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Topic Three : Essentials of InformationSystems

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Learning Outcome The student shall be able to evaluate markets for IT

products, major vendors, factors affecting major IT-related decisions

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Performance Criteria:

3.1 Evaluate enterprise architecture

3.2 Evaluate the Data and Data Warehousesapplications

3.3 Evaluate the Networks in Information Systemsenvironment

3.4 Evaluate Telecommunications and mobiletechnologies in Information Systems

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Chapter 5:Enterprise Architecture

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CHAPTER FIVE OVERVIEW SECTION 5.1 - MANAGING ENTERPRISE

ARCHITECTURES Enterprise Architectures

Information Architecture

Infrastructure Architecture

Application Architecture

SECTION 5.2 - ARCHITECTURE TRENDS Service Oriented Architecture

Virtualization

Grid Computing

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MANAGING ENTERPRISE

ARCHITECTURES

Section 5.1

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LEARNING OUTCOMES5.1 Explain the three components of an

enterprise architecture

5.2 Describe how an organization can

implement a solid informationarchitecture

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LEARNING OUTCOMES5.3 List and describe the five-ilities in an

infrastructure architecture

5.4 Compare web services and open

systems

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES Enterprise architecture - includes the plans for

how an organization will build, deploy, use, and

share its data, processes, and IT assets

Enterprise architect (EA) -a person grounded intechnology, fluent in business, a patient diplomat,

and provides the important bridge between IT andthe business

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES Primary goals of enterprise architectures

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ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE Information architecture - identifies where and how

important information, such as customer records, ismaintained and secured

Enterprise information architecture should focus on:

1. Backup and recovery

2. Disaster recovery3. Information security

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

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BACKUP AND RECOVERY Backup -an exact copy of a systems information

Recovery

-the ability to get a system up and running in

the event of a system crash or failure and includesrestoring the information backup

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BACKUP AND RECOVERY Fault tolerance -a computer system designed that in

the event a component fails, a backup component orprocedure can immediately take its place with no loss

of service

Failover- a backup operational mode in which thefunctions of a computer component (such as a

processor, server, network, or database) is assumed bysecondary system components when the primarycomponent becomes unavailable through either failureor scheduled down time

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DISASTER RECOVERYDisaster recovery best practices

include:

Mind the enterprise architecturesMonitor the quality of computer networksthat provide data on power suppliers anddemand

Make sure the networks can be restoredquickly in the case of downtimeSet up disaster recovery plansProvide adequate staff training

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DISASTER RECOVERY Financial Institutions Worldwide Spending on Disaster

Recovery

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DISASTER RECOVERY Disaster recovery plan -a detailed process for

recovering information or an IT system in the event ofa catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood

Disaster recovery cost curve - charts (1) the cost tothe organization of the unavailability of informationand technology and (2) the cost to the organization ofrecovering from a disaster over time

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DISASTER RECOVERY

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DISASTER RECOVERY Hot site - a separate and fully equipped facility where

the company can move immediately after a disasterand resume business

Cold site - a separate facility that does not have anycomputer equipment, but is a place where employees

can move after a disaster

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DISASTER RECOVERY Business continuity planning (BCP) - is a plan for

how an organization will recover and restore partiallyor completely interrupted critical function(s) within apredetermined time after a disaster or extendeddisruption

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INFORMATION SECURITY

Good information architectures include A strong information security plan

Managing user access Up-to-date antivirus software and patches

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INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE Infrastructure architecture - includes the hardware,

software, and telecommunicationsequipment that,when combined, provides the underlying foundationto support the organizations goals

As an organization changes, its systems must be able

to change to support its operations

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INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE

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INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE Five primary characteristics of a solid

infrastructure architecture:

1. Flexibility

2. Scalability

3. Reliability

4. Availability

5. Performance

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FLEXIBILITY Organizations must watch todays business, as well as

tomorrows, when designing and building systems

Systems must be flexible enough to meet all types ofbusiness changes

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SCALABILITY Scalability - refers to how well a system can adapt to

increased demands

Capacity planning - determines the future ITinfrastructure requirements for new equipment andadditional network capacity

Performing a capacity plan is one way to ensure the ITinfrastructure is scalable

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RELIABILITY Reliability ensures all systems are functioning

correctly and providing accurate information

Reliability is another term for accuracy whendiscussing the correctness of systems within thecontext of efficiency IT metrics

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AVAILABILITY Availability - addresses when systems can be accessed

by users

High availability - refers to a system or componentthat is continuously operational for a desirably longlength of time

