Lecture No 2 BE.ppt

Chapter 4Demand and SupplyTHE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND

In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:What factors affect buyers demand for goods?What factors affect sellers supply of goods? How do supply and demand determine the price of a good and the quantity sold? How do changes in the factors that affect demand or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good? How do markets allocate resources? *

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Markets and CompetitionA market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular product. A competitive market is one with many buyers and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price. In a perfectly competitive market:All goods exactly the sameBuyers & sellers so numerous that no one can affect market price each is a price takerIn this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly competitive. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*DemandThe quantity demanded of any good is the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of demand: the claim that the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*The Demand ScheduleDemand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Example: Helens demand for lattes.Notice that Helens preferences obey the Law of Demand. 0

Price of lattesQuantity of lattes demanded$0.00161.00142.00123.00104.0085.0066.004


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Helens Demand Schedule & Curve0

Price of lattesQuantity of lattes demanded$0.00161.00142.00123.00104.0085.0066.004


Market Demand versus Individual DemandThe quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded by all buyers at each price. Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)Market Qd 0*

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*PQThe Market Demand Curve for Lattes0

PQd (Market)$0.00241.00212.00183.00154.00125.0096.006


Chart1

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market demand

Helen's D curve

Demand

good = Latte

per month

person 1person 2market

PQdQdQd

$0.0016816

$1.0014714

$2.0012612

$3.0010510

$4.00848

$5.00636

$6.00424

Helen's D curve

0

0

0

0

0

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0

market demand

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Suppose the number of buyers increases. Then, at each P, Qd will increase (by 5 in this example).0Demand Curve Shifters: # of Buyers


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Demand for a normal good is positively related to income. Increase in income causes increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifts D curve to the right. (Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the left.) Demand Curve Shifters: Income0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Two goods are substitutes if an increase in the price of one causes an increase in demand for the other. Example: pizza and hamburgers. An increase in the price of pizza increases demand for hamburgers, shifting hamburger demand curve to the right. Other examples: Coke and Pepsi, laptops and desktop computers, CDs and music downloads Demand Curve Shifters: Prices of Related Goods0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one causes a fall in demand for the other. Example: computers and software. If price of computers rises, people buy fewer computers, and therefore less software. Software demand curve shifts left. Other examples: college tuition and textbooks, bagels and cream cheese, eggs and baconDemand Curve Shifters: Prices of Related Goods0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Anything that causes a shift in tastes toward a good will increase demand for that good and shift its D curve to the right.Example: The Atkins diet became popular in the 90s, caused an increase in demand for eggs, shifted the egg demand curve to the right. Demand Curve Shifters: Tastes0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Expectations affect consumers buying decisions.Examples: If people expect their incomes to rise, their demand for meals at expensive restaurants may increase now.If the economy sours and people worry about their future job security, demand for new autos may fall now. Demand Curve Shifters: Expectations0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Summary: Variables That Influence BuyersVariableA change in this variable Pricecauses a movement along the D curve# of buyersshifts the D curveIncomeshifts the D curvePrice of related goodsshifts the D curveTastesshifts the D curveExpectationsshifts the D curve0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*SupplyThe quantity supplied of any good is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell. Law of supply: the claim that the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises, other things equal 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*The Supply ScheduleSupply schedule: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Example: Starbucks supply of lattes.Notice that Starbucks supply schedule obeys the Law of Supply. 0

Price of lattesQuantity of lattes supplied$0.0001.0032.0063.0094.00125.00156.0018


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Starbucks Supply Schedule & CurvePQ0

Price of lattesQuantity of lattes supplied$0.0001.0032.0063.0094.00125.00156.0018


Chart1

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4

5

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market demand

Helen's D curve

Demand

good = Latte

per month

person 1person 2market

PQdQdQd

$0.0016816

$1.0014714

$2.0012612

$3.0010510

$4.00848

$5.00636

$6.00424

Helen's D curve

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

market demand

Market Supply versus Individual SupplyThe quantity supplied in the market is the sum of the quantities supplied by all sellers at each price. Suppose Starbucks and Jitters are the only two sellers in this market. (Qs = quantity supplied)Market Qs 0*

