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Learning objectivesby the end of todays class, students should be able to
1) recall general course policies (or look them up onBlackboard)
2) put important dates/times in calendar3) explain the cell theory
4) compare and contrast eukaryotesandprokaryotes5) compare and contrast archea, bacteria, and
dierent types o! animal cells") describe dierent types o! microscopy and
their pros/cons#) $e able to identi!y the type o! microscopy used%) &nderstand the dierence bet'een
magni(cationand resolution) describe the !unctions o! dierent eukaryotic
cell components
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Team Biol!"pring#$%aculty&'r aren *hit+orth
'r -hyllis .obinson
/raduate "tudent Teaching 0ssistants&1uan 2alde3 hoa Tran
-eer 'iscussion Leaders&0licia, 0rissa, 0ustin, 0viva, 4hiamaka, 4lark, 5rin, /abriela,6enry, Lavanya, 7aniraj, 7ashhood, 7ekha 8isha, 9b inna,"imin, "hah3eb, "yrena
Tutoring coordinated by 'r "ue /dovins and L.4
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B:9L ! 0dministrative:ssues-lease refer to the Biol! Blackboard site foro;cial, current informationincluding course policies and the e=>#?
"yllabus @ui3 due 0"0-
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"no+ 'ays vs 4ell Biology
Lecture materials have already been posted online under 4ourse'ocuments 7ust pass "yllabus @ui3 to see 4ourse 'ocuments 7ust complete these lecture videos prior to attending +eek =
discussion section (Tuesday =>=>#? through 7onday =>A>#?)
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507 schedule
*ates +lace/ime -ectures
:& Tuesday, %eb #?, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#D?
::& Thursday, 7ar #!, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$pCD#=
:::& Tuesday, 0pr #=, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#D#A
:2& Tuesday, 7ay #!, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#FD=$
.omprehensie 0inal xam&
&*6 7ay 12, ng 82#9 18938a:12938p
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eti@uette and academicconduct please be on time, attentive, and respectful of
your classmates and instructors cell phonesshould be silenced, and computers should beused for courseDrelated +ork
GBy enrolling in this course, each student assumes theresponsibilities of an active participant in H7B4s scholarlycommunity in +hich everyones academic +ork andbehavior are held to the highest standards of honesty
4heating, fabrication, plagiarism, and helping others tocommit these acts are all forms of academic dishonesty,and they are +rongI %or a full discussion of academicintegrity, please see your student handbook
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B:9L ! Learning /oals
bout cell biology9 #) to kno+ the structure andfunction of cellular components and organellesJ =) tounderstand ho+ molecular mechanisms enable cellularfunctionsJ ) to relate genetic inputs to cellular functionand genetic changes to potential pathologiesJ E) tounderstand the e
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"uccessful B:9L ! students
1) read (in a timely manner),2) pay attention and put a+ay distractions ,3) participate in class,4) 'rite/take notes/dra',
5) practice asking
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4ell Bio "tudy Themes
"tructure>%unction L9T" of proteins and their binding partners
There +ill be @uite a bit of vocabulary to keep straight
6o+ changes in conformation alter function
*hat causes these changes in conformationK *hy is this importantK
-redict +hat the impact +ould be if this proteins function+ere lost
6o+ does a cell biologist test thisK
Location +ithin cell *here does this process occur or this protein locali3eK
6o+ do proteins get thereK
6o+ do they remain thereK
6o+ does a cell biologist test thisK
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a look into a cell
http://www.xvivo.net/animation/the-inner-life-of-the-cell/
y the end of !, you should be able to e
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*hat is considered a cellK
The 4ell Theory
#) 0ll organisms are composed ofone (or more) cells
=) The cell is the structural unit of life
) 4ells can arise only by divisionfrom preD e
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-roperties of cells&6igh 4omple< and 9rgani3ed
4omple
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-ossess /enetic -rogramand 7eans to Hse it
4apable of -roducing7ore of Themselves
-roperties of cells&
4apable of "elf .egulation
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-roperties of cells&0c@uire and Htili3e 5nergy
4arry 9ut a 2ariety of 4hemical.
