Upload
herrika-red-gullon-rosete
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
1/39
has neverbeen thisfun and
Doing
Resear
ch...
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
2/39
Review of Related
Literature:Is the meat of research - the foundation of the research
manuscript and barometer of the extent of materials collected,
read, analyzed or referenced (Amorado, 2013)
Is a process of collectin!, selectin! and readin!" referencematerials includin! online resources"to !et rele#ant information
about the problem under in#esti!ation ($a#id, 2002)
Is a synthesis % the combinin! of often #aried and
di#erse ideas, forces or factors into coherent or consistentcomplex % of the literature on a topic (&an, 200')
hos balance beteen the researcher*s ideas and concepts,
and the existin! literature properly referenced by
attribution or citation
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
3/39
Review of Related
Literature:Resonation
+he problem of corruption has no been more reco!nized
than in the past as one of the intractable conflict dri#ers inthe &hilippines (Aleo 2010) +his is further exacerbated
because conflict and post-conflict situations can pro#ide a
#ery fertile !round for corruption and a host of anomalies
and irre!ularities that undermine peace and de#elopmentinitiati#es in conflict-affected countries (Adriano, 200.
Amorado, 200/. olon!aita, 200. ohnston, 2010)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
4/39
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
5/39
Review of Related
Literature:Resonate and Debunk
+here are to emer!in! #ies on social capital as it relates
to the issue of corruption >n one hand, social capital is aneffecti#e tool to combat corruption (ornso#, 200') ut on
the other hand, social capital is in fact a promotion of
corruption (&utnam, 2000)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
6/39
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
7/39
Review of Related
Literature:Departure
Aleo echoed that many conflicts and much #iolence today
ori!inate in corruption and bad !o#ernance (2012) +hisfocus re7uires expertise and a deep spirituality of inte!rity
:oe#er, 9pundeh*s (200/) #ie that disre!arded
corruption bein! caused by leadership failure as a result of
moral failin! of politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen is
more useful to consider corruption as a political andeconomic phenomenon
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
8/39
Theoretical Framework:
A theory, premise, claim or assertion to hich
the study is anchored or has found its position
>ne to to directly-related theoretical
frameors ill do
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
9/39
Conceptual Framework:
$escripti#e sur#ey (#ariable x - #ariable y)
?orrelation study (independent - dependent)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
10/39
Types of Variables:
$ependent #ariable (?riterion #ariable)is the focus or primary interest of the researcher
subect to understand, to describe, to explain or to predict
Independent #ariable (&redictor #ariable)is the factor that influences the dependent #ariable eitherpositi#ely or ne!ati#ely
establishes the causal relationship or association
Workforce
diversity
Organizational
effectiveness
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
11/39
Types of Variables:
;oderatin! #ariableis one that has a stron! Dcontingent effect on the independent-
dependent #ariable
ithout it, the causal relationship ill not hold true
Inter#enin! #ariableis the factor that surfaces beteen the time the independent #ariable
starts affectin! the dependent #ariableors in the ser#ice of the independent #ariable
explains Dho* independent #ariable affects dependent #ariable
Workforce
diversity
Organizational
effectiveness
Creative
Synergy
Managerial
Epertise
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
12/39
Research design:
Cesearch ;ethod Euantitati#e
Eualitati#e
Inno#ation (?apstone &roect)
Creative Art
Describe t!e design and its
appropriateness to t!e study
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
13/39
Research design:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
14/39
Research design:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
15/39
Research design:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
16/39
Research design:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
17/39
Research design:Traditions of Qualitative Research
Ethnography/Anthropology
Understanding the social world of people beingstudied throughimmersion in their community to produce detaileddescriptionof people their culture and beliefs!
Phenoenology/Ethnoethodology
Understanding the "constructs# people use ineveryday life tomake sense of their world! Uncovering meaningscontainedwithin conversation or te$t
Conversation analysis%naly&ing the way di'erent conversations arestructuredand the meanings they contain
Discourse analysisExamining the way knowledge is produced within
di'erentdiscourses and the erformances lin uistic st les
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
18/39
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
19/39
Research respondents:
$escription of respondents (ho)
amplin! size (ho many)
amplin! desi!n (ho ere theyselected)
Address the issue of informed
consent
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
20/39
/ampling Techni0ue:
imple random samplin! all elements in the population are considered andeach element has an e7ual chance of bein! chosen
ystematic samplin! e#ery nth element in the population is chosenstartin! from a random point
tratified random samplin! population is first di#ided into meanin!ful se!ments(ith same attributes). thereafter subects are dran in
proportion to their ori!inal numbers in the population
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
21/39
/ampling Techni0ue:
?luster samplin!!roups that ha#e hetero!eneous members are firstidentified. then some are chosen at random
Area samplin! cluster samplin! ithin a particular area or locality
$ouble samplin! same sample or a subset of the sample is studied
tice
?on#enience samplin! most easily accessible members are chosen as
subects
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
22/39
/ampling Techni0ue:
&urposi#e samplin!4(samples are taen based on a set criteria)
ud!ment samplin! respondents are selected on the basis of their
expertise in the subect in#esti!ated
Euota samplin!
respondents are con#eniently chosen from tar!eted!roups accordin! to some predetermined number or
7uota
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
23/39
Research instrument:
$escription of the instrumentForm
calin!
