1Digital Computer SystemsEE 344

Lecture 1Prof. Bruce Kim

Admin Instructor: Prof. Bruce Kim, Room: ST-635, Assistant: Saikat Mondal, Lab, ST-630 Phone: 212-650-7934, E-mail: bruce.kim@ieee.org Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday

from 2:00-3:30PM, or by appointment

2Student Learning Outcomes

At the conclusion of this course, the students in this class should be able to understand microprocessor architectures, instruction sets, binary data representations, evaluation of computer performance, memory systems, and computer programming on MIPS simulator.

Textbook Computer Organization and

Design: The Hardware/Software

Interface, Revised 4th Edition by Morgan

Kaufmann

Plus Lecture notes

3Tentative Outline of Topics

Overview of a computer system (1.5 lectures) CPU performance evaluation (2 lectures) High Level Languages (2.5 lectures) Assembly Languages (2.5 lectures) Instruction Set Architecture, binary data representations

(3.5 lectures) CPU microarchitecture, pipelines (5 lectures) Control Unit design and Microprogramming (5 lectures) Memory system (3 lectures) I/O (2 lectures) Midterms (2 lectures)

Grading Policy The final grade will be determined on a maximum

score of 100% based on: Homework 15% Quizzes 10% Mid-term 1 20% (~mid March) Mid-term 2 20% (~end April) Final (cumulative) 35% (optional >90%)

(Wednesday, May 20@10:30AM-12:45PM; 6PM-8:15PM) Grade Scale: A+(100-97); A(96-91); A-(90);

B+(89); B(88-81); B-(80); C+(79); C(78-71); C-(70); D+(69); D(68-61); F(60-0)

4Policy on Missed Exams & Coursework

Missed quizzes will not be made up under any circumstances.

I will accept late homework only if you notify me before it is due for special circumstances. Late homework will receive penalty of 20% per day including weekends.

If you miss a test, the final exam will count extra in order to make up for the missed test. A student must get instructors permission before the test is given.

Homeworks Homeworks are due at the start of the

lecture Homeworks can be done in groups but hand

in separately and provide independent answers

If I feel that you copied the solutions from others, youll get a zero in that homework.

5Class Make-UpDue to attending research meetings, conferences and site visits for my research, there may be a conflict with the class schedule. In those circumstances, we will resolve in the following manner: Reschedule class to other time Compensate by having earlier midterm exam Compensate by substitute instructor I will announce any class conflicts due to travel in

class and Blackboard.

Goals of this Course Understand how computers work Understand the relationship between

assembly language, machine language,and high-level language using MIPSsimulator

Understand the interaction betweensoftware and hardware

Understand the basics of computerhardware design in high abstractlevel

6Things not covered are:

Any specific details of hardware/circuits

All HW circuits are in blocks, i.e., Controller, Adder, memory, etc.

Exactly how the circuits connect Exact HW configurations This is not a HW course!

Why do you need to learn this?

To write more efficient programs To design better computer systems To be able to use computers in different

applications and environments To be able to analyze the performance of

any computer system To be able to make a purchasing decision or

offer expert advice

7Blackboard: The Course Webpage

Always look at the Announcements section You will find the lecture slides in pdf You will find the reading assignments Homework The Course Web Page will be constructed soon.

How to get an A in this course?

You have three sources of information: These lectures (on the course web page) Your own notes (lectures are not enough) The textbook (webpage shows which sections to read)Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software

Interface, Revised 4th Edition Morgan Kaufmann; (2012)

Never wait till near the exam to study Always ask about anything you dont understand.

Never be shy! Dont memorize! Keep an eye on the course webpage announcements

8SoWhat is a computer?

The Computer is only a fast idiot, it has no imagination;it cannot originate action. It is, and will remain, only a toolto human beings.

American Library Associations reaction to UNIVAC computerExhibit at the 1964 New York Worlds fair.

Computers are dumb!

