LECTURE 10 [HANDOUT 10] Outline: -Communication -Street Traffic and design Asst. Prof. Rehan Masood ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702 PREPARED BY

LECTURE 10 [HANDOUT 10]

Outline:-Communication-Street Traffic and design

Asst. Prof. Rehan Masood

ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702 PR

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© DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE (UOL) - RAIWIND ROAD – LAHORE - PAKISTAN

COMMUNICATIONDefinition • According to John Rat Cliffe, “The greater the degree

of specialization, development & growth in society, the greater the degree of dependence among urban activities, the greater the extent of movement between them; this movement and communication in city thus determines the location of activities and the use of land”.

• Efficient communication is the key to direct landuse patterns in the city. Therefore the understanding of communication systems is a prerequisite for a good planner.

ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702


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COMMUNICATIONDefinition • “Perhaps the greatest single factor upon which the success

of human organizations depends is the ability to communicate. The revolution brought about by the development of communication means has had profound affects upon human society”.

• The term communication, may refer to transportation, whether, road network, railways, airways or water ways.

• As the parks, gardens & open spaces are the “lungs” of the city. Similarly roads & railways are the arteries of the city & Airways & waterways bring the blood circulation or the trade & commerce to the city. Very nature the means of communication makes the nervous system of the city



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COMMUNICATIONROAD • Roads has four basic functions i.e. Movement of People & Goods, Access to

Residential Places, Provision of Air & Light to Building & Provision of Services & Utilities both over head & underground.

CLASSIFICATION IN URBAN CONTEXT:• Arterial roads connect the town with state highway or national highway.• The local roads are minor roads to provide access to buildings. They are not linked.• The bypass roads or loop-roads are made to avoid congested city areas, to increase

the speed of vehicles with smooth flow & to save time & fuel.• The outer & inner ring roads are in the form of ring within & surrounding town to

divert through traffic from city & act as bypass & reduce the traffic congestion from town.

• The express ways mainly function as arterial roads within mega cities to accommodate growth of traffic.

• Free ways are special routes to carry fast moving traffic. They are specifically designed with high standard of alignment, clear visibility, wide carriage way, easy gradient & smooth curves; the free ways function as arterial roads passing around city with controlled access.



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COMMUNICATIONMETROPOLITAN RAILWAYS• The term ‘Metropolitan Railways’ covers a great variety of

facilities; Primarily it includes rapid transit facilities of railway which includes self contained right of way and stations located below & above ground level. The metropolitan railways are primarily designed to handle relatively heavy volumes of inner urban and suburban traffic over medium distance. Its major advantage is of higher speed (Commercial Speed) if compared with other public transport on congested roads of city. Its only disadvantage is the longer walks to and form stations.

• The metropolitan railways can be divided in various types, system & classifications. i.e. subways, underground, Metro, Metropolitano, U. Bahn, Tunnel – Bahn & S. B. Hahn Systems.

• The metropolitan railways have always been termed as “fringe mode of transport”.



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COMMUNICATIONTYPES METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS [1/4]• S. Bahn system: means, “city, circle and suburban railways”.

associated with the suburban sections of the main lines, segregate the suburban and long distance railway services, also termed as cross links & inner urban transport due to their similarly of function with spaced stations & higher commercial speed. Forexample the junction lines in Brussels, S – Bane in Copenhagen, Schnell bahn in Vienna, Blue trains in Glasgow, new S. Bahn in Munich & Frankfurt. Similarly there are advanced S. Bahn System are built Ruhr region of Germany i.e. in Stuttgart, Manchester, Liver Pool & Melbourne.



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COMMUNICATIONTYPES METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS [2/4]• Underground street can mainly developed in Boston,

Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Oslo and Vienna. Basically underground street cars are developed to distinguish between subways and conventional street cars along the surface roads on the basis of speed & capacity scales. The underground street cars are promoted for “in-town tunnel sections” operations with or without signaling systems. These are also termed as short capacity.



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COMMUNICATIONTYPES METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS [3/4]• Non typical modes of Metropolitan Railway due to some

geographical or topographical reasons; from these non typical modes of metropolitan railway the prominent examples are of “Schwebebahn above the river of Wuppertal, the funicular railways in Haifa & Istanbul and the rack railways Lausanne–Quehy etc”. Mainly the list of non typical modes of Railways shall continue in the future due to revived modes of rail transport, however at present the mono-rails of various types & hover trains are few more examples of non typical modes of metropolitan railway.