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-roperties of cells&5ngage in 7echanical 0ctivities
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-roperties of cells&4ells 5volve
0ll living organisms evolved from asingle, common ancestral cell ( billyrs ago)
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you +ere a ce , + a+ould your biggest
challenges beK group (D$ students) discussion M thinkdeeply about your ans+ers
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cells are diverse
and specialized for certain lifestyles/jobs
mammalian
nerve cell Paramecium
(protozoa)
Chlamydomonas
(algae) Saccharomyces
cerevisiea(fungi)
Heliobacter
pylori
(bacteria)
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t+o diNerent classes of cells& prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
share& 0LL 45LL" 0.5 497-L5 08' *5LLD9.'5.5' molecular structure of plasma membranes,
'80 molecular mechanisms for transcription,translation, metabolic and energy path+ays,breaking do+n proteins
diNer by (some e
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an aside& viruses are notcells
re@uire 45LL" toreplicate, assemble
made up of capsid
(of proteins)surrounding nucleicacids, may have amembrane (stolen)
can cause celldeath ormisregulation
:mage from /raham 4olm
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prokaryotes
image from Ladyofhats
bacteria and archaea a oneDcelled organism
no nucleus ororganelles
do have circular '80
(nucleoid),
plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm cell +all
can be diNerent
shapes reproduce by Pssion some carry out
photosynthesis,nitrogen P
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prokaryotes& bacteria and archaea
structure similar tobacteria, but by '80(#?"r.80) se@uencethey are related toeukaryotes
e
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eukaryotesplant cell
animal cell
Ladyofhats ima
protists, fungi, plants, andanimals can be one cell or many cells bigger than prokaryotes membraneDbound nucleus
+ith pores and linearchromosomes plasma membrane (plus cell
+all in plants) many organelles
comple< cytoskeleton +ide variety of shapes andsi3es
some se
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organism organ tissue cells organelles
molecules
multicellular
organisms
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multicellular organisms are made upof many diNerent cell types
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ho+ are diNerent cells madediNerentK
genetic programsstart as fertili3ed egg, divide and diNerentiate M
become particular cell types that e
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7odel 9rganisms (2arious 5ukaryotes)5 coli (prokaryote) "accharomyces c (fungi>yeast, euk) 0rabidopsis t (plant, euk)
elegans (nematode>+orm, euk) 7 muscullus (mouse, euk)'rosophila m (fruitQy, euk)
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+hat +e kno+ about cells depends on ho+ +e study them
microscopy and its manyvariants
biochemistry
genetics
cell culture GmodelI organisms
scanning electron micrograph of human cel
t
ransmi
ss
7ycoplasma mycoides 142:Dsyn#!4ompound microscopy (left)
andscanning electron
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7ajor Types of 7icroscopy
Light 7icroscopy Bright %ield 7icroscopy
%luorescence 7icroscopy
4onfocal 7icroscopy
5lectron 7icroscopy "canning 57
Transmission 57
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7ajor Types of 7icroscopy
;rradiationource
7axesolution
-ie s0ixedcellsA
xamples o!echni
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magniPcation versusresolution
.esolution is a distance (+ithunits)
D:f t+o objects in yourspecimen are farther apartthan the resolution distance,then they can be vie+ed ast+o, distinct objectsD:f t+o objects in your
specimen are closer togetherthan the resolution distance,
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+hat you see depends on ho+ you look
Light 7icroscopy
live or P
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+ays to look at a cell#) Light microscopy
phaseDcontrast
diNerentialinterferencecontrast(':4>8omarski)
bright Peld
Bright %ield microscopy ma< resolution& != microns(m)R=!!nm
This resolution depends upon the +avelengths of
visible light used in light microscopy& SE!!DC!!nm
+ y &
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+ y =) Quorescent lightmicroscopy
6eLa cells M.edD5.marker(genetic),greenDa livemitochondrialstain,blueDM '80
dye (:mage frominvitrogencom)
6eLa
4an be used +ith live or P
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+ y =) Quorescent lightmicroscopy
