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Lecturette 1:Lecturette 1:Shifts in Thinking and Shifts in Thinking and Practice that Support Practice that Support Inclusive SchoolingInclusive Schooling
In a school with In a school with MAINSTREAMING MAINSTREAMING
In an INTEGRATED SchoolIn an INTEGRATED School
Evolution of Inclusion Evolution of Inclusion (Definitions)(Definitions)
* Adapted from Gee, K. (2002) Looking closely at instructional practices: honoring and challenging all children and youth in inclusive schools. In Whole school success and inclusive education. Sailor, W. (ed) 123-138.
InclusionInclusion
The practice of providing a child with disabilities with his or her education within the general education classroom, with the supports and accommodations needed by that student. The inclusion typically takes place at the student’s neighborhood school. – (NICHY, 1995)
An Inclusive An Inclusive Environment Is:Environment Is:
The Focus of InclusiveThe Focus of InclusiveEnvironments:Environments:
Development of regular school and classroom communities that nurture and support the educational and social needs of every student in attendance
Stainback & Stainback
TIME LINETIME LINE COMPARISON OF INCLUSION COMPARISON OF INCLUSION DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS
72% of students ages 6-21 were being educated in separate settings (28% in separate schools)
National Inclusion Trends
1950 1960
1970 1980 1990 20002003
Delaware Inclusion Trends
1950 1960
1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
Public Law 94-142
1996- Delaware still substantially below national integration average; Delaware Inclusion Project started
IDEABrown v. the Board of
EducationXX% of students with disabilities educated in regular ed. settings
XX% of students with disabilities educated in regular ed. settings
Courts begin to support right of LRE
Delaware Autism Project started
FEDERAL LEGISLATION FEDERAL LEGISLATION (IDEA)(IDEA)
THE LEAST RESTRICTIVE THE LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT (LREENVIRONMENT (LRE))
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: (IDEA) does not use the term ‘inclusion.’ It does require that learners be educated in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Continuum of Continuum of PlacementsPlacements
in Delawarein Delaware • Regular Setting
• Services Provided Both In Separate Special Education Classes and Regular Setting
• Separate Special Education In An Integrated Setting
• Separate Setting
0.240.28 0.3 0.32
0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01
Delaware National Average
*Adapted from Sate Improvement Grant
Educational Placement in General Educational Placement in General EducationEducation
((Class 80% or more of the Day)Class 80% or more of the Day)
Key Elements of Key Elements of an Inclusive an Inclusive
SchoolSchool • Division and building-level consensus • Ongoing collaboration • Individualized goals weaved into
general activities• Provision of time • Strong administrative support • Parental involvement• Strong peer networks • Use of natural supports
Now that you have a Now that you have a background onbackground on
Inclusive practices, it Inclusive practices, it is time to put youris time to put your
IDEAS into PRACTICE!IDEAS into PRACTICE!
4 Action 4 Action ArenasArenas
5 Key Shifts in Practice
Student Effort
District Effort
Professional Effort
Organizational Effort
STUDENT
LEARNING
interdisciplinary,integrated curriculum
activity-based teaching
emphasis onuses of skills
attention to studentinterests & preferences
performance assessments
consideration ofmultiple intelligenceslearning styles“brain-based” learning
exhibitions & projects
TEACHING LEARNING
Classroom CurriculumClassroom Curriculum
PRIVATE EYE
Story Line
Multiple Intelligences
Literature Based Reading
READ RIGHT
Mind Mapping
Reading Recovery
Writing lab
SERVICE SUPPORT
comprehensiveinformation systemsfor school planning
reformed fundingsystems
innovative useof familyresources revised resource
allocation systems
personalizedlearning supports
continuousimprovementsystems
groupwork
teamworkcollaborative work
outcome-orientedaccountability systems
To hold in position; prevent from falling, sinking, or slipping
To bear the weight of, especially from below
To keep from failing during stress; lend strength to
Dianne L. Ferguson, 2002
“DEMAND” education
G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5G K G 1and so on
primary ages
middle
years
intermediate ages
“SUPPORT”
education
and so on
Reformed teachereducation
Mixed-abilitygroups ofteachers
time for adultsto work together
new roles for family & community
Teacher-directed CPD
Innovative schoolstructures & schedules
groupwork
teamwork
collaborative work
Continuing professionaldevelopment
INDIVIDUALPRACTICE
GROUPPRACTICE
IndividuIndividual al
PracticePractice
Group Group PracticPractic
ee
Shared Shared PracticPractic
ee
Dianne L. Ferguson, 2002
Practice-based inquiry
Whole school change models & approaches
Family linkages
Site-based decision-making & management
Quality-driven continuous improvement models
Community partnerships
Performance-based accountability systems
REFORM
CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT &
RENEWAL
Family work groups
Family coffees
Site-based decision-making & management
participation in building leadership teams
Shadowing as part of school improvement
Community partnerships
Business volunteers
Business partners
Community resource banks
FAMILY & COMMUNITY LINKAGES
PARENT INVOLVEMENT
A Parent Says.........A Parent Says...........
I want my children to succeed in school, to
know they succeeded, and to feel good about
that. I want the school to like my children…
Quoted in Sizer, 1985
Dewey (1902) Says..........Dewey (1902) Says..........
What the best and wisest parent wants for his child, that must the community want for all its children. Any other ideal for our schools is narrow and unlovely; acted upon, it destroys our democracy.