Lecture 13 2016 Energy

8/19/2019 Lecture 13 2016 Energy

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Energy

ForCanada

http://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dATloTeck1o0YM&tbnid=vGLFZ7JwVcmfvM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.blanic.co.za/oil_butimen.html&ei=wqDFUpSvNKblyQGmh4DACw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFvgBmEvAemRf_pLYdS5THHo_Aipw&ust=1388769857750122


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Write down three things that YOU do that useenergy

Write down three sources of the energy thatyou use


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Learning Objectives

•Types, sources and usage of energy

•Understand the units of energy

•Convert between units & make comparisons

•Discuss renewable and non renewablesources of energy

•

Evaluate the benefits and challenges witheach type of energy source


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Three Types of Energy

•Nuclear – nucleus decays /splits / fuses• using a nuclear reactor to produce heat and steam for

electricity generation• Radioactive decay heats the earths core• Fusion of light nuclei in the sun to produce light

•Chemical – breaking chemical bonds• burning gasoline to drive a car

•

Thermo-mechanical• Potential energy – e.g. stored behind a hydro dam• Kinetic energy – e.g. when water falls or air moves


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What Energy does each person use?

Annual per capita usage in USA; Tarbuck 2013


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What are the common units of energy?

•1 Calorie = the energy to heat 1g of water 1oC

•

1 Joule = Energy to accelerate 1kg to1m*s-2


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What are the common units of energy?

• 1 Calorie = the energy to heat 1g of water 1oC

• 1 Joule = Energy to accelerate 1kg to1m*s-2 Power = Energy /time1 Watt of electricity = 1 Joule per second

Energy =Power*time•1 kilowatt*hour = 3.6*106 joules•

1 Barrel of oil =~ 159 litres = 6.12 GigajoulesGiga = 109


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Practical Example 1

Boil 1 litre of Water for Coffee

Temperature start -C 15

Temperature stop -C 100

Delta Temperature -C 85

Mass Water - grams 1000

# of Calories used (mass * Delta T) 85000

1 calorie = X joules 4.2

Joules needed to heat water (J)

(4.2*85000) 357000

Electric Kettle

30% effcy 0.3

Joules consumed 1190000

Conversion

1 kwatt hour (kWh) to joules 3.60E+06

kilowatt hours electric 0.33

Cost ($0.20 /1 kWh) 0.07


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Practical Example 1

Boil 1 litre of Water for Coffee

Temperature start -C 15

Temperature stop -C 100

Delta Temperature -C 85

Mass Water - grams 1000

# of Calories used (mass * Delta T) 85000

1 calorie = X joules 4.2

Joules needed (J) 357000

Electric Kettle

30% effcy 0.3

Joules consumed to heat water, air etc 1190000

Conversion

1 kWatt hour (kWh) to joules 3.60E+06

kilowatt hours electric 0.33

Cost ($0.20 /1 kWh) 0.07


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What activities consume energy?


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How does energy consumption link to prosperity?


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What are the sources of Canada’s

Energy?


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Where do CDN homes use energy?


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How does electrical source vary by province?


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What is the international picture?


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Where are oil and gas found?

Oil Deposits in Ontario & Alberta,

Off shore Newfoundland and Nova Scotia


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Why is oil / gas use so widespread?

Source or Storage

Material Energy type Energy

(MJ/kg) Direct uses

Uranium -235 Nuclear Fission 83140000 Electric power plants (nuclear reactors)

Gasoline Chemical ~46 Automotive engines

Propane Chemical 46.4 Cooking, home heating, automotiveengines

Fat Chemical 37 Human/animal nutrition

Coal Chemical 24 Electric power plants, home heating

Carbohydrates Chemical 17 Human/animal nutrition

Wood Chemical 16.2 Heating, outdoor cooking

TNT Chemical 4.6 Explosives

Gunpowder Chemical 3 Explosives

Lithium Battery Electrochemical 1.8 Portable electronics


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Practical Examples 2

Gasoline Consumption & Kinetic Energy

Accelerate a Car from 0 to 100 km /hr e = 1/2mv^2

Weight -kg 2000

Velocity km/hr 100

Velocity conversion km/hr to m/s 27.8Joules 771605

joules per kg gas / propane 4.60E+07

kg petroleum used 1.68E-02

Litres petroleum used 2.10E-02

Note 1. This ignores friction, combustion efficiency and other losses.