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COMMUNICATIONTYPES METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS [4/4]• Subways or rapid transit railways: As the cities began to spread &

the streets & road became increasingly congested the need arose for faster & unencumbered in town railways which were primarily designed to cope with heavy volumes of inner-urban traffic to heavily build up areas of city center. These rapid transit railways or sub ways were built booth above & below the ground. In many cases these in town subways or elevated railway lines were later extended to suburban areas. Initially these rapid-transit facilities were confined to only metropolitan cities, however later on it was also developed in smaller size cities due to three basic reasons. i.e. growth of traffic congestion in streets & roads, due to geographical and topographical reasons & due to concentration of commuter traffic on few corridors of city. The cities of Stockholm & Helsinki are the examples of such smaller cities where threes subways developed.



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COMMUNICATIONAIRWAYS & AIR TRANSPORT:• “Since 1952 world air passenger traffic has been increasing at the rate of

14.5 percent annually where as air freight traffic is increasing by 17.5 percent annually”. It is a grave reality that growth of air transport effects the development of regional & national economics and promotes International trade. The travel & tourism industries are also a major influence on national economics and constitute the most valuable parameter of international trade.

TYPES OF AIR TRAFFIC:• AIR CARRIER TRAFFIC usually related to public sector of air transport

industry which offer air services as regular scheduled services or as non-scheduled or on charter basis services for the carriage of both international & domestic passengers & freight traffic.

• GENERAL AVIATION is air traffic covers all the other civil aviation which serves the specific private users, such as Business & Personal travel, agricultural spraying, aerial survey or self piloted recreational flying.



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COMMUNICATIONAIRWAYS & AIR TRANSPORT:LOCATION OF AN AIRPORT:a. Nature and Scale of traffic handled and its rate of growth.b. Physical and climatic characteristics of site.c. Performance characteristics of current & future air crafts i.e.

number, length and configuration of run ways required.Significant operational factors.d. Air traffic control requirements i.e. minimal interference to and from

traffic control operations of neighboring airports.e. Height obstructions and other navigational hazards, i.e. tall

buildings, smoke and birds.f. Prevalent weather conditions including wind distribution and

incidence of fog and snow.



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COMMUNICATIONAIRWAYS & AIR TRANSPORT:Significant planning & social factors which affects the location of an

airport. For instance:a. The location of airport requires a balance between danger & noise

disturbance.b. Provision of good accessibility from the center of population it

serves.c. Travel time and costs of surface transport to the airport.d. Connection to rapid transit system, highways and public private

transport etc.



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COMMUNICATIONAIRWAYS & AIR TRANSPORT:PLANNING & DESIGN OF AIRPORT FACILITIES:1. AIR SIDE AREAS:• Such facilities as runways, taxiways and aircrafts holding areas. In the

design & performance of these facilities special care is given to system of air traffic control which determines the operational capacity of an airport, and the servicing and maintenance areas or the operational buildings of the airport.



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COMMUNICATIONAIRWAYS & AIR TRANSPORT:PLANNING & DESIGN OF AIRPORT FACILITIES:2. LAND SIDE AREAS:Primarily these include such buildings & facilities which provide a means of inter change for both passengers and goods or between ground transport and air transport. The design concepts for land side areas evolved from simple low capacity terminal buildings to high capacity layouts which are popularly termed as “Finger Terminals”. Decentralize certain functions such as, ticketing, baggage handling & passenger waiting & sorting areas into a separate smaller units or satellites. Secondly it is the main design criteria to provide the passenger terminals with a convenient and efficient access to both public & private land transport to adequate parking facilities by avoiding long walking distances within terminals. Thirdly now it is mandatory that, there shall be efficient baggage handling & smooth processing of passengers through governmental controls i.e. Customers, Immigration & Health. Finally a flexible layout that can accommodate rapid technological change & expression is a pre-requisite of contemporary airport design.



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COMMUNICATIONPORT & HARBOR:• According to, “Akhter. K. Bhatti”[11], Harbor is an area of the sea so

protected naturally or artificially, as to afford shelter and refuge to the vessels during storms. Thus it signifies the security provided by harbor to vessels. A harbor can also be termed as a place where vessels could be built, launched or repaired and where ships could lie at an anchor with safety & security during loading & un-loading operation of cargo & people.

PORT & HARBOR CLASSIFICATION:• According to Encyclopedia Britannica, a harbor is a partly enclosed

protected water area to provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels seeking refuge, supplies, refueling, repairs or the transfer of cargo. Whereas; port is a terminus or an intermediate station in the sea-route port more appropriately it can be said that, “when terminal facilities are added to a harbor it can be termed as port”. The classification of harbors & ports can be made on three basic determinants, i.e. Nature, Function & Location.