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PERFORMANCE Performance - measures how quickly a system

performs a certain process or transaction (in terms ofefficiency IT metrics of both speed and throughput)

Not having enough performance capacity can have adevastating, negative impact on a business

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APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE Application architecture - determines how

applications integrate and relate to each other

With new architectures, IT can build new businesscapabilities faster, cheaper, and in a vocabulary thebusiness can understand

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WEB SERVICES Web service -contains a repertoire of Web-based

data and procedural resources that use sharedprotocols and standards permitting different

applications to share data and services

Interoperability - the capability of two or more

computer systems to share data and resources,even though they are made by differentmanufacturers

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WEB SERVICES

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WEB SERVICES The two primary parts of web services are:

1. Event -detect threats and opportunities and alertthose who can act on the information

2. Service - more like software products than they arecoding projects Need to be reusable if they are going to have an impact on

productivity

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OPEN SYSTEMS Open system -a broad, general term that describes

nonproprietary IT hardware and software madeavailable by the standards and procedures by which

their products work, making it easier to integrate them

Open source -refers to any program whose sourcecode is made available for use or modification as users

or other developers see fit

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ARCHITECTURE TRENDS

Section 5.2

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LEARNING OUTCOMES5.5 Describe the business value in

deploying a service oriented

architecture

5.6 Explain the need for interoperabilityand loose coupling in buildingtodays IT systems

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LEARNING OUTCOMES5.7 Identify the logical functions used in

a virtualized environment

5.8 Explain the business benefits of grid

computing

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ARCHITECTURE TRENDS Organizations today must continually watch new

architecture trends to ensure they can keep up withnew and disruptive technologies

Three architecture trends that are quickly becomingrequirements for all businesses including:

1. Service oriented architecture2. Virtualization

3. Grid computing

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SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE Service oriented architecture(SOA) is a business-

driven IT architectural approach that supportsintegrating a business as linked, repeatable tasks or

services

SOA ensures IT systems can adapt quickly, easily, and

economically to support rapidly changing businessneeds

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SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE

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SOA BUSINESS BENEFITSThe key technical concepts of SOA are:

Services

Interoperability

Loose coupling

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SOA BUSINESS BENEFITS

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SERVICEService oriented architecture begins with a

service

(A SOA) service - can be a business task,such as checking a potential customer'scredit rating only opening a new account

Services are like software products

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SERVICE

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INTEROPERABILITYInteroperability - is the capability of

two or more computer systems to share

data and resources, even though theyare made by different manufacturers

Extensible Markup Language (XML)- amarkup language for documentscontaining structured information

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LOOSE COUPLING Loose coupling - is the capability of services to be

joined together on demand to create compositeservices, or disassembled just as easily into their

functional components

Loose coupling is a way of ensuring that the technical

details are decoupled from the service

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VIRTUALIZATIONVirtualization - is a framework of

dividing the resources of a computer

into multiple execution environments

It is a way of increasing physicalresources to maximize the investmentin hardware

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VIRTUALIZATION

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WHAT ARE VIRTUAL MACHINES? System virtualization - is the ability to present the

resources of a single computer as if it is a collection ofseparate computers ("virtual machines")

Each with its own virtual CPUs, network interfaces,storage, and operating system

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WHAT ARE VIRTUAL MACHINES?

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VIRTUALIZATION BUSINESS

BENEFITSTrends that have moved virtualization

into the spotlight:

Hardware being underutilized

Data centers running out of space

Increased energy costs

System administration costs mounting

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ADDITIONAL VIRTUALIZATION

BENEFITSRapid application deployment

Dynamic load balancing

Streamlined disaster recovery

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GRID COMPUTING Grid computing - is an aggregation of geographically

dispersed computing, storage, and network resources,coordinated to deliver improved performance, higher

quality of service, better utilization, and easier accessto data

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GRID COMPUTING

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GRID COMPUTING BUSINESS BENEFITS Improving productivity and collaboration of virtual

organizations and respective computing and dataresources

Allowing widely dispersed departments andbusinesses to create virtual organizations to share dataand resources

Building robust and infinitely flexible and resilientoperational architectures

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GRID COMPUTING BUSINESS

BENEFIT Providing instantaneous access to massive computing

and data resources

Leveraging existing capital investments, which in turnhelp to ensure optimal utilization and costs ofcomputing capabilities

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GRID COMPUTING BUSINESS

BENEFITS