraged democracy

Aristotle

What does this mean?What does this mean?

““It is in justice that the ordering of It is in justice that the ordering of society is centered.society is centered.””

AristotleAristotle

The Legacy of GreeceThe Legacy of Greece

First known democracyFirst known democracyDIRECT DEMOCRACY thru citizensDIRECT DEMOCRACY thru citizens’’ direct direct participation (no representatives)participation (no representatives)Looked for natural laws by using logic & Looked for natural laws by using logic & reasonreasonFirst to use 3 branches of First to use 3 branches of govtgovt

legislative, executive, judiciallegislative, executive, judicial

SummarySummary

The Greeks made the first known The Greeks made the first known democracy. It was a direct democracy democracy. It was a direct democracy and started in Athens. Their philosophers and started in Athens. Their philosophers looked for natural laws in the universe and looked for natural laws in the universe and wanted people to use reason, not just wanted people to use reason, not just emotion or belief.emotion or belief.

Rome, 4Rome, 4thth century C.E.century C.E.

The Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Rome Develops a Republic Rome Develops a Republic

A monarchy was overthrown by Roman A monarchy was overthrown by Roman aristocrats in 509 BC who established thearistocrats in 509 BC who established theFIRST REPUBLICFIRST REPUBLIC……

Representative democracyRepresentative democracy, a form of , a form of indirect indirect democracydemocracy

Chosen by citizensChosen by citizensLegislature divided between Senate (aristocrats) and Legislature divided between Senate (aristocrats) and two assemblies (all others)two assemblies (all others)

Legislature makes lawsLegislature makes lawsEstablished the office of dictator, only for times of Established the office of dictator, only for times of emergency & only for 6 monthsemergency & only for 6 months

The Roman SenateThe Roman Senate

Roman LawRoman LawEven after an Empire had replaced the Even after an Empire had replaced the Republic, Rome maintained aRepublic, Rome maintained a……FAIR SYSTEM OF LAWSFAIR SYSTEM OF LAWS

Applied equally throughout the EmpireApplied equally throughout the EmpireAll citizens have right to equal treatmentAll citizens have right to equal treatmentPerson considered innocent till proven guiltyPerson considered innocent till proven guiltyBurden of proof lies with the accuserBurden of proof lies with the accuserUnreasonable or unfair law could be set asideUnreasonable or unfair law could be set aside

A Written Legal CodeA Written Legal Code

Twelve TablesTwelve TablesFirst collection of Roman laws, 451 BCFirst collection of Roman laws, 451 BCAll citizens had right to protection of lawAll citizens had right to protection of law

Code of JustinianCode of JustinianCode of laws compiled in 528 AD from all Code of laws compiled in 528 AD from all Roman lawsRoman lawsInfluenced modern law systemsInfluenced modern law systemsCreated Created ““a government of laws, not of mena government of laws, not of men””

The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of RomeSet up the first Republic, or representative Set up the first Republic, or representative governmentgovernmentEstablished a system of laws applied to all Established a system of laws applied to all citizens equallycitizens equallyRome preserved & added to Rome preserved & added to GreeceGreece’’s legacy of democracys legacy of democracy

Emperor Justinian

SummarySummary

Monarchy was overthrown and the Monarchy was overthrown and the aristocrats set up a Republic. A Republic aristocrats set up a Republic. A Republic is a representative democracy. They had is a representative democracy. They had three branches of government: legislative, three branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial. They created a executive and judicial. They created a system of laws to treat everyone equally system of laws to treat everyone equally and fairly. Justinian created a Code of and fairly. Justinian created a Code of Laws that influenced many countries.Laws that influenced many countries.