Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Principles of Architectural and Environmental Design EARC 2417
Islamic University-Gaza
Faculty of Engineering
Architecture Department
Instructor: Dr. Suheir Ammar
2015
Lecture 2 Forms ELEMENTS
FORMS ELEMENTS
1- Visual Properties of Form
2- Shape
3- Primary Shapes
4- Solids
5- Regular & Irregular Forms
6- Transformation of Form
• Dimensional Transformation
• Subtractive Forms
• Additive Forms
7- Formal Collision of
Geometry
8- Articulation of Form
Visual Properties of
Form 1- Shape: Primary means to recognize &
identify the form. (Shape refers to the
characteristic outline of a plane figure or the
surface configuration of a volumetric form)
2- Size: Its scale is determined by its size
relative to other forms in its context. It is real
dimension (length-width-depth)
3- Color: is the attribute that most clearly
distinguishes a form from its environment.
affects visual weight
4- Texture (surface): affects tactile &
light-reflective
3
Visual Properties of Form
5- Position: location relative to visual field;
between, above
6- Orientation: position relative to ground
plane, compass points, person viewing it ;
north
7- Visual Inertia: degree of stability
(depends on geometry & orientation to
ground)
4
Visual Properties are affected by: A- angle of view
B- distance from the form
C- lighting conditions
D- visual field surrounding the form influence our
a tree in front of a ability to read and identify it;
building
5
Primary Shapes
7
Primary Shapes Circle:
Normally, Stable & self-centering (in its environment)
Centralized or introverted (figure)
Placing a circle in the center of a field reinforces its centrality
placing an element along its circumference
8
An extremely stable
Balanced in a hazardous state of
equilibrium
Unstable and tend to fall
10
stable
As a plan -Balanced state of equilibrium
As a plan- dynamic, as elevation - unstable
The Square:
-Represents pure & rational
- static & neutral
-Have no direction
11
Platonic Solids (solids here refer to a three-dimensional geometric
body) Primary shape extended Platonic Solids or rotated
Circle sphere & cylinder Triangle cones & pyramids Square cubes
Distinct Regular Easy recognized
1- Sphere: Centralized
Highly concentrated
Self-centering
Stable
Inclined toward rotating motion when placing on a sloping plane
2- Cylinder: Centralized about its axis
Stable unstable
12
Platonic “ Primary” Solids
Highly
stable
Precarious state
& balance
Stable
(any face)
PYRAMID: hard & angular
unstable stable
CUBE:
static – no movement direction
Highly recognizable
unstable
Cone: is a highly stable when
resting on its circular base,
-unstable when its vertical
axis is tipped
- It can also rest on its apex in
a precarious state of balance.
Precarious state
& balance
While the cone is a soft form, the pyramid is relatively hard and
angular.
unstable
13
Primary Solids
14
Primary Solids
15
Primary Solids
16
Primary Solids
17
Primary Solids
18
Primary Solids
19
Primary Solids
20
Primary Solids
21
Primary Solids
22
Primary Solids
23
Regular & Irregular Forms
Regular Forms: consistentTheir parts are related in a -
& orderly manner
- Stable
- Symmetrical about one or more axes
Irregular Forms: - Their parts are dissimilar- related in
manner inconsistentan
- Asymmetrical
- More dynamic
Irregular element subtracted from regular form
Irregular composition of regular forms
Regular forms in irregular form Irregular form in regular form
24
25
The Transformation of Form
Dimensional Transformation:
- Altering one or more dimension
- Retain family identity
Subtractive Transformation:
- Subtracting portion of its volume
OR Retain initial identity -
into another family transformed
(depend on the extent of subtraction)
Additive Transformation:
- Adding elements to its volume
Identity of initial forms is retained -
(depending on altered OR
nature of addition process)
All forms are transformed from primary solids
26
Dimensional Transformation
27
Subtractive Forms - We intend to complete the hidden parts
(from our point of view) as if it were
whole. The mind fills in what the eyes do
not see.
- Regular forms retain their identities if
subtracted without deteriorating edges,
corners, or overall profile
- If subtraction erodes its edges & alters
its profile, ambiguity of its original
identity results
Which
shapes are
still square?
28
Subtractive Forms
Addition and subtraction
30
Additive Forms
Basic possibilities to group
two forms:
1- Spatial Tension: Require forms to:
- close to each other
- Share a common visual feature (shape-
material- color)
2- Edge to Edge Contact:
Two forms share a common edge
3- Face To Face Contact:
Requires the two forms to have flat, planar,
parallel surface
4- Interlocking Relationship:
Needs not share any visual traits
Strong relation
31
Additive Forms
•To get a unified
composition, forms
must be related to
each other in a
coherent manner.
• Using the relations in
the previous slide is
possible.
