Lecture 2- The organization of the body [??? ???????]

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The Organization of the BodyThe Organization of the Body

22Lecture Lecture

Outlineõ Anatomic Reference SystemsØØ Body DirectionsBody DirectionsØØ Body PlanesBody PlanesØØ Body CavitiesBody CavitiesØØ Structural unitStructural unitõ Levels of organizationØØ CellCell

ØØ TissueTissue

ØØ OrganOrgan

ØØ systemsystem

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Objectives

On completion of this chapter, you will be able to: õDefine terms that describe the body and its structural

units.õ List the systems of the body and give the organs in

each system.õDefine terms that are used to describe direction,

planes, and cavities of the body.õAnalyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words.õ Identify and define selected abbreviations.

Anatomic Reference Systems

ü Anatomic reference systems are used to describe the location and function of body parts.

ü In medical terminology, there are several addition ways to describe the location of different body parts.

ü The four anatomic reference systems include:Body DirectionsBody DirectionsBody PlanesBody PlanesBody CavitiesBody CavitiesStructural unitStructural unit




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The Anatomical Position

q Description of the body are based on the assumption that a person is standing in the standard anatomic position.

q In this position; the body is erect, head facing forward, arms by the side with palms to the front.

Anatomic Reference SystemsBody DirectionsBody Directions--11




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22-- Body planes:Body planes:

Body Planes

Vertical Plane

Midsagittal plane

Coronal plane

Horizontal (transverse)

Plane


VerticalVertical planesplanes::1.1. MidsagittalMidsagittal planeplane (also(also knownknown asas midline)midline) :: that divides the

body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves.

2.2. CoronalCoronal planeplane:: divide the body into anterior and posterior.

HorizontalHorizontal (transverse)(transverse) planesplanes::

Is a plane that divides the whole body into superior (upper) and inferior

(lower) portions




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33-- Body cavities:Body cavities:

Is a space within the body that contains and protects the internal organs.

Major body cavities:Major body cavities:A. The Dorsal cavityB. The ventral cavity




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The Dorsal cavity: The Dorsal cavity: Located in the skull and within the spinal Located in the skull and within the spinal column.column.

The dorsal cavity is divided into The dorsal cavity is divided into 2 2 parts:parts:1)1) The cranial cavityThe cranial cavity, which is located within the skull,

protects the brain.2)2) The spinal cavityThe spinal cavity, which is located within the spinal

column, protects the spinal cord.§ They both protect the structures of the nervous system.

Anatomic Reference SystemsThe ventral cavityThe ventral cavity: : is located in the front of the body that is located in the front of the body that extending extending from the neck to the pelvis that contains the organs of from the neck to the pelvis that contains the organs of respiration, digestion, reproduction, and respiration, digestion, reproduction, and elimination.elimination.

The ventral cavity is divided into The ventral cavity is divided into 4 4 parts:parts:

1)1) ThoracicThoracic cavitycavity – chest area containing the heart (pericardial

cavity), space around the lungs (pleural cavity), esophagus,

trachea, thymus, major blood and lymph vessels.

2)2) AbdominalAbdominal cavitycavity – space below the diaphragm, that

contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs of digestion.




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3)3) PelvicPelvic cavitycavity –– the space formed by the bones of the

pelvis and contains the organs of reproduction and

elimination.

4)4) AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic cavitycavity –– The combination of the

abdominal and pelvic cavity that is divided into nine

regions.




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Anatomic Reference SystemsCavity:Cavity:AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvicNine Regions of the Nine Regions of the

1.Right hypochondriac

2.Left hypochondriac

3.Epigastric

4.Right lumbar

5.Left lumbar

6.Hypogastric

7.Umbilical

8.Right iliac

9.Left iliac


Quadrants:Quadrants:4 4 Abdomen Divided Into Abdomen Divided Into 1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)




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(A) The nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.(B) The four regions of the abdomen that are referred to as quadrants.

Structural UnitStructural Unit--44

)Levels of organization(




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Levels of Organization

1.1. Cell:Cell:

õ The basic structural units of the body, are specializedand grouped together to form tissues and organs.

õCyt/o/logy: study of formation, structure andfunction of cells (cyt- means cell, -logy meansstudy of).




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1.1. Cell:Cell:StructureStructure ofof thethe cellcell::A. Cell membrane.

B. CytoplasmC. Nucleus


Structure of the cell:Structure of the cell:

óó Cell Cell MembraneMembrane¡ Surrounds and protect the cell by separating the cell’s

content from its external environment.¡ Capacity of allowing some substances to pass into and out

of the cell while denying passage to other substances.

óó CytoplasmCytoplasm¡ Substance between the cell membrane and nuclear

membrane.¡ Jellylike materials consisting mostly of water.¡ Provides storage and work areas for cells.




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Structure of the cell:Structure of the cell:

óó Nucleus (plural = nuclei ):Nucleus (plural = nuclei ):

¡ Responsible for the cell’smetabolism, growth, &reproduction.

¡ Contains the chromosomes.

Cells are the basic buildingblocks of the human body.They have many differentshapes and vary in size andfunction. These examplesshow the range of forms andsizes of different cells.




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Levels of Organization2-Tissue:o Group of similar cells that together perform specialized functions.

o Histology is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues (Hist- means tissues and –logy means a study of).

o A histologist is a specialist in the study the organization of tissues at all levels ( hist- means tissue and –logist means specialist).

Types of tissue:Types of tissue:The four basic type are:The four basic type are:1)1) Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue 2)2) Connective Connective tissue tissue 3)3) Muscle tissue Muscle tissue 4)4) Nerve tissueNerve tissue


1-Epithelial Tissuesv Forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external

surfaces of the body.

üü EpitheliumEpithelium is the specialized epithelial tissue, that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.

üü Endothelium Endothelium is the specialized epithelial tissue, that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, gland and organs.




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2- Connective tissue Supports the organs of the body and connects muscles to bones and bones to joints.

3- Muscle Tissueo Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.oo There are three types of muscle tissue:There are three types of muscle tissue:

ü Voluntary or striatedü Cardiac

ü Involuntary or smooth4- Nerve TissueContains cells with the specialized to react, to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.

Levels of OrganizationPathology of tissue formationPathology of tissue formationõ Anaplasia is a change in the structure of cells and in their

orientation to each other (ana-means excessive, –plasia meansformation).

õ Aplasia is the defective development, or the congenital absence ofan organ or tissue (a- means without, -plasia means formation).

õ Dysplasia is abnormal tissue development (dys- means bad, -plasiameans formation).

õ Hyperplasia is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of anabnormal increase in the number of cells (hyper- means excessive,

-plasia means formations).




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Pathology of tissue formationPathology of tissue formation

õ Hypertropy is a general increase in the bulk of a part or organ, notdue to tumor formation. This enlargement is due to an increase inthe size, but not in number of cells in the tissues (hyper- meansexcessive, -trophy means development).

õ Hypoplasia is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue(hypo- means deficient, -plasia means formation).




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3- OrgansGroups of tissues that serve a common purpose or function.

4- SystemsA group of organs that function together for a common purpose.


Pathology:Pathology:

õ Pathology is the study of structural and functional changes caused by disease (path /o and pathy means disease; however, they also mean suffering, feeling and emotion). Pathology means condition caused by disease.

õ Etiology is the study of the causes of diseases (eti- means cause, -logy means study of).




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Organ systems of the body with major functions




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Lecture 2- The organization of the body [??? ???????]