4an observe Quorophores (even inlive cells)
%luorophores absorb light and releaseenergy as longer +avelengths in visiblespectrum R Quorescence
uses H2 light and Plters to separatediNerent +avelengths of light fromQuorescent molecules
+ y &
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+ y =) Quorescent lightmicroscopy
uses H2 light andPlters to separatediNerent+avelengths of
light fromQuorescentmolecules
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Quorescent proteins revolutioni3ed cell biology
Creen 0luorescent +rotein D=C0+) derived from a jellyPsh gene and
optimi3ed for e
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+ays to look at a cell) 4onfocal 7icroscopy
uses lasers as illumination
can visuali3e only one focalplane at at timeR opticalsections
:deal for specimens that arelarger>thicker
multiple focal planes thatgive rise to interference from
points above> belo+ focalplane
+ays to look at a cell&
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+ays to look at a cell) 4onfocal 7icroscopy
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=#& scanning electron microscopy("57) reveals specimen topography
specimens are dehydrated (critical point drying) then metal coated
a beam of electrons are scanned across the sample, +hich theybounce oNJ they are collected diNerentially by a detector
http&>>medkuleuvenbe>cmeDmg>services>57V%acility>:mage/alleryVenhtm
Better resolution +ith57 methods thanLight 7icroscopy
7a< .esolution S$nm
= =& transmission electron
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T57 image
uses electronsJ ma< resolution inpracticeJ !#nm D =nm
cells must be Pdi d t
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advantages>disadvantagesof 57
fantastic magniPcationand resolution
lots of processing can alter samples
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eukaryotic cells are organi3ed by
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eukaryotic cells are organi3ed byorganelles, +hich have diNerent
essential functions
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cells are organi3ed M and -045'
(so be careful ho+ you think about schematics)
Mycoplasma mycoidesbacterial cell:llustration by 'avid "/oodsell,
outsideD
carbohydrate chainsattached to plasma membran
long strands of '80
pyruvate dehydrogenaseglycolytic en3ymes
ribosomes
'80 binding proteins
nucleus D the
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nucleus thecellEs F
# .hromatin& /eneticmaterial plus associatedproteins (lectures E,$)
= Gucleolus: site of
ribosomal .80 synthesis andsubunit assembly
Gucleoplasm& nonDnucleolar regions of nucleus
E Guclear matrix&"upportive structure
b h ld thi t th
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membranes hold things together
(and keep things apart)
(more in lectures CD#! on)
separates incompatiblereactions, facilitates others
"electively allo+s moleculesin>out of cells and organellesby diNusion or channels
-hospholipid bilayer, associated
proteins,cholesterol
endomembrane system (lectures #? #A)
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endomembrane system (lectures #?D#A)
"eries of interconnected, closed,
membraneDboundvesicles that tra;c cellular contents
8uclear 5nvelope (= layer)
.ough 5ndoplasmic
.eticulum(.5.)M proteinmanufacturing (ribosomes)
smooth 5. ("5.) Mmakes phospholipids,fatty acids
5 d l i ti l (5.) d / l i t
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5ndoplasmic reticulum (5.) and /olgi apparatus
/olgi apparatus D protein processor
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/olgi apparatus protein processor,sorter
# 2esicles from r5. travel toand fuse +ith cis /olgi
= -roteins tra;c throughJmodiPed
0t trans end, vesicle buds oN
"ignal se@uences target vesicles>proteins todiNerent locales
(plasma membrane, lysosomes, etc)
mitochondrion M the po+er
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mitochondrion the po+erhouse
"ite ofintracellularenergygeneration via
0T- productionduring aerobicrespiration
6as its o+n genome
5n3ymes in matri< and on cristae convert glucoseto 49=W 6=9 releasing 0T-(energy)
hl l li h bl
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chloroplasts convert light to usableenergy
cytosol M not just a s+imming
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cytosol not just a s+immingpool
=!D!X of cellular proteins are incytosol M
plus fat, carbohydrates Dmuchinteraction
"ite of much cellular metabolism,ribosomes
the .ytoskeleton (lectures
#D#$) is made up of proteinsthat give cells structure andprovide high+ays to movecomponents
H *aid ? Coodsell 1?
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