Galidation and reliability issue
Interpretation table$etails of the manufacturer, calibration criteria and
recordin! settin!s (for e7uipment)
7uestionnaire
test inter#ie
obser#ation schedule
checlist
Constructed"dopted
Modified
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
24/39
Research instrument:
Galidation of the instrument3 expert #alidatorsGalidation paca!e4
Form
tatement of the &roblemur#ey 7uestionnaire H checlist
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
25/39
/cale:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
26/39
/cale:
>rdinal caleis used to ran the preferences or usa!e of #ariousbrands of a product by indi#iduals and to ran order
indi#iduals, obects, or e#ents
e!end4 1 bein! the most used system
0 is not used
Apple
?ompa7
?opm BA
$ell computer ther (specify)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
27/39
/cale:Inter#al cale
is used hen responses to #arious items thatmeasure a #ariable can be tapped on a fi#e-point (or
any other number of points) scale
+ypes4
#$%ikert Scale(de!ree of a!reement or disa!reement)&$Semantic Differential Scale(attitude toards bipolar attributes)
'$(umerical Scale(same ith semantic differential but uses numbers)
)$*temized Rating Scale(same ith liert scale but other than a!reement
or disa!reement to item statement)
+$,ied or Constant Sum Scale (distribution of a !i#en number of points
across #arious items)
"te stateent tronglyDisagree
$
Disagree
%
&eitheragreenor
disagree'
Agree
(
tronglydisagree
)
1y 2ob o'ers me a chance totest myself and my abilities
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
28/39
/cale:
Responsive --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .nresponsive
/eautiful --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .gly
Etremely Etremely
0leased + ) ' & # Displeased
"te stateent &ot at All"nterested
$
oe*hat
"nterested%
+oderately
"nterested'
,ery+uch
"nterested(
3! - have the interest to change the current organi&ational policies 44444
5! - have the interest to change the current management structure 44444oap Points
Color
/hape
/i&e
Te$ture of lather
Total points 366
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
29/39
/cale:Catio cale
o#ercomes the disad#anta!e of the arbitrary origin ofinter#al scale It has an absolute zero point
it measures not only the ma!nitude of the differences
beteen points on the scale but also taps the proportions in
the difference
Jxample4
1:o many other or!anizations did you or for before
oinin! the institutionK
2&lease indicate the number of children you ha#e in each of
the folloin! cate!ories4
belo 3 years of a!e o#er 6 years but under 12
beteen 3 and 6 12 years and o#er
3 :o many retail outlets do you operateK
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
30/39
)ata gathering procedures:
ullet form&ermission to conduct study
Formulation of research instrument
Galidation and reliability test
Administration of research instrument
Cetrie#al
+abulation
Analysis and interpretation
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
31/39
1odes of )ata Collection:
&ersonal or Face-to-Face Inter#ies
+elephone Inter#ies
AD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-ECan establish rapport and motivaterespondentsCan clarify the 0uestions cleardoubts add new 0uestionsCan read nonverbal cues
Rich data can be obtainedCan use visual aids or any materialto clarify points
Takes personal timeCosts more when a wide geographicregion is coveredRespondents may be concernedabout con*dentiality of information
given-nterviewers need to be trainedCan introduce interviewer biasRespondents can terminate theinterview at any time
AD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-E
Less costly and speedier thanpersonal interviewsCan reach a wide geographic area7reater anonymity than personalinterviews
8onverbal cues cannot be read-nterviews will have to be kept shortRegular updating of contactnumbers
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
32/39
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
33/39
1odes of )ata Collection:
Jlectronic EuestionnaireAD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-E
(asy to administerCan reach globallyVery ine$pensiveFast deliveryRespondents can answer at their
convenience
Computer literacy is a mustRespondents must have access tothe facilityRespondents must be willing tocomplete the survey
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
34/39
Type of )ata /amples:
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
35/39
/tatistical tool:
Fre7uency (nominal, ordinal)
&ercenta!e (nominal, ordinal)
?entral tendency theorem - mean, median, mode
(inter#al, ratio)
tandard de#iation (inter#al, ratio)
+-test (test of difference beteen 2 !roups % nominal to inter#al,ratio)
Ano#a HF-test (test of difference amon! multiple !roups -
nominal to inter#al, ratio)
?hi-s7uare (test of relationship % nominal to nominal)
Fisher exact probability test (test of relationship % nominal to
nominal )
?ochran E test (test of relationship % nominal to nominal)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
36/39
/tatistical tool:
&earson-r (test of relationship % inter#al, ratio)9endall*s ran (test of relationship % ordinal to ordinal)
pearman*s ran (test of relationship % ordinal to ordinal)
;ultiple re!ression (test of relationship % multiple predictor
#ariables % inter#al, ratio)
+ime-series (trendin!Hforecastin! % nominal, ordinal)Factor analysis (nominal, ordinal)
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
37/39
1atching of /cales = /tatistical tool:
,ariates Dependent ,ariable tatistical Toolne < nominal ne > nominal Chi nominal ne > ordinal /ign test1edian test1ann ;allis 3 nominal ne > interval %novane > nominal 1ultiple > interval 1ultiple discriminant
analysis
ne > ordinal ne < ordinal /pearman#s rank@endall#s rank
ne > ordinal ne > interval %nova
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
38/39
1atching of /cales = /tatistical tool:
,ariates Dependent ,ariable tatistical Tool1ultiple > nominal ne > ordinal Friedman 5 nominal ne > interval %nova
1ultiple > nominal 1ultiple > interval %nova
1ultiple > interval ne > nominal %nova1ultiple discriminant
1ultiple > interval ne > interval Regression analysis1ultiple Regressionanalysis
1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > nominal %nova1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > ordinal 1ultiple discriminant
analysis
1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > interval 1ultiple Regressionanalysis
Canonical correlation
7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline
39/39
Thank AouB