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8/4/2019 Lecture 01 Qrm
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-01-qrm 1/27
Welcome to BPF 4193!!
Lecturer:
Nor Hazana Abdullah
Office Ext: 8093
Office hours: Wednesday (8~10 am) or byappointment
HP Number (for emergency only):
013-7151236
8/4/2019 Lecture 01 Qrm
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Welcome to BPF 4193!!
Class notes/notifications will be posted on thee-learning website(Blackboard:http://ilmu.uthm.edu.my/)
~ available next week onwards!
Selection of class representative.
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Welcome to BPF 4193!!
Course Design: Part lecture, part skills development
Lecture will usually cover one topic per week as peryour lesson plan (Please Refer to your Handout)
You will have a lab every week for the next 6 weeks.After that, you will need to be in the lab to completeyour group project.
Attendance for both classes and labs arecompulsory.
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Welcome to BPF 4193!!
For labs, the statistical software that will beused is SPSS (version 13 and above)
There are lab sessions – select your group
member, and all members must be in thesame session with you.
Bring your own laptop to labs if you have one~ preventive measure in case PCs in the labget cranky.
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Welcome to BPF 4193!!
Course Assignment and Grading
Two quizzes – 5% each
Lab Assignments – 10%
Lab Project – 20%
Two tests – 10% each
Final Exam – 40%
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Questions??
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Quantitative Research
Methods
Introduction:
Human Inquiry and Science
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Lecture Outline
• Looking For Reality
• The Foundations of Social Science
• Some Dialectics of Social Research
• The Ethics of Social Research
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By the end of this class, you will..
Understand the fundamental characteristicsof science
Understand the nature of human inquiry
Understand what goes wrong in trying tounderstand the things
Be able to summarize the primary
characteristics of scientific inquiry
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What is Science?
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What is Science?
Science is a method of inquiry
Characteristics of science
Conscious
Deliberate – not accidentally
Rigorous – systematic, detailed and orderlymethod.
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What is Science?
Epistemology – the science of knowing
Methodology – science of finding out Sub field of epistemology
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How We Know What We Know
• Direct Experience and Observation
• Personal Inquiry
• Tradition
• Authority
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Ordinary Human Inquiry
• Humans recognize that future
circumstances are caused by present ones.
• Learn that patterns of cause and effect are
probabilistic in nature.
• Aim to answer both “what” and “why”
questions, and pursue these goals by observing
and figuring out.
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Looking for Reality
Two Criteria
• Logical support - must make sense
• Empirical support - must not contradict
actual observation
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Things “Everyone Knows”
Sources of our secondhand knowledge:
– Tradition
– Authority
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, butcan lead us to start at the wrong point andpush us in the wrong direction.
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Errors in Inquiry and Solutions
Inaccurate observations
– Measurement devices guard against
inaccurate observations and add a degree of
precision.
Overgeneralization
– Commit to a representative sample of
observations and repeat a study to make sure
the same results are produced each time.
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Errors in Inquiry and Solutions
Selective observation
– Make an effort to find “deviant cases” that do
not fit into the general pattern.
Illogical Reasoning
– Use systems of logic consciously and
explicitly.
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Views of Reality
• Premodern - Things are as they seem to
be.
• Modern - Acknowledgment of human
subjectivity.
• Postmodern -There is no objective reality
to be observed.
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Foundations of Social
Science/Management
• Theory - logic
• Data collection - observation
• Data Analysis - comparison of what islogically expected with what is actuallyobserved
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Social Regularities
Examples of Patterns in social life:
• Only people aged 18 and above can vote.
• Only people with a license can drive.
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Aggregates
• The collective actions and situations of
many individuals.
• Focus of social science is to explain why
aggregated patterns of behavior are regulareven when individuals change over time.
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Variables and Attributes
Variable Attribute
Age young, middle aged, old
Gender female, male
Occupation doctor, laborer, teacher
Social Class upper, middle, lower
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Approaches to Social Research
• Idiographic - Seeks to fully understand
the causes of what happened in a single
instance.
• Nomothetic - Seeks to explain a class of
situations or events rather than a single
one.
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Approaches to Social Research
• Induction – Moves from specific
observations to the discovery of a pattern
that represents order among all the givenevents.
• Deduction - Moves from a pattern that
might be logically or theoretically expected
to observations that test whether the
expected pattern occurs.
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Approaches to Social Research
• Qualitative Data – Nonnumerical data
• Quantitative Data -Numerical data,
makes observations more explicit and
makes it easier to aggregate, compare,
and summarize data.
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Approaches to Social Research
• Pure Research - Sometimes justified in
terms of gaining “knowledge for knowledge’s
sake.”
• Applied Research – Putting research into
practice.