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http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5324969820528846688

COMMUNICATIONPORT & HARBOR:1. NATURAL CLASSIFICATION:• NATURAL HARBOR: It is the harbor which is protecting from storms and

waves through natural land contours & rocky out crops or Islands. The basic issue in natural harbor design is the formation of its entrance in such a manner to ensure calm in the harbor. The harbors of New York, London, Sydney & Bombay can be cited as natural harbors.

• SEMI-NATURAL HARBOR: It is the harbor which is protected on sides by head land i.e. Cape, Peninsula, Cliff, Bluff etc. The Semi-Natural Harbor may be in the form of Ply month or pocket in which the design issue is to protect only the entrance of harbor for navigation.

• ARTIFICIAL HARBOR: It is the man made harbor, which is protected from storms and waves through break water (i.e. which breaks the speed limit of waves). The artificial harbor can be created or design through dredging and for protection or break water a rubble mound or vertical wall is made.



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COMMUNICATIONPORT & HARBOR:2. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:• COMMERCIAL HARBOR: Eeconomically significant; accommodate

mercantile marine, for loading / unloading of cargo and for transaction of trade; special requirements of docks, quays, transit sheds, ware housing, overhauling machinery and means of communication such as roads & railways. The commercial harbors are mainly developed long sea cots, mouth of rivers, inside estuaries and inside or along banks of rivers & canals. Karachi Port, Bin Qasim, Gwadar Port, Sydney Port, San Francisco, London, & New York Harbors.

• MILITARY HARBOR: Naval Bas; accommodate, Naval Crafts & to serve as a supply depot. Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, Karachi & Bombay

• HARBOR OF REFUGE: Provide shelter & security to vessels in case of sudden storms are known as harbors of Refuge; three basic requirements i.e. ready accessibility, sea & commodious anchorage and facilities for obtaining supplies & to execute minor repairs; also used as naval bases during war times & equipped with adequate means of defense; Sand Bay Harbor (USA)



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COMMUNICATIONPORT & HARBOR:3. LOCATION CLASSIFICATION: From location view point harbors can be

classified in four basic types. It includes sea or ocean harbor, river & estuary harbor, canal harbor and Lake Harbor.

HARBOR REQUIREMENTS & MAIN FEATURES:• There are six basic requirements of harbors and ten basic features. • The harbor requirements includes, easy access, adequate

accommodation, safe anchorage, repair facilities, supplies facilities and other requirements as Jetties, Breaths, Transit Sheds, Ware Housing, Cranes, Hotels, Banks, Post Office, Roads & Railways.

• The main feature of harbor are, appropriate entrance, approach channels both inner & outer, turning basin, Shelter Basin, Break waters, Wharves and Quays, Jetties & Piers, Lock & Located Basin, Dry Docks and Slipway and Ancillaries, including locating moorings, anchor, lights, transit shed ware housing, fire protection towers etc.



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COMMUNICATIONPLANNING & DESIGN OF HARBORS:1. NEED: Military reasons. i.e. Naval Base or Air Base; growth of

town may reach to such extent when foreign trade & commerce become an abject need of city; if the city, start producing certain products or commodity which requires to be exported then port develops. For instance port Bin Qasim in Karachi developed due to steel mill in the city.

2. The economic justification is evaluated on the basis of income and social benefits above the capital cost & operating cost of harbor.

3. The expected volume of commerce required extensive studies & surveys of city & its hinter lands produce.

4. The inland communication availability is judged by existing roads, rail, air and inland waterway transportation system.

5. For the decision regarding location of harbor various types of data is collected. It includes, site investigation, hydrographic charts, which consists information about depth of water, character of bottom and range of tides. The other data includes winds movement, temperature and rainfall, aerial contour mapping, etc. The final site selection is based on maximum natural protection from wind & waves, water depth to accommodate large ships, appropriate sea bed which could ship anchors with less capital, maintenance and dredging cost. After selection of site next step is to develop port layout & cost estimates. Though there is no specific rule to make the layout of the harbor; however the planner must consider the littoral drift, protection from storm water, wharves & jetties, and erosion and siltation process.



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COMMUNICATIONPLANNING & DESIGN OF HARBORS:For the decision regarding location of harbor various types of data is collected. It includes, site investigation, hydrographic charts, which consists information about depth of water, character of bottom and range of tides. The other data includes winds movement, temperature and rainfall, aerial contour mapping, etc. The final site selection is based on maximum natural protection from wind & waves, water depth to accommodate large ships, appropriate sea bed which could ship anchors with less capital, maintenance and dredging cost. After selection of site next step is to develop port layout & cost estimates. Though there is no specific rule to make the layout of the harbor; however the planner must consider the littoral drift, protection from storm water, wharves & jetties, and erosion and siltation process.



