LECTURE 2.2LECTURE 2.2

LECTURE OUTLINELECTURE OUTLINE

Weekly ReadingWeekly ReadingPrototype Practice Quiz 2: FeedbackPrototype Practice Quiz 2: FeedbackAvoiding Plagiarism and Good Citation Avoiding Plagiarism and Good Citation

PracticesPractices

READING FOR NEXT READING FOR NEXT MONDAY’S PRACTICE QUIZMONDAY’S PRACTICE QUIZ

Prologue to Part B: Historical Perspective, Part 1     The prologue to Part B places the proceeding chapters

in a historical and geographical perspective, and also charts the course of man's ascent towards civilization. This ascent is linked to various innovations in materials technologies. A wealth of data is presented in tabular form. These data are not meant to be remembered or indeed regurgitated, rather, they are meant to be used as a set of reference points for the understanding of the link between the "material world" and the advances of society, from savagery to civilization.

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Chapter IV: Beginning at the Neolithic Age     Chapter 4 is the first in a sequence of four chapters on

the history of the processing and use of materials. In Chapter 4, we deal primarily with the Neolithic Age (i.e., prior to the widespread use of metals). However, this does not mean that the use of materials was primitive—many sophisticated materials processing were being practiced. Chapter 4 begins by describing the production and use of charcoal, the fuel that would spark (literally) the advent of fired ceramics and later, metals. Flint and obsidian, both of which are based on silicon dioxide, or silica (SiO2), were the tools of choice, and are briefly described.

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Chapter IV: Beginning at the Neolithic Age     The production of both lime mortar and plaster

of parries is introduced, because both processes involved the use of heat. Pottery, the greatest development in Neolithic times, is also described, and a brief analysis of a pottery sherd, from Tell Halaf in Mesopotamia, is presented. Finally, the use of bitumen, a "thermoplastic polymer," as an ancient super glue and duct tape is addressed.

Lesson 2 PRACTICE Lesson 2 PRACTICE QUIZ: FEEDBACKQUIZ: FEEDBACK

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DISTILLATION IS A PHYSICAL DISTILLATION IS A PHYSICAL PROCESSPROCESS

<Q9> Distillation (fractionation) of, e.g., wine to increase the alcohol content, is an example of a _____ process.

<a+> Physical <b> Chemical <F> Distillation of wine to concentrate the alcohol is a

physical process because the process does not result in any different chemical substances. The alcohol is already present in solution with the water, and fractionation, for example, merely separates the alcohol from the water using their different boiling points.

SCALE CONVERSIONS ARE IN SCALE CONVERSIONS ARE IN THE TEXTTHE TEXT

<Q14> The grain size for the aluminum sample of Figure 3.2b is about 100m. This is equivalent to:

<a> 102 mm <b> 10 mm <c+> 10-1 mm <d> 10-2 nm <e> 10-6 mm <F> To answer this question, you should refer to Table 3.2, which

gives conversion factors for the various units, and to Section 3.3.3, which describes the “scientific notation.” The correct answer is:

100µm = 100 x 10-3mm and 100µm = 10-1mm

If you still have problems, go to ANGEL Practice Quiz #1; Lesson 2

INTERMEDIATE CONSTRAINT INTERMEDIATE CONSTRAINT QUESTIONS POSED NO SERIOUS QUESTIONS POSED NO SERIOUS

PROBLEMSPROBLEMS <Q6> Burning (or calcining) limestone (CaCO3) to produce lime

(CaO) is an example of a _____ process. <a> Physical—the product of the reaction (CaO) is a solid, as is the

original reactant, limestone. <b> Physical—both reactant and product are compounds of

calcium. <c> Chemical—because a gas (CO2) is evolved. A change in state

implies a chemical process. <d+> Chemical—because there is a change in chemical identity

between reactant (limestone) and product (lime). <F> Burning limestone is a chemical process because the process

of burning converts the limestone to lime, i.e., there is a change in the identity of the chemical substance or material.

AVOIDING PLAGIARISMAVOIDING PLAGIARISM

See Handout on “The Oxygen See Handout on “The Oxygen Essays”Essays”

WEB RESOURCESWEB RESOURCES

[1] “How to Avoid Plagiarism”. The Pennsylvania [1] “How to Avoid Plagiarism”. The Pennsylvania State University. (Accessed, 02/06/07)State University. (Accessed, 02/06/07)

http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/cyberplag/cyberplagexamples.html

[2] “The OWL at Purdue”. Purdue University. [2] “The OWL at Purdue”. Purdue University. (Accessed, 02/06/07)(Accessed, 02/06/07)

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/

““CUT AND PASTE” CUT AND PASTE” PLAGIARISMPLAGIARISM

The following paragraph is taken from reference [3]: The following paragraph is taken from reference [3]: “Oxygen”. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Licensed to the public under the GNU Free Documentation License. Page last modified Feb.06, 2007.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen ““Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen,

O2, a O2, a diatomic molecule) first appeared in significant ) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth during the quantities on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era (between era (between 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the the metabolic action of early action of early anaerobes ( (archaea and and bacteria). The presence of large amounts of free oxygen in the ). The presence of large amounts of free oxygen in the atmosphere may have driven most of the organisms then atmosphere may have driven most of the organisms then living to extinction.”living to extinction.”

