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8/18/2019 Lecture 3- Pedicate Calculus (AI)
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8/18/2019 Lecture 3- Pedicate Calculus (AI)
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Today
The Propositional Calculus
The Predicate Calculus
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Declarative vs. Procedural
Declarative programming Design representation language maing it
easy to e!press no"ledge
#implify construction of solution Procedural programming
$no"ledge is em%odied in the algorithms and
program code itself Potentially more efficient& %ut more difficult to
develop solution
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Propositional Logic
A very simple logic
#ynta!& #emantics& Inference algorithm
Centered around propositions #tatements a%out the "orld that may %e true
or false
e.g.& 'rass is green( )ater is "et( It sno"ed
last Tuesday.
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#ym%ols
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#entences
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#emantics
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For propositional expressions P, Q and R :
Proposition *+uivalence
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Truth table for the
operator ∧.
Truth Ta%le
Truth table demonstrating theequivalence of and .
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Today
The Propositional Calculus
The Predicate Calculus
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Predicate Logic
At a high level, Predicate Logic allo"s you to represent
o%ects&
properties of o%ects& and relations among o%ects
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Predicate logic
)hereas propositional logic assumes the "orld containsfacts that are true or false/
Predicate logic lie natural language/ assumes the"orld contains 0%ects: people& houses& num%ers& colors& %ase%all games&
"ars& ,
1elations: red& round& prime& %igger than& part of& comes%et"een& ,
2unctions: father of& %est friend& one more than& plus& ,
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#ynta!
Constants dept0fC#& cA#PA...
Predicates %rother& near& loves&...
2unctions s+rt& father0f&...
4aria%les 5& 6& A& 7&... Connectives ¬& ⇒& ∧& ∨
*+uality 8
9uantifiers ∀& ∃
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#ym%ols
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#ym%ols cont.
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Terms
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Atomic #entences
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Interpretation
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Interpretation cont.
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Interpretation cont.
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*+uivalence
2or predicates p and +& and varia%les 5
and 6
¬∃5p5/ ≡ ∀5¬p5/
¬∀5p5/ ≡ ∃5¬p5/
∃5p5/ ≡ ∃6p6/
∀5p5/ ≡ ∀6p6/
∀5p5/∧+5// ≡ ∀5p5/∧∀6+6//
∃5p5/∨+5// ≡ ∃5p5/∨∃6+6/ /