Ex. Linear form from
interlocking relation
Centralized Form A number of
secondary forms clustered about-a
dominant central parent-form
Linear Form A series of forms arranged
sequentially in a row
Radial Form A composition of linear forms
extending outward from a central
form in a radial manner
Clustered Form A collection of forms grouped
together by proximity or the sharing
of a common visual characteristic
Grid Form A set of modular forms related and
regulated by a three-dimensional grid
32
1. Centralized Form
33
1. Centralized Form
34
2. Linear Forms - Change in dimension
- Arrangement of a series of forms
- Curvilinear (to respond to site
topography, view, vegetation)
- Fronting or defining exterior
space
- Manipulated to enclose space
-Oriented vertically like towers
- Acts as an organizing elements to
which variety of forms can be
attached
35
2. Linear Forms
36
2. Linear Forms
37
3. Radial Forms
•A radial form consists of
linear forms that extend
outward from a centrally
located core element in a
radiating manner
(centrality + Linearity)
•The radiating arms
exposes their long surfaces
to have Sun, Wind, View
•Radial forms can grow
into network (several
centers are linked by linear
forms)
Core
(symbolic or
functional)
38
UNESCO Headquarter, Marcel Brever, Paris
3. Radial Forms
39
3. Radial Forms
40
3. Radial Forms
41
3. Radial Forms
42
Clustered organization is flexible
enough to incorporate forms of various
shapes, sizes, orientation
Clustered forms may be organized
in the following ways:
1. Attached as attachments to larger
parent form or space
2. Related by proximity alone
3. Interlock & merge into a single
form
Clustered organization can consist of
forms that similar in visual properties
(size, shape) & function
1
2 3
4. Clustered
formsمتجمع او عنقودي
similar forms
4. Clustered forms
4. Clustered forms
4. Clustered forms
Grid: two or more intersecting sets of
regularly spaced parallel lines.
Square Grid most commonly:
Neutral – non hierarchical – non
directional
It is used to break a surface into units
5. Grid Form
5. Grid Form
5. Grid Form
Formal Collisions of Geometry When two forms differing in geometry or
orientation, each will compete for visual
supremacy & dominance.
The forms can evolve:
1.The two forms can be weaken and
merge to create a new composite form
2.One of the 2 forms can receive the
other totally within its volume
3.The two forms can retain their
individual identities and share the
interlocking portions of their volumes
4.The two forms can separate & be
linked by a third element that recalls
the geometry of one of the original
forms.
4
1
2
3
Formal Collisions in Architecture
different requirements of interior space and exterior form
To acknowledge an already existing path of movement through a building site
To express the functional or symbolic importance of a form or space within its context.
To generate a composite form that combines the contrasting geometries into its centralized organization
To modify a space toward a specific feature of a building site.
To express and articulate the various constructional or mechanical systems that exist within abuilding form
To reinforce a local condition of symmetry in abuilding form
To respond to contrasting geometries of the topography, vegetation, boundaries, or existing structures of a site
To cut a well-defined volume of space from a building form
Examples of Formal Collisions
Examples of Formal Collisions
Examples of Formal Collisions
Examples of Formal Collisions
Examples of Formal Collisions
Articulation refers to the
manner in which the surfaces
of a form come together to
define its shape and volume
1. developing corners as
distinct linear elements
independent of the adjacent
planes
2. Differentiating adjoining
planes with a change in
material, color, texture, or
pattern
Articulation of Formsالتعبير
A form can be articulated by:
3. removing corners to
physically separate
neighboring planes
4. lighting the form to
create sharp contrasts
in tonal value along
edges and corners
Emphasizes the volume of a form
Articulates the corner
Defines the edges of the planes
Diminish the corner condition
Weakens the definition of the volume
Emphasize planar quality of the surfaces
Deteriorates the volume of the form
Allows the interior space to leak outward
Clearly reveals the surfaces as planes in space
Emphasizes the continuity of the surfaces of a form
Emphasizes the compactness of its volume
Emphasizes softness of its contour
Corners
The unadorned corners of the forms emphasize the
volume of their mass
Corners
Rounded corners express: continuity of surface, Compactness of volume, and softness of form.
Corners
Openings at corners emphasize the definition of planes over volume
Corners
Corners
Corners
A distinct contrast between the surface color of a plane and that of the surrounding field can clarify its shape
Modifying its tonal value can either increase or decrease its visual weight
A frontal view reveals the true shape of a plane; oblique views distort it Elements of known
size within the visual context of a plane can aid our perception of its size and scale
Texture & color together affect: 1- Visual weight 2- scale of a plane 3- degree to which it absorbs or reflects light & sound Directional or
oversized optical patterns can distort the shape or exaggerate the proportions of a plane
The color, texture, & pattern of surfaces articulate the
existence of planes & influence the visual weight of a
form
Surface Articulation
The linear sun-shading devices accentuate the horizontality of the building form
Linear columnar elements emphasize the verticality of
this high-rise structure
A grid pattern unifies the surfaces of a three-dimensional composition
Surface Articulation
The three-dimensional form of the openings creates a texture of light, shade, &
shadows
The pattern of openings and cavities interrupts the continuity of the exterior wall
planes.
Surface Articulation
Surface Articulation
Reference:
Ching, F. D. K. (2007). Architecture: Form, Space,
and Order (3rd Edition ed.): John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Thank you