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PF2303. Materials Technology

Lecture 9: Industrial Ecology

Dr. Kua Harn Wei

Department of Building, School of Design & Environment,

National University of Singapore

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Lecture objectives

Growing consumptions

Industrial ecology concept

Industrial ecology methodologies

Urban metabolism

Material flow analysis Industrial symbiosis

Life cycle assessment

Ecological rucksack

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES

To understand the need for a

biomimicry concept for our production

and consumption system;

To understand the basics of industrial

ecology;

To be familiar with differentmethodologies of industrial ecology.

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Growing Populations and ScarceResources

According to the UN, world population that was 2.5billion in 1950, and 4.4 billion in 1980, rose to 6 billion in2000.

World population is projected to grow to about 8 billion in

2025. In 2050, the projected world population is 9.3 11 billion.

It is believed almost all future population growth willoccur in the developing world.

The world will eventually need to feed, house andsupport about 5 billion additional people.

This increased population, combined with higherstandards of living, will pose enormous strains on land,water, energy and other natural resources.

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GLOBAL MEGACITIES AT A

GLANCE

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Growing global resource demands are

putting tremendous stresses on our

environment

Source: www.solidwaste.com

Source: https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0426/5ae10edceb3a2/5ae10ee16a1

Source: http://environmentupdates.com/images/Reducing%20Pollution.jpg

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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

Ecological footprint is the area of

land and water required to support

a defined economy or population

at a specified standard of living

(which is defined by certain levelsof production and consumption).

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The Beauty of Ecology

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Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in aScientific Americanarticle by Robert Frosch andNicholas E. Gallopoulos;

They asked, "why would not our industrial systembehave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of aspecies may be resource to another species? Whywould not the outputs of an industry be the inputs ofanother, thus reducing use of raw materials,pollution, and saving on waste treatment?

Drawing of analogies between natural and socio-technical systems.

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Shifting of industrial processes from linear (open loop) systems, inwhich resource and capital investments move through the systemto become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes becomeinputs for new processes (wastes equal food);

Approaches are usually: Urban metabolism; Material and energy flow analysis; Eco-industrial parks (industrial symbiosis); Lifecycle assessment; Design for environment;

Dematerialization and decarbonization;

Extended producer responsibility;

Eco-efficiency,

and so on

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www.hopkinsmedicine.org

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Understanding Body Metabolism as

a Way to Assess State of Health

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A definition of Urban Metabolism

It is the description and analysis of the stocks and flows ofthe materials and energy within cities.

It consists of a set of methodologies that considers thematerials/energy inputs, outputs, and processesoccurring within and across a geographical boundary.

It assumes that by analyzing material and energy stocksand flows of a city, its state of sustainability can beassessed.

It is a subset of Industrial Ecology.

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What do we analyze?

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Material Flow Analysis

www.sankey-diagrams.com

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Substance Flow Analysis

Substance Flow Analysis of Cadmium (author: TroyHawkins)

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A special kind of urban

metabolism industrial

symbiosis

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p { }

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Statoil

NovoNordisk

Gyproc

Asns

Municipality

Photos:Symbiosis Institute, Novo Nordisk, Statoil

PARTNERS IN KALUNDBORG ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK

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Asns

Power Station

Statoil

Refinery

Gyproc

Municipality

of Kalundborg

Novo

Nordisk

BiotekniskJordrens

LakeTiss

FertiliserIndustry

(NH4)2S2O3

Cement

Industry

Farms

Fish

Farms

Sulphur- andAmmonia-rich

EffluentsGas

Fly AshGypsum

ResidualHeat

ResidualHeat

WasteWater

Steam

Steam

Water Water

WaterBiomass& YeastSlurry

Sludge

Used Water

WaterArtificial

Lake

Nickel &Vanadium

Source: UNEP

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Asns

Power Station

Statoil

Refinery

Gyproc

Municipality

of Kalundborg

Novo

Nordisk

Bioteknisk

Jordrens

FertiliserIndustry(NH4)2S2O3

Cement

Industry

Farms

Sulphur- andAmmonia-rich

Effluents

Gas

Fly AshGypsumWaste

Water

Biomass& YeastSlurry

Sludge

Used Water

Nickel &Vanadium

Source: UNEP

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Asns

Power Station

Statoil

Refinery

Municipality

of Kalundborg

Novo

Nordisk

LakeTiss

WasteWater

Steam

Steam

Water Water

Water

Used Water

WaterArtificial

Lake

Source: UNEP

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Asns

Power Station

Statoil

Refinery

Gyproc

Municipality

of Kalundborg

Novo

Nordisk

Fish

Farms

Gas

ResidualHeat

ResidualHeat

Steam

Steam

Source: UNEP

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Energy and

material inputs;

impacts caused by

these inputs

Energy and

material outputs;

impacts caused by

these outputs

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COMMON LIFE CYCLE STAGES

TeoE.A.L.,L

imG.M.(2010)

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Conclusions

Growing world population is putting huge strains onthe Earth system.

Industrial ecology is a concept of sustainable

consumption and production that stresses onresource efficiency and material loop-closing.

There are different methodologies adopted for

studies of industrial ecology. LCA is a key example.