Learning. True or False Becoming sick from eating certain food can be a genuine learning experience

LearningLearning

True or FalseTrue or False

Becoming sick Becoming sick

from eating from eating certain food can certain food can

be a genuine be a genuine learning learning

experience.experience.


If you are afraid If you are afraid of snakes, it of snakes, it may help to may help to

surround surround yourself with yourself with

them.them.


People who People who watch a lot of watch a lot of violence on TV violence on TV are more likely are more likely

to become to become violent.violent.


Pigeons were Pigeons were used to guide used to guide

missiles during missiles during World War II.World War II.


Negative Negative reinforcement is reinforcement is the same thing the same thing as punishment.as punishment.

LearningLearningA relatively A relatively permanent permanent change in change in behavior behavior

that results that results from from

experience.experience.

Why do Psychologist’s Care?Why do Psychologist’s Care?

If we wish to If we wish to understand understand the things the things people do, people do, we must we must

begin with begin with basic basic

principles principles of learning.of learning.

List What You Have LearnedList What You Have Learned

For each period of your life, list 10 – 15 For each period of your life, list 10 – 15 skills you have learned skills you have learned 0 yrs - pre-school0 yrs - pre-school

ElementaryElementary

Middle schoolMiddle school

High schoolHigh school

Defining LearningDefining LearningHandout 5-1Handout 5-1

Learning TopicsLearning TopicsWhat are the principles What are the principles of of Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning??

How are the principles How are the principles of of Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning applied?applied?

What are the What are the cognitive cognitive factors in learning?factors in learning?

Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningDiscovered by Discovered by Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

who began his work by who began his work by studying the digestive system studying the digestive system of dogs.of dogs.

Concepts of CCConcepts of CC::–Stimulus:Stimulus: something that something that produces a reactionproduces a reaction

–Response:Response: a reaction a reaction produced from a stimulusproduced from a stimulus

The ExperimentThe ExperimentStep 1:Step 1: A bell is rung A bell is rung Step 2:Step 2: Immediately meat Immediately meat

powder is placed on a dog’s powder is placed on a dog’s tongue. Dog begins to tongue. Dog begins to salivate.salivate.

Step 3:Step 3: Process is repeated, Process is repeated, after only a few times, the after only a few times, the dog begins to salivate when dog begins to salivate when only the bell rings.only the bell rings.

Defining Classical Defining Classical ConditioningConditioning

A type of A type of learning in learning in which which associations associations are formed are formed by pairing by pairing two stimuli.two stimuli.

Elements of Classical ConditioningElements of Classical ConditioningNS (neutral stimulus)NS (neutral stimulus) initially no initially no

reaction to it; arbitrary “thing”reaction to it; arbitrary “thing”US (unconditioned stimulus)US (unconditioned stimulus)

naturallynaturally produces a response produces a responseUR (unconditioned response)UR (unconditioned response) a a

naturalnatural response responseCS (conditioned stimulus)CS (conditioned stimulus)

learnedlearned stimulus stimulusCR (conditioned response)CR (conditioned response)

learned learned responseresponse

Elements of the ExperimentElements of the ExperimentPrior to ConditioningPrior to Conditioning

–Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Stimulus (US): (US): MEAT MEAT

–Unconditioned ResponseUnconditioned Response (UR): (UR): SALIVATIONSALIVATION

–Neutral StimulusNeutral Stimulus (NS): BELL (NS): BELL b/c elicits no initial responseb/c elicits no initial response

Elements of the ExperimentElements of the ExperimentDuring conditioningDuring conditioning

–Neutral StimulusNeutral Stimulus (NS): BELL (NS): BELL–Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Stimulus (US): MEAT (US): MEAT–Unconditioned ResponseUnconditioned Response (UR): (UR): SALIVATIONSALIVATION

–See changes in role of NS and its See changes in role of NS and its effects on the UReffects on the UR

Elements of the ExperimentElements of the Experiment

After conditioningAfter conditioning–Conditioned StimulusConditioned Stimulus (CS): BELL(CS): BELL

–Conditioned ResponseConditioned Response (CR): SALIVATION(CR): SALIVATION

S Starts it and R isS Starts it and R is ALLLLLLLLLLLLL Right ALLLLLLLLLLLLL Right

(Helpful) BELL (Helpful) BELL ---X---X SalivationSalivation

#1#1 XX ++ FOODFOOD SalivationSalivation

#2#2 BELL +FOODBELL +FOOD SalivationSalivation

#3#3 BELL + XBELL + X SalivationSalivation

Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

Write out an equation for how Write out an equation for how Seabiscuit was taught to start quickly Seabiscuit was taught to start quickly

after the bell.after the bell.

SeabiscuitSeabiscuit

SEABISCUITSEABISCUIT(Helpful) BELL (Helpful) BELL ---X---X RUNRUN

#1#1 XX ++ BRUSHBRUSH RUNRUN

#2#2 BELL+BELL+ BRUSHBRUSH RUNRUN

#3#3 BELL BELL ++ XX RUNRUN

Little AlbertLittle Albert

The Little Albert experiment was an The Little Albert experiment was an experiment that taught a child to fear. experiment that taught a child to fear. It was extremely unethical and will It was extremely unethical and will never be repeated today.never be repeated today.

