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Lee Hoke Retired
FORMER MANAGER OF
PHILIPS-MAGNAVOX TV SET
ENGINEERING
WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO THE OLD FRIEND TV SET THAT WE GREW UP WITH?
1930’s SEVERAL TV SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATED
The 1939 Worlds Fair opened with a speech by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which NBC teamed with RCA to beam across the city in the first large-scale display of television.
MAY 1941 – NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS
COMMITTEE (NTSC) STANDARD FOR B&W TV WAS ADOPTED BY FCC.
Retrace
White
Black
1930’s SEVERAL TV SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATED
MAY 1941 – NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS
COMMITTEE (NTSC) STANDARD FOR B&W TV WAS ADOPTED BY FCC.
1953 - NTSC COLOR TV STANDARD ADOPTED
JAN. 1, 1954 - FIRST NATIONAL COLOR TV BROADCAST – ‘TOURNAMENT OF ROSES’
COLOR BAR TEST PATTERN
TRI-GUN CATHODE RAY TUBE
INSIDE A TRIGUN COLOR PICTURE TUBE
L R
STEREO SOUND
dbx companding
Separate Audio Program
(Spanish)
March 1984 - BROADCAST TELEVISION SYSTEMS COMMITTEE (BTSC) STANDARD ADOPTED FOR
MULTICHANNEL TV SOUND.
WIDE SCREEN
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
HIGHDEFINITION
WIDE SCREEN
DESIRE FOR MOVIE-LIKE PRESENTATION vs. 4 X 3 (1.33 : 1) TV DISPLAY
STANDARD 35mm MOVIE - 2.1 : 1
CINEMASCOPE & PANAVISION 35mm ANAMORPHIC 2.40 : 1
1959 BEN-HUR 2.76 : 1
1980’S ANALOG WIDE SCREEN TV – WHY NOT?A WIDER PICTURE WOULD REQUIRE MORE TRANSMITTED DATA
TV CHANNEL WIDER THAN 6 MHz WAS NOT POSSIBLE
ANY NEW SIGNAL CONFIGURATION WOULD HAVE TO BE COMPATIBLE FOR OLDER SETS
POSSIBLE SOLUTION: TRANSMIT STANDARD 4 X 3 PICTURE AND ENCODE SIDE-PANELS BACK INTO MAIN CHANNEL SIMILAR TO THE TECHNIQUE FOR COLOR IN 1950’S
WIDE SCREEN / HIGH DEFINITION ACTIVITIES ELSEWHERE
JAPAN - LATE 1970’S ‘MUSE’ SYSTEM
1125 LINES X 60 FRAMES
EUROPE EBU – EARLY 1980’S ‘EUREKA’
1250 LINES X 50 FRAMES
FORMATION OF
ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS COMMITTEE (ATSC) 1982
TECHNICAL PROPOSALS
DEMONSTRATIONS
DISCUSSIONS
A HANDFULL OF TV SET & BROADCAST COMPANIES
‘THE GRAND ALLIANCE’1993
AT&T, GENERAL INSTRUMENTS, MIT, PHILIPS, SARNOFF, THOMPSON & ZENITH
4 COMPETING DIGITAL SYSTEMS
RESOLVED INTO 1 SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE OPTIONS
WHY DIGITAL TV ?
Analog B/W TV system dates to prior WW-2.
Color was added in 1953 SO, IT’S OLD !!!! Technology marches on!!
Nearly all the other household electronics devices are digital - - DVD, Audio CD, Camera, Computer, Satellite TV, Satellite Radio.
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
1982–1992 Numerous HDTV System proposals & tests
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
1982–1992 Numerous HDTV System proposals & tests
1993 – Formation of Grand Alliance –AT&T, Sarnoff Research, Philips, Thomson (RCA) & Zenith
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
1982–1992 Numerous HDTV System proposals & tests
1993 – Formation of Grand Alliance –AT&T, Sarnoff Research, Philips, Thomson (RCA) & Zenith
Feb 1995 – ATSC approves Digital TV Standard
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
1982–1992 Numerous HDTV System proposals & tests
1993 – Formation of Grand Alliance –AT&T, Sarnoff Research, Philips, Thomson (RCA) & Zenith
Feb 1995 – ATSC approves Digital TV Standard
Nov 1998 – 10 largest markets begin broadcast
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
1982 – Adv. TV Systems Committee formed (ATSC) (High Def. TV)
1982–1992 Numerous HDTV System proposals & tests
1993 – Formation of Grand Alliance –AT&T, Sarnoff Research, Philips, Thomson (RCA) & Zenith
Feb 1995 – ATSC approves Digital TV Standard
Nov 1998 – 10 largest markets begin broadcast
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
HISTORICAL DATES IN DEVELOPMENT of DIGITAL TV
2006 – All O-T-A stations broadcast only digital signal
BUREAUCRATIC ITEMS –
FCC Comm. Act of 1996
Spectrum Recovery
All future stations will be located between Ch. 7 & 51. Elimination of TV from Ch. 2-6, 52-69
Sale of these abandoned channels by lottery for use by safety, mobile phone and other services.