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*The Market Supply Curve0

PQS (Market)$0.0001.0052.00103.00154.00205.00256.0030


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Supply Curve Shifters: Input PricesExamples of input prices: wages, prices of raw materials.A fall in input prices makes production more profitable at each output price, so firms supply a larger quantity at each price, and the S curve shifts to the right. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Suppose the price of milk falls. At each price, the quantity of Lattes supplied will increase (by 5 in this example).Supply Curve Shifters: Input Prices0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Supply Curve Shifters: TechnologyTechnology determines how much inputs are required to produce a unit of output. A cost-saving technological improvement has the same effect as a fall in input prices, shifts S curve to the right. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Supply Curve Shifters: # of Sellers An increase in the number of sellers increases the quantity supplied at each price,shifts S curve to the right. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Supply Curve Shifters: Expectations Example:Events in the Middle East lead to expectations of higher oil prices. In response, owners of Texas oilfields reduce supply now, save some inventory to sell later at the higher price. S curve shifts left. In general, sellers may adjust supply* when their expectations of future prices change. (*If good not perishable)0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Summary: Variables that Influence SellersVariableA change in this variable Pricecauses a movement along the S curveInput Pricesshifts the S curveTechnologyshifts the S curve# of Sellersshifts the S curveExpectationsshifts the S curve0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Supply and Demand TogetherEquilibrium: P has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Equilibrium price:the price that equates quantity supplied with quantity demanded0

PQDQS$0240121521810315154122059256630


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Equilibrium quantity:the quantity supplied and quantity demanded at the equilibrium price0

PQDQS$0240121521810315154122059256630


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Surplus (a.k.a. excess supply):when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedSurplusExample: If P = $5, then QD = 9 lattesand QS = 25 lattesresulting in a surplus of 16 lattes0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Surplus (a.k.a. excess supply):when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedFacing a surplus, sellers try to increase sales by cutting price.This causes QD to risewhich reduces the surplus. and QS to fall 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Surplus (a.k.a. excess supply):when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedFacing a surplus, sellers try to increase sales by cutting price.This causes QD to rise and QS to fall. SurplusPrices continue to fall until market reaches equilibrium. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Shortage (a.k.a. excess demand):when quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedExample: If P = $1, then QD = 21 lattesand QS = 5 lattesresulting in a shortage of 16 lattesShortage0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Shortage (a.k.a. excess demand):when quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedFacing a shortage, sellers raise the price,causing QD to fallwhich reduces the shortage. and QS to rise,0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Shortage (a.k.a. excess demand):when quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedFacing a shortage, sellers raise the price,causing QD to falland QS to rise.ShortagePrices continue to rise until market reaches equilibrium. 0


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in EqmTo determine the effects of any event, 1.Decide whether event shifts S curve, D curve, or both. 2.Decide in which direction curve shifts. 3.Use supply-demand diagram to see how the shift changes eqm P and Q.


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*EXAMPLE: The Market for Hybrid Cars


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*STEP 1: D curve shifts because price of gas affects demand for hybrids. S curve does not shift, because price of gas does not affect cost of producing hybrids. STEP 2: D shifts right because high gas price makes hybrids more attractive relative to other cars.EXAMPLE 1: A Shift in Demand

EVENT TO BE ANALYZED: Increase in price of gas.STEP 3: The shift causes an increase in price and quantity of hybrid cars.


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*EXAMPLE 1: A Shift in Demand

P2Q2Notice: When P rises, producers supply a larger quantity of hybrids, even though the S curve has not shifted. Always be careful to distinguish b/w a shift in a curve and a movement along the curve.


Terms for Shift vs. Movement Along CurveChange in supply: a shift in the S curveoccurs when a non-price determinant of supply changes (like technology or costs)Change in the quantity supplied: a movement along a fixed S curve occurs when P changes Change in demand: a shift in the D curveoccurs when a non-price determinant of demand changes (like income or # of buyers)Change in the quantity demanded: a movement along a fixed D curveoccurs when P changes *

THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*STEP 1: S curve shifts because event affects cost of production. D curve does not shift, because production technology is not one of the factors that affect demand.STEP 2: S shifts right because event reduces cost, makes production more profitable at any given price. EXAMPLE 2: A Shift in Supply

EVENT: New technology reduces cost of producing hybrid cars.STEP 3: The shift causes price to fall and quantity to rise.


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*EXAMPLE 3: A Shift in Both Supply and DemandEVENTS: price of gas rises AND new technology reduces production costsSTEP 1: Both curves shift.STEP 2: Both shift to the right. STEP 3: Q rises, but effect on P is ambiguous: If demand increases more than supply, P rises.


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*EXAMPLE 3: A Shift in Both Supply and DemandSTEP 3, cont.EVENTS: price of gas rises AND new technology reduces production costsBut if supply increases more than demand, P falls.


THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND*CONCLUSION: How Prices Allocate ResourcesOne of the Ten Principles from Chapter 1: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. In market economies, prices adjust to balance supply and demand. These equilibrium prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocate scarce resources.


***In the real world, there are relatively few perfectly competitive markets. Most goods come in lots of different varieties including ice cream, the example in the textbook. And there are many markets in which the number of firms is small enough that some of them have the ability to affect the market price.

For now, though, we look at supply and demand in perfectly competitive markets, for two reasons: First, its easier to learn. Understanding perfectly competitive markets makes it a lot easier to learn the more realistic but complicated analysis of imperfectly competitive markets. Second, despite the lack of realism, the perfectly competitive model can teach us a LOT about how the world works, as we will see many times in the chapters that follow.

**Demand comes from the behavior of buyers. ******This example violates the many buyers condition of perfect competition. Yet, we are merely trying to show here that, at each price, the quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantity demanded by each buyer in the market. This holds whether there are two buyers or two million buyers. But it would be harder to fit data for two million buyers on this slide, so we settle for two. ****Beginning economics students often have trouble understanding the difference between a movement along the curve and a shift in the curve. Here, the animation has been carefully designed to help students see that a shift in the curve results from an increase in quantity at each price.

(A more realistic scenario would involve a non-parallel shift, where the horizontal distance of the shift would be greater for lower prices than higher ones. However, to remain consistent with the textbook, and to keep things simple, this slide shows a parallel shift.)

****If you are willing to spend a couple extra minutes on substitutes and complements, and have a blackboard or whiteboard to draw on, heres an idea:

Before (or instead of) showing this slide, draw the demand curve for hamburgers. Pick a price, say $5, and draw a horizontal line at that price, extending from the vertical axis through the D curve and continuing to the right. Suppose Q = 1000 when P = $5. Label this on the horizontal axis.

Now ask your students: If pizza becomes more expensive, but price of hamburgers does not change, what would happen to the quantity of hamburgers demanded? Would it remain at 1000, would it increase, or would it decrease? Explain.

Some and perhaps most students will see right away that people will want more hamburgers when the price of pizza rises. After establishing this, note that the increase in the price of pizza caused an increase in the quantity demanded of hamburgers. Then state the term substitutes and give the definition.

Before giving the other examples (listed in the 3rd bullet of this slide), do a similar exercise to develop the concept of complements. Finally, give the examples of substitutes and complements from the 3rd bullet point of this and the following slides, but mix up the order and ask students to identify whether each example is complements or substitutes.

********Students should notice that the only determinant of quantity demanded that causes a movement along the curve is price. Also notice: price is one of the variables measured along the axes of the graph.

Heres a handy rule of thumb to help students remember whether the curve shifts: If the variable causing demand to change is measured on one of the axes, you move along the curve. If the variable thats causing demand to change is NOT measured on either axis, then the curve shifts.

This rule of thumb works with all curves in economics that involve an X-Y relationship. (I.e., it works for the supply curve, the marginal cost curve, the IS and LM curves, among many others, but it does not apply to curves drawn on time series graphs.)

**Supply comes from the behavior of sellers.

******Again, the assumption of only two sellers is a clear violation of perfect competition. However, its much easier for students to learn how the market supply curve relates to individual supplies in the two-seller case. ****In the second bullet point, output price just means the price of the good that firms are producing and selling. I have used output price here to distinguish it from input prices.

**Again, the animation here is carefully designed to help make clear that a shift in the supply curve means that there is a change in the quantity supplied at each possible price. If it seems tedious, you can turn it off.

In any case, be assured that, by the end of this chapter, the animation of curve shifts will be streamlined and simplified.

**********We now return to the latte example to illustrate the concepts of equilibrium, shortage and surplus.

******************Step one requires knowing all of the things that can shift D and S the non-price determinants of demand and of supply. ********Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, while quantity supplied refers to the specific amount that producers are willing and able to sell.

Similarly, demand refers to the position of the demand curve, while quantity demanded refers to the specific amount that consumers are willing and able to buy.

If youd like to be a rebel, delete this slide and all references to the jargon it contains, and just use the terms movement along a curve and shift in a curve. Note, however, that this is not the official recommendation of Cengage/South-Western or Dr. Mankiw.

If youd like to cover this slide but make it move more quickly, delete the text next to each second-level bullet (starting with occurs when). Instead, give the information to your students verbally or rely on them to read it in the textbook. ********In the textbook, the conclusion of this chapter offers some very nice elaboration on the second bullet point. There is also an In the News box with a very nice article titled In Praise of Price Gouging.

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Lecture No 2 BE.ppt