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Bin Qasim port, Karachi

Harbor

STREET TRAFFIC AND DESIGN• A Street is a public thoroughfare in the built environment. It is a

public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact, and move about.

• A road's main function is transportation, while streets facilitate public interaction

CIRCULATION WITHIN STREETS:• Circulation, or less broadly, transportation, is perhaps a street's most

visible use, and certainly among the most important. The unrestricted movement of people and goods within a city is essential to its commerce and vitality, and streets provide the physical space for this activity. In the interest of order and efficiency, an effort may be made to segregate different types of traffic. This is usually done by carving a road through the middle for motorists, reserving sidewalks on either side for pedestrians; other arrangements allow for streetcars, trolleys, and even wastewater and rainfall runoff ditches (common in Japan and India).



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STREET TRAFFIC AND DESIGNVEHICULAR TRAFFIC IN STREETS:• Despite this, the operator of a motor vehicle may (incompletely)

regard a street as merely a thoroughfare for vehicular travel or parking. As far as concerns the driver, a street can be one-way or two-way: vehicles on one-way streets may travel in only one direction, while those on two-way streets may travel both ways. On broader two-way streets, there is often a center line marked down the middle of the street separating those lanes on which vehicular traffic goes in one direction from other lanes in which traffic goes in the opposite direction.



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STREET TRAFFIC AND DESIGNPARKING FOR VEHICLES IN STREETS:• Many streets, especially side streets in residential areas, have an

extra lane's width on either or both sides for parallel parking. Most minor side streets allowing free parallel parking do not have pavement markings designating the parking lane. Main streets more often have parking lanes marked. Some streets are too busy or narrow for parking on the side. Sometimes parking on the sides of streets is allowed only at certain times. Curbside signs often state regulations about parking. Some streets, particularly in business areas, may have parking meters into which coins must be paid to allow parking in the adjacent space for a limited time. Other parking meters work on a credit card and ticket basis or pay and display. Parking lane markings on the pavement may designate the meter corresponding to a parking space. Some wide streets with light traffic allow angle parking.



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STREET TRAFFIC AND DESIGNPEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC AND VEHICULAR AMENITIES IN STREETS:• Where vehicular traffic is allowed on a street, traffic and parking regulatory signs

are often placed near the sides. Bordering the driving/parking sides of many urban streets, there are curbs. Usually, there are strips of land beyond the driving/parking parts of the streets owned by the government entity owning the streets. Sidewalks are often located on these public land strips beyond the curbs on one or usually both sides of the street. There may be an unpaved strip of land between the vehicle-drivable part of the street and the sidewalk on either side of the street, which can be called the parkway or tree lawn. Grass and trees are often grown there for landscaping the sides of the street. Alternatively, there may be openings in wider sidewalks in which trees grow.

• Streets are often lighted at night with streetlights, which are typically located far overhead on tall poles. Beyond these public strips of land are bordered the front of lots commonly owned by private parties. Practically all public streets in Western countries and the majority elsewhere (though not in Japan; see Japanese addressing system) are given a street name or at least a number to identify them and any addresses located along the streets. Alleys typically do not have names. The length of a lot of land along a street is referred to as the frontage of the lot.



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STREET TRAFFIC AND DESIGNNOMENCLATURE OF STREETS:• High Street (UK) or Main Street (USA) in a city or town is a street other than

the de facto main thoroughfare, and many of the ways leading off it will be named "Road" despite the urban setting.

• Thus the town's so-called "Roads" will actually be more street-like than a road. Some streets may even be seen as highways. Hurontario Street in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, is commonly referred to as "Highway 10" — even though such a highway designation no longer officially exists. This is probably due to the fact that the street is a modern suburban arterial that was urbanized after decades of having the status and function a true highway, so people continued to use the number because of force of habit.

• In some other English-speaking countries, such as New Zealand and Australia, cities are often divided by a main "Road," with "Streets" leading from this "Road", or are divided by thoroughfares known as "Streets" or "Roads" with no apparent differentiation between the two. In Auckland, for example, the main shopping precinct is around Queen Street and Karangahape Road.



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Documents

LECTURE 10 [HANDOUT 10] Outline: -Communication -Street Traffic and design Asst. Prof. Rehan Masood ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING – CE 4702 PREPARED BY