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Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
2
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LLEEAARRNNIINNGG TTOO TTHHIINNKK LLIIKKEE
NNEELLSSOONN MMAANNDDEELLAA
AA GGLLIIMMPPSSEE IINN TTHHEE LLIIFFEE OOFF AANN
IICCOONNIICC LLEEAADDEERR
Dr Brenda Hattingh
Taken from the books New Leadership – Developing enlightened leaders and the original book Sevens steps to securing the Madiba Magic in life and leadership
Published by: Currency Communications International
Johannesburg
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
3
Copyright © 2017 by Dr. Brenda Hattingh. Ph.D.
The moral right of the author has been asserted
All rights reserved.
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recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without signed permission in writing from
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Cover design by Zander Hattingh
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ISBN : 978-0-9947181-3-6
Published by:
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Johannesburg. South Africa.
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For more information email: [email protected]
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
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AA GGLLIIMMPPSSEE IINN TTHHEE LLIIFFEE OOFF AANN IICCOONNIICC LLEEAADDEERR
“There was no particular day on which I said, henceforth
I will devote myself to the liberation of my people; instead, I simply found myself doing so, and could not do otherwise.”
Nelson Mandela
From autobiography: “Long walk to freedom”
Introduction
As we embark on this journey to find answers to our current dilemmas, we also find
that we do not need to re-invent the wheel. Many iconic leaders have gone before
us. They stood up, took in their place, made a difference and left the world a better
place.
They left a path of reconciliation, compassion, understanding and a vision of
progress and prosperity for all people. We can follow this path – if we so choose.
Although it is a tall order to follow in the footsteps of iconic leaders like Nelson
Mandela, Gandhi or Martin Luther King – even in the footsteps of our religious
leaders – we can at least open our hearts and minds and learn from them.
We can take lessons from who they were as human beings and ask: How did they
think? What was their value-system? What was their vision of the future? How can
we take some personal, life and leadership lessons from their lives and experiences?
Hopefully this will aid us in making our positive contribution to the fabric of life….
The challenge is out. You are called to 67-mintues of service-to-self in order to learn
some-thing about quality living from the life and living of some-one like Nelson
Mandela ….
All you need to do is to open your heart and mind. Say “Yes” to this opportunity …
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
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A few questions we need to ask:
1. Who was Nelson Mandela?
2. Where did he come from? Where was he going? Why?
3. How did his personal plan for his life turn out in the end?
4. What was he thinking? What did he value? What about his heart and soul?
5. How did he grow as a man, leader, statesman – as human being?
6. What is the legacy he left? How did he achieve iconic status?
7. What can we learn from his life, his values and his methods?
8. What life lessons can we take from Madiba?
9. What will change if we begin to implement these lessons in our lives?
10. How can we be of service to others, leave a personal legacy and make the world a better place?
A glimpse in the life of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 at Mvezu on the banks of the
Mbashe River in the district of Umtata in South Africa.1 He was from the Madiba clan
of the Thembu tribe that was later incorporated into the Xhosa nation.
Today Nelson Mandela is affectionately known as Madiba – the name of his clan.
Madiba’s father, who was the principal counselor to the Acting King of the Thembu
people, died when Rolihlahla was a young boy of twelve years old. Madiba became
a ward of Jongintaba at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni. Here he grew up as
Tembu royalty and was exposed to the elder’s stories of his ancestor’s valour during
the wars of resistance. While straddling two worlds, the traditional culture of his tribe
and the hostile reality of a white dominated nation, he dreamed of making his own
contribution to the freedom struggle of his people. The opposing principles of these
two mindsets later proved to be a major source of inspiration and a motivator of his
success as an iconic leader.
Madiba and names
Madiba is also known by other names such as Rolihlahla, his birth name given by his
father which means “pulling the branch of a tree”, and, colloquially, ‘troublemaker’.
Other names include: Nelson, a name given to him on his first day at school by his
teacher, Miss Mdingane; Tata meaning ‘father’; Khulu, which means great,
paramount or grand; Dalibhunga, a name Madiba was given at the age of 16 once
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
6
he had undergone initiation, the traditional Xhosa rite of passage into manhood. It
means “creator or founder of the council” or “convener of the dialogue”. For the
purpose of this book we are using Nelson Mandela’s clan name Madiba. This name
is deemed much more important than a surname as it refers to the ancestor from
whom a person is descended. It is also considered very polite to use a person’s clan
name.2
Madiba and education
Madiba’s education consisted of primary schooling in Qunu, where his teacher, Miss
Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom to give school
children ‘Christian’ names. In his autobiography Madiba refers to his inner self-
discipline in doing his schoolwork and other chores. This was also reinforced by his
aunt Phathiwe, who saw to it that his homework was done properly.3
His junior certificate was completed at Clarkebury Boarding School Institute and
Madiba went on to matriculate at the reputable Wesleyan Secondary School in
Healdtown. Although he began his studies at the University College of Fort Hare he
was expelled from the University for joining in a student protest. Committed to the
power of education, he completed his BA degree through the University of South
Africa in 1943.
