Lecture 7BAPUSH – Unit 7Chapters 20, 21, 22

“Cannon conquer, but they do not necessarily convert.”

-Northern newspaper editor, c. 1865

To Recap …

1861: Lincoln’s inaugural, Fort Sumter, Bull Run I, First Confiscation Act

1862: McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign, Shiloh, CSA Conscription Act, Farragut captures New Orleans, Bull Run II, Antietam, Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

1863: Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus nationwide, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, New York Draft Riots

Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863

VicksburgJuly 4, 1863

The Election of 1864

Grant takes commandMarch, 1864

Lincoln’s general commits to a policy of attrition.

Sherman in Georgia and the March to the Sea, 1864-And on through South Carolina, January-March, 1865

Appomattox CourthouseGrant takes Richmond – April 3, 1865Lee surrenders April 9, 1865

American women in the Civil War

Clara BartonDr. Mary E. Walker

Mary TippeeRose Greenlow

Bell Boyd

Elizabeth Van Lew

Under the surgeon’s knife – or saw

AndersonvilleThe notorious POW camp in Georgia. 3,000 prisoners died every month by August 1864 (out of a total of 32,000 prisoners).

Technological innovations

Civil War Numbers

Total death count: 360,000 Union soldiers, 260,000 Confederate soldiers

Southern states lost 60% of their wealth

In 1863, the U.S. government estimated that the war cost $2.5 million per day. A final official estimate in 1879 totaled $6,190,000,000. The Confederacy spent $2,099,808,707. By 1906, the U.S. government had spent an additional $3.3 billion on veterans of the Civil War.

Overall Impact of the Civil War on the U.S.

First “modern” war for the U.S. New technology, new military tactics, new problems and solutions.

Changed the nation’s conception of itself. People became citizens of the U.S. first, of states second. Note change of meaning of “United States” – from plural to singular.

Centralization of the national government. With southerners out of Congress, Congress was able to pass national legislation concerning internal improvements, centralization of finances, government support of industry, etc. Once the move was made, there was no going back, even after southern states rejoined the union.

An embittered South. This would be a problem for more than a century. Though slavery ended, racism and segregation would persist.

U.S. Congressional Legislation PassedDuring the Civil War

Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 – raised tariff rates to increase revenue for the federal government and to protect U.S. manufacturers. Helped industrialists.

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 - established federal government funding of a transcontinental rail line from Omaha to San Francisco; also included significant federal land grants to railroads.

Legal Tender Act of 1862 – made greenbacks official tender; paper money assumed a more secure place in the U.S. economy.

Homestead Act of 1862 - promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm the land for at least five years.

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 – encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. Spurred the growth of large state universities in the Midwest and West (e.g., Purdue, Michigan State, Iowa State, etc.)

The Thirteenth Amendment"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

Ratified by the required number of states on December 5, 1865

Reconstruction“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

-Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural, March 4, 1865

Questions in the Aftermath of War

Should Confederate leaders be tried for treason?

How should new governments in the South be formed?

How and at whose expense was the South’s economy to be rebuilt?

What was to be done with the freed slaves?

Should they be given land? Social equality? Education? Voting rights?

Three Phases of Reconstruction

1863-1866 – Presidential Reconstruction

1867-1872 – Congressional Reconstruction

1872-1877 – Decline and End of Reconstruction

Presidential ReconstructionLincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

Rebel state could form a Union government when 10% of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and the Union and received a presidential pardon

Certain southerners were excluded: Confederate government officials and military officers, and former U.S. military officers who left their posts to join the Confederacy

Wade-Davis BillLincoln gives it a pocket veto and infuriates the Radical Republicans

Congress creates the Freedman’s Bureau, in March 1865A temporary relief agency that would only go so far …

The President is AssassinatedLincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865

“Now he belongs to the ages.” - Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

President Andrew JohnsonThe vice president, a self-made man from Tennessee, moves into the White House, and takes up the task of Reconstruction

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

Continued the general direction of Lincoln’s plan

Adhered strictly to the U.S. Constitution

Added Proclamation of AmnestySoutherners excluded if their taxable property was worth more than $20,000, but allowed “special application” to president for a pardon

Issued edicts establishing Unionist native governors in several southern states, and granted them power to call state conventions

Omitted Lincoln’s 10% requirement

Conventions to abolish slavery, invalidate secession ordinances, and repudiate all debts to the Confederacy

“Damn the negroes – I am fighting those traitorous aristocrats, their masters.”

- Andrew Johnson, c. 1864

Black CodesSouthern state governments sought to keep a cheap labor source

Republicans get RadicalPresident Johnson faces a congressional challenge to his reconstruction policies in 1866

The Fourteenth AmendmentCongress removes any and all doubt about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Four Principles

Defined and affirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

Forbade any state to abridge the “privileges and immunities” of citizens

Forbade any state to deprive any person of life, liberty or property without “due process of law”

Forbade any state to deny any person “the equal protection of the laws”

“Give my regards to the dead dog in the White House.”- The Governor of Tennessee’s remark upon

his state’s ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the first state in the nation to

do so.c. 1866-1868

Congressional ReconstructionA Republican-controlled Congress pushes President Johnson aside, 1867-1872

Radical RepublicansCongressman Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner (who was beaten by “Bully Brooks” before the war) led Congressional Reconstruction

Key Legislation in 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

Command of the Army Act

Tenure of Office Act

African Americans dominate the southern

Republican party

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Emergence of the Ku Klux Klan

The Force ActsIn 1870 and 1871, Congress passes legislation, written by Congressman B. F. Butler, to stop the KKK and intimidation in the South.

Impeaching the PresidentOutraged Republicans seek to remove Johnson from office in 1868

The Fifteenth Amendment“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” - Ratified on February 3, 1870

Legacies of ReconstructionDeep resentment, steady and persistent erosion of African American rights, reestablishment of the Southern Democrats, economic recession, and Jim Crow

“Lincoln got the praise for freeing us, but did he do it? He give us freedom without giving us any chance to live to ourselves and we still had to depend on the southern white man for work, food, and clothing, and he held us through our necessity and want in a state of servitude but little better than slavery.”

-Freed slave, born in Orange County, North Carolina, looking back many years after

Reconstruction

The Russians offer a deal… that Secretary of State William Seward couldn’t pass up. The U.S. buys Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867.