Little Albert video with commentary Little Albert video with commentary (4:14)(4:14)

LITTLE ALBERTLITTLE ALBERT(Helpful) WHITE RAT ---X(Helpful) WHITE RAT ---X FEARFEAR

#1#1 XX ++ NOISENOISE FEARFEAR

#2#2 WHITE RAT+NOISEWHITE RAT+NOISE FEARFEAR

#3#3 WHITE RATWHITE RAT ++ XX FEARFEAR

Write an equation on how to Write an equation on how to eliminate the fear of an object, eliminate the fear of an object, like a rabbit, in a child.like a rabbit, in a child.

HINT: You need to create HINT: You need to create happiness or joy. This will be the happiness or joy. This will be the response you need to create.response you need to create.

Applied PsychologyApplied PsychologyEliminating FearEliminating Fear

(Helpful) RABBIT (Helpful) RABBIT ---X---X HAPPYHAPPY

#1#1 X+X+ ICE CREAMICE CREAM HAPPYHAPPY

#2#2 RABBITRABBIT +ICE CREAM+ICE CREAM HAPPYHAPPY

#3#3 RABBITRABBIT ++ XX HAPPYHAPPY

PETER RABBITPETER RABBIT

Night Trainr Night Trainr

Write an equation for how this would Write an equation for how this would help a child who wets the bed.help a child who wets the bed.

Level of Difficulty - ChallengingLevel of Difficulty - Challenging

Night TrainrNight Trainr

(Helpful) FULL BLADDER---X(Helpful) FULL BLADDER---X AWAKE AWAKE

#1#1 X +X + ALARMALARM AWAKEAWAKE

#2 FULL BLADDER#2 FULL BLADDER +ALARM+ALARM AWAKEAWAKE

#3 FULL BLADDER#3 FULL BLADDER ++ AWAKEAWAKE

BED WETTINGBED WETTING

Give Me my BaBa!!!Give Me my BaBa!!!

(Helpful) BIB(Helpful) BIB ---X---X SATISFACTIONSATISFACTION

#1#1 XX ++ BOTTLE BOTTLE SATISFACTIONSATISFACTION

#2 BIB#2 BIB ++ BOTTLEBOTTLE SATISFACTIONSATISFACTION

#3 BIB#3 BIB ++ XX SATISFACTIONSATISFACTION

(Helpful) ICE CREAM(Helpful) ICE CREAM ---X---X HAPPYHAPPY

#1#1 XX ++ ICE CREAMICE CREAM HAPPYHAPPY

#2 MUSIC+ICE CREAM#2 MUSIC+ICE CREAM HAPPYHAPPY

#3 MUSIC#3 MUSIC ++ XX HAPPYHAPPY

THE ICE CREAM MANTHE ICE CREAM MAN

Visit to the Doctor / DentistVisit to the Doctor / Dentist

Write an equation on how Write an equation on how doctors and dentists use doctors and dentists use classical conditioning to classical conditioning to make children want to make children want to return. return.

C.C. AppliedC.C. Applied

Complete exercise handouts (3)Complete exercise handouts (3)

How does CC help us adapt to How does CC help us adapt to our environment?our environment?

Taste AversionsTaste Aversions ExtinctionExtinction Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery GeneralizationGeneralization DiscriminationDiscrimination

Taste AversionTaste Aversion

You eat something, then get sick You eat something, then get sick (think stomach flu). Afterwards you (think stomach flu). Afterwards you can’t eat that food again.can’t eat that food again.

Example: Mrs. Kelly gets food Example: Mrs. Kelly gets food poisoning from an egg while also poisoning from an egg while also eating PB and J = Can’t eat PB and J eating PB and J = Can’t eat PB and J again.again.

ExtinctionExtinction

When the occurrences of a When the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or conditioned response decrease or disappeardisappear

ExtinctionExtinction

If the smell of food (the unconditioned If the smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) had been paired with the sound stimulus) had been paired with the sound of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it of a whistle (the conditioned stimulus), it would eventually come to evoke the would eventually come to evoke the conditioned response of hunger. However, conditioned response of hunger. However, if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of if the unconditioned stimulus (the smell of food) was no longer paired with the food) was no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (the whistle), then conditioned stimulus (the whistle), then the conditioned response (hunger) would the conditioned response (hunger) would eventually disappeareventually disappear

Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

is the reappearance of the is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened responseperiod or period of lessened response

Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

You hear the song you and your ex You hear the song you and your ex boyfriend danced to at the boyfriend danced to at the Homecoming Dance Circa October Homecoming Dance Circa October 2011 and get choked up just thinking 2011 and get choked up just thinking about = SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY.about = SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY.

GeneralizationGeneralization

The tendency for the conditioned The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been after the response has been conditionedconditioned

GeneralizationGeneralization

For example, if a child has been For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.stimulus.

DiscriminationDiscrimination

The ability to differentiate between a The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.with an unconditioned stimulus.

DiscriminationDiscrimination

A Mom potty trains her child using a A Mom potty trains her child using a bell to remind him to go to the potty. bell to remind him to go to the potty. Then when he goes to school and Then when he goes to school and hears a bell, he is able to realize the hears a bell, he is able to realize the bell means he should go to lunch and bell means he should go to lunch and not go to the potty.not go to the potty.

Applications of CCApplications of CC

FloodingFlooding Systematic DesensitizationSystematic Desensitization Case of Little AlbertCase of Little Albert CounterconditioningCounterconditioning

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Learning. True or False Becoming sick from eating certain food can be a genuine learning experience