9Inside PC

10

11

The Motherboard

Processors

Opening the Box of Laptop

12

Classes of Computers Desktop computers

Designed to deliver good performance to a single user at low cost usually executing 3rd party software, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse

Servers Used to run larger programs for multiple, simultaneous users typically

accessed only via a network and that places a greater emphasis on dependability and (often) security

Supercomputers A high performance, high cost class of servers with hundreds to

thousands of processors, terabytes of memory and petabytes of storage that are used for high-end scientific and engineering applications

Embedded computers (processors) A computer inside another device used for running one predetermined

application

Basic Definitions

Kilobyte 210 or 1,024 bytes Megabyte 220 or 1,048,576 bytes

sometimes rounded to 106 or 1,000,000 bytes Gigabyte 230 or 1,073,741,824 bytes

sometimes rounded to 109 or 1,000,000,000 bytes Terabyte 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

sometimes rounded to 1012 or 1,000,000,000,000 bytes Petabyte 250 or 1024 terabytes

sometimes rounded to 1015 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

13

The Processor Market

It all starts with a problem

14

Hardware and Software

15

The Program System software

Operating system supervising program that interfaces the users program with the hardware (e.g., Linux, MacOS, Windows) - Handles basic input and output operations - Allocates storage and memory - Provides for protected sharing among multiple applications

Compiler translate programs written in a high-level language (e.g., C, Java) into instructions that the hardware can execute

Program

16

Advantages of Higher Level Higher-level languages

Allow the programmer to think in a more natural language and for their intended use (Fortran for scientific computation, Cobol for business programming, Lisp for symbol manipulation, Java for web programming, )

Improve programmer productivity more understandable code that is easier to debug and validate

Improve program maintainability Allow programs to be independent of the computer on which they are

developed (compilers and assemblers can translate high-level language programs to the binary instructions of any machine)

Emergence of optimizing compilers that produce very efficient assembly code optimized for the target machine

As a result, very little programming is done today at the assembler level

Hardware Organization

Control Unit

Memory

CPU

Data PathInput

Output

Storage

17

Hardware vs Software

Logically equivalent Price/performance Depends on the application

Computer HistoryEckert and Mauchly

1st working electronic computer (1946)

18,000 Vacuum tubes 1,800 instructions/sec 3,000 ft3

18

Computer History Maurice Wilkes

1st stored program computer650 instructions/sec1,400 ft3http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/

EDSAC 1 (1949)

Transistor History

Transistor William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen (Bell Labs) in 1947

Bipolar transistor Schockley in 1949 First bipolar digital logic gate Harris in 1956 First monolithic IC Jack Kilby in 1959 First commercial IC logic gates Fairchild 1960

19

Intel 4004 Die Photo Introduced in 1970

First microprocessor

2,250 transistors 12 mm2 108 KHz

Intel 8086 Die Scan 29,000 transistors 33 mm2 5 MHz Introduced in 1979

Basic architecture of the IA32 PC

20

Intel 80486 Die Scan 1,200,000

transistors 81 mm2 25 MHz Introduced in 1989

1st pipelined implementation of IA32

Pentium Die Photo 3,100,000

transistors 296 mm2 60 MHz Introduced in 1993

1st superscalar implementation of IA32

21

Pentium III 9,500,000

transistors 125 mm2 450 MHz Introduced in 1999

http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/hof/hof_main.htm

Pentium 4 55,000,000

transistors 146 mm2 3 GHz Introduced in 2000

http://www.chip-architect.com

22

Pentium 4 IBM Power 5 Core Duo (Yonah)

Core 2 Duo(Merom) Montecito Cell Processor

Niagara(SUN UltraSparc T1)

Intel Core Processors

23

Inside the Processor AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores

24

Year

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

i80386

i4004

i8080

Pentium

i80486

i80286

i8086

Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity

2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years

CalledMoores Law

Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million

Moores Law

Athlon (K7): 22 MillionItanium 2: 41 Million

Moores Law

25

Intel Co-Founders

Robert NoyceGordon Moore

Andrew Grove (CEO)

26

Computer Technology Memory

DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since 96); 64x size improvement in last decade.

Processor Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since 85);

100X performance in last decade. Disk

Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since 97)250X size in last decade.

End of Lecture 1!