““CUT AND PASTE” CUT AND PASTE” PLAGIARISMPLAGIARISM

If I incorporate that paragraph into an If I incorporate that paragraph into an essay, and do not acknowledge it as a essay, and do not acknowledge it as a direct quote from the source, I am guilty of direct quote from the source, I am guilty of plagiarism!plagiarism!

““CUT AND PASTE” CUT AND PASTE” PLAGIARISMPLAGIARISM

Gaseous oxygen has not always been present on Earth. Gaseous oxygen has not always been present on Earth. Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, O2, a O2, a diatomic molecule) first appeared in significant quantities ) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth during the on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era (between 2.5 billion era (between 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the metabolic action of early action of early anaerobes ( (archaea and and bacteria). The ). The presence of large amounts of free oxygen in the atmosphere presence of large amounts of free oxygen in the atmosphere may have driven most of the organisms then living to may have driven most of the organisms then living to extinction. In later geological times, the majority of the oxygen extinction. In later geological times, the majority of the oxygen would have been generated from photosynthetic processes.would have been generated from photosynthetic processes.

ACCEPTABLE (BUT NOT ACCEPTABLE (BUT NOT RECOMMENDED) PRACTICERECOMMENDED) PRACTICE

Gaseous oxygen has not always been present on earth. As Gaseous oxygen has not always been present on earth. As stated in reference [3]: stated in reference [3]:

““Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, O2, a Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, O2, a diatomic moleculediatomic molecule) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth ) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth during the during the PaleoproterozoicPaleoproterozoic era (between 2.5 billion years ago and era (between 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the metabolicmetabolic action of early action of early anaerobesanaerobes ( (archaeaarchaea and and bacteriabacteria). The presence of large amounts ). The presence of large amounts of free oxygen in the atmosphere may have driven most of the of free oxygen in the atmosphere may have driven most of the organisms then living to extinction.”organisms then living to extinction.”

In later geological times, the majority of the oxygen would have In later geological times, the majority of the oxygen would have been generated from photosynthetic processes.been generated from photosynthetic processes.

COMMENTSCOMMENTS

The direct quotation is clearly attributed to The direct quotation is clearly attributed to ref [3], which will have to be acknowledged, ref [3], which will have to be acknowledged, either as a either as a footnotefootnote, or as part of a , or as part of a reference listreference list..

I would suggest using a I would suggest using a reference listreference list at the at the end of the essay.end of the essay.

WHY I WOULD RECOMMEND AGAINST WHY I WOULD RECOMMEND AGAINST OVERUSE OF QUOTATIONSOVERUSE OF QUOTATIONS

An essay should be primarily your work An essay should be primarily your work and not that of another.and not that of another.

You might “violate copyright laws,” [1].You might “violate copyright laws,” [1].And according to ref. [2]:And according to ref. [2]:

“…“…too many direct quotes from sources may too many direct quotes from sources may weaken your credibility….”weaken your credibility….”

INAPPROPRIATE INAPPROPRIATE PARAPHRASE [1]PARAPHRASE [1]

The original:The original: ““Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, O2, a Unbound oxygen (also called molecular oxygen, or dioxygen, O2, a

diatomic molecule) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth diatomic molecule) first appeared in significant quantities on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era (between 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 during the Paleoproterozoic era (between 2.5 billion years ago and 1.6 billion years ago) as a product of the metabolic action of early billion years ago) as a product of the metabolic action of early anaerobes (archaea and bacteria). anaerobes (archaea and bacteria).

Inappropriate paraphrase:Inappropriate paraphrase: ““Unbound oxygen, which is also known as molecular oxygen, first Unbound oxygen, which is also known as molecular oxygen, first

appeared in large quantities on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era, appeared in large quantities on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic era, as a product of the metabolic action of early anaerobes.”as a product of the metabolic action of early anaerobes.”

INAPPROPRITE PARAPHRASE INAPPROPRITE PARAPHRASE [1], COMMENTS[1], COMMENTS

Even though the paraphrase is not a direct Even though the paraphrase is not a direct quote from Wikipedia, according to ref. [1]:quote from Wikipedia, according to ref. [1]: “ “the reedited paragraph preserves the same the reedited paragraph preserves the same

ideas in exactly the same sequence.”ideas in exactly the same sequence.” In addition:In addition:

The edited paragraph “is merely inserting The edited paragraph “is merely inserting some synonyms without expressing a new some synonyms without expressing a new idea.”idea.”

ACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASEACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE

As noted in ref. [3], molecular, or diatomic oxygen was As noted in ref. [3], molecular, or diatomic oxygen was first formed in the first formed in the Paleoproterozoic era as a result of “the Paleoproterozoic era as a result of “the metabolic action of early anaerobes.”metabolic action of early anaerobes.” According to ref. [1], the above is acceptable, because the According to ref. [1], the above is acceptable, because the

paragraph is unambiguously linked to the author of ref. [3], and paragraph is unambiguously linked to the author of ref. [3], and

direct quotes are so identified.direct quotes are so identified.

GOOD CITATION GOOD CITATION PRACTICESPRACTICES

And See Handout on “The And See Handout on “The Oxygen Essays”Oxygen Essays”

NOTESNOTES

In the following, the first line will identify In the following, the first line will identify the essay.the essay.

The next line will begin the text. The text The next line will begin the text. The text will be followed by:will be followed by:Annotations, in purple

GENERALGENERAL

Oxygen: An Introduction Oxygen is essential to most life forms, and is

one of the most abundant elements in the universe. It is the third most prevalent element in the sun, the most abundant terrestrial element, constitutes about two thirds of the human body, and nine tenths (by weight) of water— and see Table 1 [1].

The reference (number or name plus year) is placed at the end of the sentence/phrase to which it relates, but before the punctuation mark.

GENERALGENERAL

Oxygen: An Introduction Oxygen is essential to most life forms, and is

one of the most abundant elements in the universe. It is the third most prevalent element in the sun, the most abundant terrestrial element, constitutes about two thirds of the human body, and nine tenths (by weight) of water— and see Table 1 (Winter, 2006).

The reference (number or name plus year) is placed at the end of the sentence/phrase to which it relates, but before the punctuation mark.

CITING MATERIAL IN TABLESCITING MATERIAL IN TABLES

Oxygen: An Introduction

Table 1. Abundances of Oxygen: Weight % (adapted from ref [1]).

All of the data have been taken from ref. [1], but the data presented below are in wt%, rather than in ppb. Hence the term, “adapted from.”

Universe 1.0 Sun 0.9 Carbonaceous Meteorite 41.0 Crustal Rocks 46.0 Sea Wa ter 85.7 Stream 88.0 Human Body 61.0

COMMON KNOWLEDGE: NO COMMON KNOWLEDGE: NO CITATION NEEDEDCITATION NEEDED

Oxygen: An Introduction Free (unbound) oxygen is most commonly

encountered as the molecule O2, a colorless, odorless gas at room temperatures. However, a second form of free oxygen is the molecule ozone (O3). Somewhat paradoxically, ozone is poisonous yet a crucial constituent of the upper atmosphere, preventing potentially harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from reaching the Earth’s surface.

Most of the foregoing is “common knowledge” and does not require citation.

WHAT IS COMMON WHAT IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE?KNOWLEDGE?

If the information is well known/ If the information is well known/ documented by you and your peers, documented by you and your peers, and/or if the information is readily available and/or if the information is readily available in general references, there is no need to in general references, there is no need to provide a specific citation [1,2]provide a specific citation [1,2]

CITING FIGURESCITING FIGURES Oxygen: The Early HistoryOxygen: The Early History

Figure 1. Portrait of Joseph Priestley. (From ref. [3]). Figure 1 is downloaded from ref. [3]. Hence the term “from.” I could also have written “Downloaded from ref. [3].” Also note that in this case, the figure caption is to the right of the figure and not immediately underneath. Either practice is acceptable.

CITING FIGURESCITING FIGURES Oxygen: StructureOxygen: Structure

Figure 1 . Schematic diagrams of the crystal structure of solid (crystalline) oxygen. In both cases, the o rientation of the unit cell is shown in the lower left-hand corner (adapted from ref. [1]). Both images were downloaded from ref. [1]. However, I added some text to the images, and he nce, the phrase “adapted from.” a) Ball and stick representation. b) Hard-sphere model. In a), the covalent radius is shown to correspond with (half) the interatomic spacing, within oxygen molecules. The van der Waals radius is characterized by (half) the intermolecular spacing.

USING INDIRECT QUOTESUSING INDIRECT QUOTES

Oxygen: The Early HistoryOxygen: The Early History According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[1], the first report of the gas oxygen was by the Polish alchemist Michal Sedziwoj, who in the late sixteenth century, produced oxygen by heating saltpeter in air. Sedziwoj named the gas “the elixir of life.”

(A good practice when indirectly quoting from a single source is to begin the passage with “According to,” or “As presented by,” or “As discussed in.”)

GENERAL, RATHER THAN GENERAL, RATHER THAN SPECIFIC CITATIONSSPECIFIC CITATIONS

The theory of phlogiston (e.g., see [2]), held that: Each flammable substance only contained a certain quantity of

phlogiston, and once expelled, the material was no longer prone to combustion; it was stable as a calx.

Phlogiston was imponderable, it had no mass, color, odor etc. The air had a finite capacity for phlogiston, and once the air

became completely phlogisticated, it would no longer support combustion.

(This citation, “e.g., see [2],” acknowledges the fact that the theory of phlogiston is described in ref. [2], as indeed it is elsewhere, but also that what follows need not be explicitly stated in ref. [2])