Result: Mega$ to U.S. Treasury
2 - 6 7 - 13 14 - 51 - 69 - 83
O.T.A. TV CHANNELS
BROADCAST FREQUENCY (MHz)
50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900
ORIGINAL TV CHANNELS1945 - 1982
VHF UHF
2 - 6 7 - 13 14 - 51 - 69 - 83
O.T.A. TV CHANNELS
BROADCAST FREQUENCY (MHz)
50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900
REVISED TV CHANNELS
1982 & 1996
VHF UHF
ANALOG UHF CHANNEL TABOOS
CHANNELS WITHIN 60 MILES WHICH CAUSE INTERFERENCE WITH DESIRED CHANNEL
-14 -8 -7 -5 -4 -2 -1 +1+2 +4+5 +7+8 +14
DESIREDCHANNEL
FO
X 4
1
27 33 34 36 37 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49 55
WLKY 32
TABOO CHANNELS
LOUISVILLE’S DIGITAL BROADCAST CHANNELS
Call Letters Affil. Old New
WAVE NBC 3 47
WHAS ABC 11 11
WLKY CBS 32 26
WDRB FOX 41 49
WKPC PBS 15 17
WBNA ION 21 8
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
2. Higher picture detail in same channel space
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
2. Higher picture detail in same channel space
3. Wide-Screen Movie Picture format
NEW PICTURE SIZE
16 : 9 LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO
16
9
NEW PICTURE SIZE
16 : 9 LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO
4 : 3
16 : 9
CONVENTIONAL 4:3 TV SCREEN
WIDE-SCREEN TV SHOW
SCREEN SHAPE – PICTURE MISMATCH
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
2. Higher picture detail in same channel space
3. Wide-Screen Movie Picture format
4. Multiple programs broadcast within one channel
a b c d
4 – STD. DEF. PROGRAMS
1 – HIGH DEF. PROGRAM
DIGITAL CHANNEL BROADCAST CAPABILITY
1 CHANNEL
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
2. Higher picture detail in same channel space
3. Wide-Screen Movie Picture format
4. Multiple programs broadcast within one channel
5. Less interference between stations
ADVANTAGES
1. Noise-free picture
2. Higher picture detail in same channel space
3. Wide-Screen Movie Picture format
4. Multiple programs broadcast within one channel
5. Less interference between stations
6. Greatly improved sound ( 5.1 channels )
DOLBY 5.1 CHANNEL SOUND
SOFA
TVL RC
LR RR
SW
BOOMBOOM
1. Signal not compatible with existing receivers
DISADVANTAGES
1. Signal not compatible with existing receivers
2. Requires Set-top Box to adapt older sets
DISADVANTAGES
1. Signal not compatible with existing receivers
2. Requires Set-top Box to adapt older sets
3. Digital Cable, Digital Satellite & Digital O-T-A signals are not compatible with each other.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Signal not compatible with existing receivers
2. Requires Set-top Box to adapt older sets
3. Digital Cable, Digital Satellite & Digital O-T-A signals are not compatible with each other.
4. Reception area limited by ‘Cliff Effect’
DISADVANTAGES
0 5 10 XDISTANCE FROM STATION TOWER - MILES
PI C
TU
RE
QU
AL
I TY
CLEAR
SNOW
WEAK
NONE
DIGITAL
ANALOG
THE ‘CLIFF EFFECT’ ‘WATERFALL’
1. Signal not compatible with existing receivers
2. Requires Set-top Box to adapt older sets
3. Digital Cable, Digital Satellite & Digital O-T-A signals are not compatible with each other.
4. Reception area limited by ‘Cliff Effect’
5. Requires ‘roof’ antenna to receive O-T-A broadcast. Most channels are UHF.
DISADVANTAGES
HOW DOES THE TV SET CREATE THE PICTURE?
DISCRETE - SEGMENTED PICTURE
PIXELS = Picture Elements
EXAMPLES: LCD, PLASMA, DMD/DLP, LCoS
Total Number = X (horizontal) x Y (vertical)
TWO TYPES of PICTURE SCANNING
INTERLACED
ODD Lines are Scanned, then EVEN lines
Example: 1, 3, 5, 7 --- 239 , then 2, 4, 6, --- 240
PROGRESSIVE
Lines are Scanned SEQUENTIALLY
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ------- 480
DIGITAL TV PICTURE STANDARDS
FORMAT RESOLUTION ASPECT PIXEL HORIZ. VERT. RATIO COUNT
Standard Def. 704 480 I 4 : 3 337,920
Enhanced Def. 704 480 P 4:3 or 16:9 337,920
High Def. 1280 720 P 16 : 9 921,600
High Def. 1920 1080 I 16 : 9 2,073,600
Analog NTSC 450 equiv. 480 I 4 : 3 216,000
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
Tri-gun CRT
CRT
PROJECTION TV
LCD
WIDE SCREEN
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
HIGHDEFINITION
1. WHAT SIZE TV SET
SHOULD I OWN?
