Lecture 13 Normal Development of Speech

8/12/2019 Lecture 13 Normal Development of Speech

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-13-normal-development-of-speech 1/17



Language is defined as symbolic processfor communication

The way we use language will determinecommunicat ion in the next generation

It is also a way in which one generationtransmits its culture to another

Language is perhaps the greatest giftendowed to human

INTRODUCTION



Speech on the other hand is the verbal form

of language and is composed of a number of

isolated sound or phonemes

Language makes speech possible, even

though we can have language without speech

Two important requisites for speech

development

- Intact hearing

- Sufficient intelligence



refers to the ability to understand,encompasses visual (reading, sign

language comprehension) and auditory

(listening comprehension) skills

refers to the ability to producesymbolic communication, this outputmay be either visual (writing, signing)

or auditory (speech)

Recept ive language

Express ive language



STAGES IN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

New bornNot yet able to respond differently to differentstimuli

Reflective vocalization

4 – 9 months of ageHe produces sounds when he is enjoying himselfthe child will produced vowels before consonants

Babbling

Hearing plays an important roleBegins during the 6 months of the child’s life Defined as the repetition of heard sounds or

sound combinations

Lalling



At 9 or 10 months of age, the child may be heardimitating sound which others have made, andwhich are prevalent in environmentSounds which the child recognizes, are likely tobe imitated first

Echolalia

Between 12 and 13 months of age, the averagechi ld really begins to talkThe child intent ional ly uses conventionalizedsound pattern (words)Before the child can truly speak, he must himselfbe able to understand speech

True speech

Berry MF, Eisenson J. Speech Disorders : Principles and practices of therapy. London :Peter Owen Limited, 1973.p.18-22



LINGUISTS DIVIDE LANGUAGEINTO FOUR DOMAINS

The ability of the child touse his or her language in

interactions with others

PRAGMATICS

The study of meaning,includes the study of

vocabulary and the numberof words a child knows

SEMANTICS

PHONOLOGY The ability to produce anddiscriminate the specificsounds of a given language

GRAMMAR

The underlying rules that

organize any specificlanguage



Fig1. Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Santrock JW. Child Development. 7th Ed. Madison: Brown & Benchmark, 1996. p.321



Fig2. Localization areas in the cerebral cortex



Fig 3 . Human brain development

Myelinization of cerebral systems, and correlations with the development of languagefunctions. (After Lecours, 1975, 1982; Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967)



To determine whether a child

has speech delay, the physicianmust understand normal speech

milestones



Age of

acquistionSkill

Age at whichskill is

significantly

delayed

Abnormal findings or“red flags” for full

assessment at this age

Birth Response to sound Shortly after

birth

Lack of response tosound at any age

Birth Social interest in facesand people Shortly afterbirth

Lack of interest ininteraction with peopleat any age

2 to 4

mos.

Reciprocal cooing, turn-taking

4 mos. Lack of any drive tocommunicate after4mos. of age

4 to 9

mos.

Babbling (repetitiveconsonant vowelcombinations)

9 mos. Loss of the early abilityto see or babble

6 mos. Response to name 9 mos. Poor sound localizationor lack of

responsiveness

Table 1. Milestones of Language Development and Indications forEvaluation of Language Problems



Age ofacquistion

Skill


significantly

delayed



9 to 12

mos.

Comprehension ofverbal commands

15 mos. Poor comprehension ofverbal routines, such aswave bye-bye

9 to 12

mos.

Pointing 15 mos. Some pointing toindicate wants andneeds, but no pointingout interesting objectsor actions

10 to 16

mos.

Production of singlewords

18 mos. Failure to use words,add new words, or lossof words previouslylearned

10 to 16

mos.

Pointing to body partsor comprehension ofsingle words

18 mos. Does not point to bodyparts or follow singlestep commands

Table 1. Milestones of Language Development and Indications…



Age ofacquistion

Skill


significantlydelayed



18 to 24mos.

Comprehension ofsimple sentences

24 mos. Minimal comprehensionand limited symbolicplay, such as doll ortruck play

18 to 24

mos.

Vocabulary spurt 30 mos. Less than 30 words at 24

months, 50 words at 30months

18 to 24

mos.

Two-word utterances 30 mos. Lack of two-wordutterances whenvocabulary is > 50 words

24 to 36mos.

Good intelligibility tofamiliar folks

36 mos. > ½ utterances areunintelligible to familyafter age 2 years

30 to 36mos.

Conversations throughasking and answeringquestions

36 mos. Frequent immediate ordelayed repetition ofwhat others say(“echolalia”)




Age ofacquistion

Skill


significantlydelayed



30 to 42mos.

Short stories, asks“why”

48 mos. Rote memorization withfailure to generate novelstories

36 to 48mos.

Good intelligibility to

unfamiliar folks

48 mos. > ¼ utterances areunintelligible tostrangers after age 4years

36 to 48mos.

Full, well-formedsentences

48 mos. Consistent use of onlyshort and simplesentences

5 years Correct production of

basic consonants

Errors in consonants

such as b, p, d, t, p, k, m,n, l, r, w, s.

7 years Correct production ofall speech sounds

Immature productionblends such as st, sh,sp.


Feldman HM. Language disorders. Dalam : Berman S, penyunting. Pediatric Decision Making. Edisi

ke-4. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2003.h.94-97



Berry MF, Eisenson J. Speech Disorders: Principles and practices of therapy. London:Peter Owen Limited, 1973

Speech may be considered defective ifit is characterized by:

Not easily audible

Not readily intelligibleVocally unpleasantDeviates in respect to specific sound(consonant, vowel, or diphthong)

productionLabored in production, or lacks eitherconventional rhythm or stress, tonal quality,or pitch change

Linguistically deficientInappropriate to the speaker in terms of age,sex, or physical developmentVisibly unpleasant



Documents

Lecture 13 Normal Development of Speech