Note 2. If the car breaks from 100 to 0 the same energy is lost to the breaks as heat


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What are the alternatives to oil/coal?

• Improving efficiency•Unconventional oil and gas•Biomass•Hydroelectric

•Tides and Waves•Nuclear•Fusion•hydrogen•Solar•Wind


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Where can we improve efficiency?

•????


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How much can we gain with improved

efficiency?

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics-facts/1239

About

15%

Saving


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What are the alternatives to oil/coal?

• Improving efficiency•Unconventional oil and gas•Biomass•Hydroelectric

•Tides and Waves•Nuclear•Fusion•hydrogen•Solar•Wind


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Unconventional oil from oil sands

Bitumen is a mix ofhydrocarbons from CH4 (methane) to longchained polymers.

Bitumen is too viscousto flow unless heated ordecomposed


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Unconventional oil and gas 1

Mining and Refining Oil ‘Tar’ Sands

•+ huge reserves in Canada and internationally•+ Known distribution so exploration is easier•+Reduces shipping costs and international

dependence for Canada and USA


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Are Oils Sands an important energy source?


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Mining and Refining Oil ‘Tar’ Sands

•+ huge reserves in Canada and internationally•+ Known distribution so exploration is easier•+Reduces shipping costs and international dependence

for Canada and USA• -Large energy demand (>10% of product)• -Requires water /steam (28 m3 of natural gas and from

2.5 to 4 barrels of water per barrel of bitumen)• -Refining is more complex and more expensive

• -Large amounts of waste sand & water to manage• -Potential to contaminate land and water• -Carbon pollution


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Canada is a net exporter of oil


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Shale Fracking to enhance recovery of gas & oil

•+ Large reserves in Canada and USA•+ Reduces shipping costs•+ Reduces international dependence for Canada and

USA• - Requires water /steam, sand and chemicals to open

up the deposit so gas /oil will flow to wells• - Drilling is more expensive and complex• - Refining is more complex and expensive• - Concern that groundwater supplies will be

contaminated.


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Shale is making USA self sufficient in

energy

USA is rapidly

developing

sources of shale oiland gas in the western

states


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Biomass alternatives to oil/coal?

•+Wood etc. have been used for centuries for heat &cooking

•+Widespread resource –trees & agricultural waste•+High efficiency wood stoves and larger units are

affordable and widely available.

• -Energy per volume much lower than oil/ gas• -Transporting wood large distances is not economical• -Does not scale to industrial processes

• -Particulate emissions need to be scrubbed from toreduce potential health effects


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Hydroelectric alternatives to oil/coal


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Ottawa River Hydroelectric Dams

Installation TypeGenerat

ing cap.

Year

built

Name of

reservoirOperator

Otto HoldenRun of

river g.s.

243

MW1952 n/a

Ontario Power

Generation

Des JoachimsRun of

river g.s.

429

MW1950

Holden

Lake

Ontario Power

Generation

BrysonRun of

river g.s.61 MW 1925 n/a Hydro-Québec

ChenauxRun of

river g.s.

144

MW1950 n/a

Ontario Power

Generation

Chute-des-Chats

(Chats Falls)

Run of

river g.s.

185

MW 1931Lac des

Chats

Hydro-Québec

and OPG *

Hull-2Run of

river g.s.27 MW 1920 n/a Hydro-Québec

CarillonRun of

river g.s.

752

MW1962 n/a Hydro-Québec


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Hydroelectric alternatives to oil/coal

•+ Falling water used for centuries•+ Easy to adjust electricity production to changes in

demand – increase # turbines or volume of flow•+ Low carbon (methane) emissions – some methane is

emitted from flooded land• - Floods large areas and impacts fish/wildlife movement

& habitat• - Most sites close to population centres have already

been dammed and are in use.•

- Volume of flow (and power) vary seasonally• - Silt and sediment fill the reservoir behind the dam


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The tide & wave alternative


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The tide & wave alternative

•+ Globally – energy source on all coastlines•+ Small scale systems work in dam mode•+ Small scale scientific devices powered bythe waves

•-Dams increase sedimentation; damagehabitats

•- Hard to collect the widely distributedenergy

•- Needs large tides and waves to be efficientand economically

•- Waves vary with wind and tides only ‘flow’twice per day.