2. HOW FAR SHOULD I SIT
FROM A HIGH DEFINITION
TV SET?
ATSC RECOMMENDATION : 30 DEGREE VIEWING SPHERE
1 MINUTE OF ARC VA PER PIXEL
VIEWING DISTANCE = 4 PICTURE HEIGHTS
ATSC RECOMMENDATION : 30 DEGREE VIEWING SPHERE
1 MINUTE OF ARC VA PER PIXEL
VIEWING DISTANCE = 4 PICTURE HEIGHTS
WIKIPEDIA: SEVERAL CRITERION
FORMULA RELATING TO VISUAL ACUITY (VA)
TABLE SUGGESTED BY BEST BUY STORES
Viewing Distance (VD) =DS
NHR
NVR
2
1 * CVR * t
DS = Display Diagonal Length : 32”
NHR = Display’s Horizontal Resolution (pixels) : 1920
NVR = Display’s Vertical Resolution (pixels) : 1080
CVR = Vertical Res of Video Being Displayed : 1080
t = tangent (personal visual acuity) : tan 1/60 deg.
VD = 49.94” = approx 4’ = approx 3 ph
LEE’S EQUATION WHICH GIVES SAME ANSWER
Diagonal
2
1080
SINE VA
= VIEWING DISTANCE
D = 32 ; SINE 1/60 DEG = .000292
VIEW DIST = 50” 3.1 PH
1/60 DEG
PIXEL
ATSC RECOMMENDATION : 30 DEGREE VIEWING SPHERE
1 MINUTE OF ARC VA PER PIXEL
VIEWING DISTANCE = 4 PICTURE HEIGHTS
WIKIPEDIA: SEVERAL CRITERION
FORMULA RELATING TO VISUAL ACUITY (VA)
TABLE SUGGESTED BY BEST BUY STORES
LEE’S PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS
SMALL PRINT AT BOTTOM OF PICTURE
SIZE OF YOUR WALLET
SIZE OF THE CAR YOU DROVE TO TV STORE
30 40 50 60 70
TV SCREEN SIZE – DIAGONAL INCHES
24
20
16
12
8
4
VIE
WIN
G D
IST
AN
CE
-
FE
ET
Lee’sObservation
Best Buy Max. (6ph)
Best Buy Min. (3ph)
HOW FAR AWAY SHOULD I SIT?
4ph
LEE’S THEOREM BASED ON OBSERVATIONS – -
PROOF LEFT UP TO THE STUDENTS
OVER THE YEARS - HOME TV SETS COST AN AVERAGE OF
$400 +/-
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
COLOR
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
COLOR
LARGE CRTs 30 – 36”
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
COLOR
LARGE CRTs 30 – 36”
PTV >40”
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
COLOR
LARGE CRTs 30 – 36”
PTV >40”
DIG
ITA
L BR
OA
DC
AS
TS
BE
GIN
SetCost $
1k
800
600
400
1950 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 2000 ’10 ’20
B&W
YEARS
COLOR
LARGE CRTs 30 – 36”
PTV >40”
DIG
ITA
L BR
OA
DC
AS
TS
BE
GIN
HD CRT
HD LCD
1960 - 2000
ZENITH RCA
SONY
MAGNAVOX
PANASONIC
MGA SANYO
GE SYLVANIA
PHILCO TOSHIBA
1960 - 2000
ZENITH RCA
SONY
MAGNAVOX
PANASONIC
MGA SANYO
GE SYLVANIA
PHILCO TOSHIBA
2014
SAMSUNG LG
SONY VIZIO
SHARP
TOSHIBA
PANASONIC
PHILIPS/MAGNAVOX
HAIER
TV PRODUCTS & DEVELOPMENTS WHICH HAVE DISAPPEARED
VIDEO DISC Optical – Philips/Sony Vibrational – RCA/Thomson
CABLE CARD Channel Tuning & Descrambling Authorization
VIDEO TAPE PLAYER for home use
STAND-ALONE DVR
GHOST CANCELLATION Circuitry
TELETEXT on TV
SMART TV - INTERNET, HDMI & USB CONNECTIONS
SMART TV - INTERNET, HDMI & USB CONNECTIONS
3-D HDTV - SETS AVAILABLE – SOFTWARE SCARCE
SMART TV - INTERNET, HDMI & USB CONNECTIONS
3-D HDTV - SETS AVAILABLE – SOFTWARE SCARCE
4K ULTRA (UHD) - 3840 x 2160 PIXELS
SMART TV - INTERNET, HDMI & USB CONNECTIONS
3-D HDTV - SETS AVAILABLE – SOFTWARE SCARCE
4K ULTRA (UHD) - 3840 x 2160 PIXELS
HAND-GESTURE REMOTE CONTROL