16
1 1 Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 End Chapter 8: Binocular vision 1 We are here 1 Homework is due today in the helproom by 4 pm. Stereo images and movies Supplementary material Solar power Thermal Photovoltaic Energy efficient lighting Fluorescent LED The laser Faculty Course Questionnaire 2 How do polarized 3d glasses work? 1. The two images are projected onto a screen. 2. The light passes through polarizing filters leaning 45 degrees to the left and 45 degrees to the right. 3. The person wears polarizing glasses so each eye sees just one of the images. 4. The projection screen must be special to preserve the polarization. 2

Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

111

Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22End Chapter 8: Binocular vision

1

We are here

1

Homework is due today in the helproom by 4 pm. 

• Stereo images and movies

• Supplementary material– Solar power

• Thermal

• Photovoltaic

– Energy efficient lighting• Fluorescent• LED

– The laser

Faculty Course Questionnaire

2

How do polarized 3‐d glasses work?

1. The two images are projected onto a screen. 

2. The light passes through polarizing filters leaning 45 degrees to the left and 45 degrees to the right.

3. The person wears polarizing glasses so each eye sees just one of the images. 

4. The projection screen must be special to preserve the polarization. 

2

Page 2: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

33

Special screen that does not “scramble”polarization

Demo: stereo pairs

What 3d technology was used in Avatar?

1. RealD Cinema uses circular polarization. 

2. The electric field direction is rotating either clockwise or counterclockwise. There are filters for circular polarization. This “works” if you tilt your head. 

3. A lenticular (silver) screen is used to preserve polarization. 

4. Alternate images are projected with different polarization. 48 frames per second is the total.

Page 3: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Cicularly polarized light has the electric field rotating clockwise or counterclockwise.

x

y

z

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization

LCD “shutter” 3d glasses for games

• The LCD panel is either “on”or “off” (clear or opaque)

• Alternate sides are on and off. The left eye sees “even numbered” images and the right side sees “odd numbered” images.  

The glasses must have a battery and receive a synchronizing signal.

Page 4: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

777

Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22End Chapter 8: Binocular vision

7

We are here

7

Homework is due today in the helproom by 4 pm. 

• Stereo images and movies

• Supplementary material– Solar power (textbook p. 104‐106)

• Thermal

• Photovoltaic

– Energy efficient lighting• Fluorescent• LED

– The laser

Solar thermal power (textbook p. 104)

“Thermal” power means the sunlight is used to heat directly (no electricity generation). 

Examples:Solar cooker

Solar hot water

Solar home 

Page 5: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Solar cooker. Solar hot water

Passive solar home is designed to absorb sunlight and turn it to heat directly. 

Page 6: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

About power and energy

Energy is the amount of work that can be done.

Metric units for work or energy: Joules 

Power company units: kilowatt‐hours

Power is the amount of work done per unit time. 

Units: Watts = Joules per second

For comparison: 1 horsepower = 750 watts

Compare to gallons (amount of water) and gallons per minute (coming from the tap). 

The numbers for sunlight 

Sunlight in orbit: 1380 watts / m2. 

It is diminished by atmospheric absorption and nighttime. The sun is lower is higher latitudes.

Daily average in Boulder: 

160 watts / square meter.  

Page 7: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Average solar irradiance

The black dots are the area needed to generate all of the electricity from 8% efficient solar cells.  13

Solar Power Tower

Flat mirrors (heliostats) are steered to direct sunlight at a boiler on a tower.This plant generates 5 MW and is in the desert in California.  14

Page 8: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Solar Power Parabolic Trough

Sunlight is concentrated on a pipe containing a fluid with a high boiling point. This fluid goes to a heat exchanger that boils water.  There are 5 generating stations in California with 33 MW capacity. The parabolic mirror is tilted to follow the height of the sun. 

15

Solar photovoltaic

• Generates electricity from sunlight. 

16

Page 9: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Solar electric conversion efficiency

Typical conversion efficiency 

=12% – 18% 

Final answer = 20 W/m2

daily average of electric power. 

For 24 hrs. = 480 watt‐hours Array of solar cells

How does it work?

Solar photons excite electronsto higher energy level Electric current flows as 

the electrons seek a lower level. 

Electric current returns to semiconductor

Photovoltaic cells are made of semiconductors with energy levels for electrons. 

18

Page 10: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Solar photovoltaic numbers

24 hr. average at ground level: 160 W/m2. 

Assume 13% efficiency: 20 W/m2 of electricity. 

24 hrs. x 20 W/m2 = 0.5 kW‐hrs/m2. 

Small home usage: 20 kW‐hrs each day.  

Conclusion: home needs 40 m2 of panels. 

[About 20 feet square. A large part of a roof.]

19

Why aren’t solar panels everywhere?

• They only work in daytime, so battery storage is needed with additional cost and DC to AC  converters. 

• A complete system is expensive. About $10 per watt. A 1 kW system costs $10,000. 

20

Page 11: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

212121

Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22End Chapter 8: Binocular vision

21

We are here

21

Homework is due today in the helproom by 4 pm. 

• Stereo images and movies

• Supplementary material– Solar power

• Thermal

• Photovoltaic

– Energy efficient lighting• Fluorescent• LED

– The laser

What is energy efficiency?

• Light out is measured in lumens. 

• Power used is measured in watts. 

• More lumens/watt is better. 

• Indoor lighting options– Compact fluorescent

– LED (light emitting diode) 

22

Page 12: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Incandescent lighting

• Electricity heats a tungsten filament. 

The filament glows emitting heat and light. Efficiency: 15 lumens/watt

Lifetime: 1,000 hours

• Halogen lamps have a hotter tungsten filament and produce more light. 

Efficiency: 20 lumens/watts

23

Spectrum of incandescent source

24

Incandescentlamp

Page 13: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Compact fluorescent lighting

• CFLs go in standard sockets• They contain a small amount of mercury (Hg). 

• Lifetime: 10,000 hrs. • Efficiency: 60 lumens/wattHow it works: Hg atoms are excited by the current and emit UV photons. 

UV photons hit the phosphor coating that emits white light. 

25

Spectrum of a fluorescent lamp

26

The peaks in the spectrum are from different chemical elements in the phosphor.

Page 14: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

LED lighting (light emitting diodes)

• Emit a single color

• Lifetime 10,000 hrs. 

• White is generated by combining colors or by using UV and a phosphor

• Efficiency: 25 lumens/watt

(100 lm/W in the lab)

27

How do LEDs work?

Electrons in the semiconductoremit photons. 

Electric current drives the LED  28

Battery

+

Light output Electron

Page 15: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Spectrum of LED lamp

29

Blue LED with phosphor.  Red, green, and blue LEDs.

Laser light source

A laser has a cavity defined by two mirrors that reflects light back on itself. The optically active material amplifies the light. Hence, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

30

Mirror Partially silvered mirror

Ruby rod, for example

Incident pump photons can “pump up” electrons which emit light.

Coherent light

Page 16: Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 - colorado.edu€¦ · Lec. 28, Thursday, April 22 ... LCD “shutter”3d glasses for games ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Lec28_new.ppt Author: Scott Robertson

Laser materials

• Gases– helium‐neon laser (some supermarket scanners)

– Argon laser (some laser light shows)

• Liquids, dye laser

• Solids– Ruby laser– Laser diode (like an LED)

31Gas laser

Laser diode for laser pointer

Spectrum of a laser

32

The wavelength is known precisely, so lasers are used for precision measurements.

This spectrum is for the helium-neon laser.