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The Nuclear Alternative

https://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nti.org/media/images/heu_canada_03_181.jpg?_%3D1316466791&imgrefurl=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/civilian-heu-canada/&docid=wVb2NP3gtK1_LM&tbnid=MaJlg1LuOa4-YM&w=181&h=181&ei=26rFUvPRCpOMyAG5_4D4Cw&ved=0CAQQxiAwAg&iact=c


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The Nuclear Alternative

+ Proven technology (France 100% electricity and about50% in Ontario)+ No green house gas emissions+ Fuel is inexpensive and abundant

+ Good for feeding electric grid+ Small volumes of waste produced vs othercombustibles

- Public links nuclear energy to war & nuclear weapons- Plutonium and uranium can be used to make weapons- Costly to construct reactor- Public concern about nuclear waste storage- Perception that it is more complex & dangerous


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Solar alternatives to oil/coal?

+ Two choices >> Heat and photoelectric options+ Renewable+ Widespread+ Passive heating is simple for small systems

(homes pools hot water)

- Not available 24/7 (Night & clouds)

-Diffuse – Need large collection area- Currently expensive to manufacture solar cells

-Needs better storage and conversion technologies


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Solar Energy for Harvest

Insolation depends onlatitude (sun’s angle, daylength) and cloud cover


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Wind alternatives to oil/coal


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Wind alternatives to oil/coal?

+ Renewable+ Widespread+ Can use existing hydro grid infrastructure+ Available where other renewables are notfound

e.g. some arctic regions- Inconsistent supply due to variable windspeed

- Visual clutter and noise bother some people- Energy output depends strongly on velocity

- Needs at least 15 to 20 km/hr to be economical- Not possible at many Canadian sites


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Why does wind energy output

depend so strongly on wind velocity?

Parameter Quantity UnitsBlades length 60 m

Area Swept by Blades Circle m^2

Area Swept by Blades 11309 m^2

Density of Air 1.2 kg/m^3

Wind Speed 10 m/s ~30km/hr

Mass of air moved Area*Velocity*density kg/s

Mass of air moved 135713 kg/s

=


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Why does wind energy output depend so

strongly on wind velocity?

Parameter Quantity UnitsBlades length 60 m

Area Swept by Blades Circle

Area Swept by Blades 11309 m^2

Density of Air 1.2 kg/m^3

Wind Speed 10 m/s ~30km/hr

Mass of air moved Area*Velocity*density kg

Mass of air moved 135713 kg/s

Wind is kinetic enegy 1/2*M*V^2 kg*m^2/s

Wind energy & velocity (1/2 *(A*V*D)*V^2) kg*m^2/s

1/2 * A*D*V^3 kg*m^2/s

Wind energy & velocity 6.79E+06 kg*m^2/s

Likely Turbine Efficiency 40 %

Power per second 2.71E+06

kg*m^2/s^2

(Joules)

Power in megawatts 3 MW Electric

Gasoline Equivalent 0.071 litres

=


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Potential Wind Energy in Canada

Note the 8 fold range and distribution of high wind

Highest winds are off shore and in Hudson Bay


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Wind Power Capacity

NoteCapacity

assumes

maximum Windspeeds 100%

time

Most systemsoperate at


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What renewables does Canada use?


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How much renewable energy is being used

today?


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What Energy sources did we not talkabout?

•Fusion – still in test phase due to hightemperatures and low efficiency

•Others???


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Summary

1. Canadians use lots of energy – cold climate, big countryand high GDP.

2. Energy units are different for different sources• Electricity in megawatts, oil in barrels etc

3. Oil and gas are the dominant sources of energy4. Large supplies of unconventional oil & gas in North

America

5. Renewables are growing rapidly6. Efficiency is key for all energy sources & uses

7. World and Canada will use a mixture of energy sources8. World needs continuing innovation

Documents

Lecture 13 2016 Energy