Lecture 1 - Anatomy of the Human Body

5/28/2018 Lecture 1 - Anatomy of the Human Body

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Natalie Li

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Lecture 1

Anatomy of the Human Body

History

Egyptian embalmingHippocratesAristotle (location of heart)Herophilius (duodenum) -

AD/Galen (anatomic dissection)1300s: diagrams showed clear understandings of internal

organs/functionsdissectionsDa Vinci (access to bodies for anatomical details)Jacobus Sylvius

increasing importance of anatomical dissections (follower of Galen)Andreas Vesalius (father of

modern anatomy) many of his drawings are still considered some of the best anatomical drawings)

Anatomy

Study of structure (Greek: to cut up)anatomists study relationship among parts of the body along

with the structure of individual organs

Often anatomy of specific body parts suggests their functions

Physiology

Study of the function of body structures

Anatomystructure, Physiologyfunction (related and cannot be separated)

Anatomy consists of a number of subdisciplines, commonly grouped under the headings of

microscopic anatomy: cytology (cells), histology (tissue); and gross anatomy or macroscopic

anatomy:

*developmental anatomy: development from first cells to end of growth

*embryologyzygote to birth

*regional anatomy: related to regions of the body

*surface anatomy: appreciation for anatomical features that give rise to surface features

*systemic anatomydifferent systems e.g. digestive, cardiovascular, etc.

Specialised branches of anatomy include:

*pathologic anatomydisease (to know when somethings gone wrong, cellular or structural)

*surgical anatomydiscipline that underpins surgery (what is the underneath structure, i.e. what

are you going to hit if you cut too wide of too far?)


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*radiographic anatomyimagee.g. X-ray, CT scan. Picture of anatomy that must be made sense of

to understand the anatomical wrongs/rights of the image

External Challenges (challenges on the body)

*physical forces

*mobility

*temperature extremes

*drought

Internal Priorities

*pH

*concentration of solutions

*temperature

*oxygen supply

Levels of Organisation

Understand from chemicalcelltissueorganorgan systembody level

Anatomical Terminology

Synonymous terms:

*Superiorcranial

*Inferiorcaudal

E.g. Heart is superior to stomach (i.e. above but in

humans, only when upright) stomach is inferior to heart

*Posteriordorsal (back)

*Anteriorventral (front)


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*Sagittal (Median)Divides the body into right and left halves.

*Parasagittalnot the Median, but is parallel to the Median

*Frontal (Or Coronal)Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

*Transverse (Or Horizontal) PlaneDivides the body into superior and inferior halves.

*Right and leftRefers to the Patients right or left side

*SuperiorAbove, Over

InferiorBelow, Under

*AnteriorIn front of, front

PosteriorBehind, toward the rear

*LateralToward the side, away from the mid-line

MedialToward the mid-line, middle, away from the side

*ProximalNear, closer to the origin

DistalAway from, farther from the origin

*SuperficialNear the surface

DeepBeneath or below the surface

*VentralToward the belly

*DorsalToward the back

*Anatomic Postion: specific body position in which an individual stands upright with feet parallel and

flat on floor. Head is level, eyes look forward toward observer. Arms are at either side of body,

palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

*Extensionincreasing the angle between body parts (straightening movement)

*Flexiondecreasing the angle between body parts (bending movement)

*Abduction (move away from the centre, relative to coronal plane)

*Adduction (move closer to the centre relative to coronal plane)

Body Regions

*The human body is partitioned into 2 main regions, axial and appendicular

*Axial region: includes head, neck, trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of the body

*Limbs and appendages: Appendicular


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Body Cavities

*Cranial

*Vertebral cavity

*Thoracic cavity

*Abdominal cavity

*Pelvis cavity

Documents

Lecture 1 - Anatomy of the Human Body