According to tradition the King at the Great Palace in Mqhekezweni started arranging
wives for Madiba and his cousin Justice. Instead of adhering to their tribal laws, they
ran away to Johannesburg where Madiba worked as a mine security officer from
1941.
During this period Madiba felt compelled to study for a two-year diploma in Law on
top of his BA degree. This allowed him to practice law in South Africa. In 1952, he
and Oliver Tambo established South Africa’s first black law firm – Mandela and
Tambo. He also met up with Walter Sisulu and Lazar Sidelsky in Johannesburg, and
after completing his LLB degree in Law at the University of the Witwatersrand he
joined the firm of attorneys Witkin, Eidelman and Sidelsky. Later Madiba also
obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa while in the last months of his
imprisonment in 1989.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
7
Madiba, family and religion
In early childhood Madiba grew up with his two sisters while living with their mother
in the village of Qunu. Here he tended cattle as a herd-boy while spending much
time outside with other boys.
Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to
a local Methodist school where he was baptised a Methodist, at the age of seven. He
was also given his ‘Christian’ name, Nelson, by which he is known today.
When Madiba was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an
undiagnosed ailment which Mandela believed to be a lung disease. Feeling ‘cut
adrift’, he later said that he inherited his father's ‘proud rebelliousness’ and ‘stubborn
sense of fairness’.4
Madiba was fortunate to become the custodian of his uncle, the King and join the
royal household. In the Great Palace in Mqhekezweni he also found a second family.
He was brought up with his cousins Justice and Nomafu as part of the royal family
while enjoying the privileges of the palace.
Madiba and marriage
Madiba married three times in his life. He adhered to the value system of monogamy
in contradiction to his tribal custom of arranged marriages, and having more than
one wife at the same time, or polygamy. According to his life choices as depicted in
the film Mandela, Madiba was a ‘romantic’. Nelson Mandela was not pressured by
tradition or tribal laws and customs to adhere to arranged marriages. This meant
Madiba believed in love and ‘falling in love’.
In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin, a nurse, Evelyn Mase. They had two sons
– Madiba Thembibekile or ‘Thembi’, and Makgatho, and two daughters. The first
daughter Makaziwe, died in infancy and the second daughter was also named
Makaziwe. Madiba. The marriage was wrought with absence, neglect, violence and
infidelity. In the end Evelyn left Madiba and they were later divorced.
In June 1958, Nelson Mandela married a social worker, Winnie Madikizela during his
treason trial. Winnie shared Madiba’s and the ANC views. She supported him all the
years he was in prison. Winnie too had her share of struggle and suffering as she
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
8
constantly had the shadow of the ruling regime watching her every move. Today
Winnie Madikizela Mandela is known to the African nation as ‘Mother’ or ‘Ma’.
Madiba and Winnie had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa or Zindzi. The
Mandelas divorced after Nelson was released from prison in 1996.
Graça Machel became the third Mrs. Mandela when she married the South African
President, Nelson Mandela on his 80th birthday on 18 July 1998. Born in
Mozambique and of the Tsonga tribe, Mrs. Graça Machel Mandela rose from humble
beginnings as a teacher to become the only woman to be the first lady of two
countries, first as wife of President Samora Machel of Mozambique and then the first
lady of South Africa as Mrs. Mandela.
Over this period she held various influential posts that included being Mozambique's
Minister for Education and Culture. She was later appointed as the expert in charge
of producing the groundbreaking United Nations report on the impact of armed
conflict on children. Graça Machel received the 1995 Nansen Medal from the United
Nations in recognition of her longstanding humanitarian work, particularly on behalf
of refugee children.
Madiba and his children
Although Madiba spent nearly 28 years in prison on Robben Island, he tried to stay
in touch with his children as much as possible. His now well-known quote of loving
the children and ‘putting them in his pocket’ is a legacy of his being deprived of
contact with children in general, and his own in particular. The Nelson Mandela
Children’s Fund5 remains as a legacy of his love for children.
Amina Cachalia6 recalls Madiba’s feelings about his family:
‘He never allowed his private life to faze him... but his one great wish was that he
would come out of prison and have a family life again with his wife and the children.
Because he’s a great family man and I think he really wanted that more than
anything else.’
Not only did he suffer the deprivation of contact with loved ones, but he also
experienced the death of his two sons. Especially the deaths of his son Thembi, and
his mother were defining blows. Today Madiba is buried beside his three deceased
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
9
children in Qunu. He has three surviving daughters, Pumla Makaziwe (Maki), Zenani
and Zindziswa (Zindzi), 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren. His grandson
Mandla Mandela graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in politics in 2007.
He has since been inaugurated as the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council.
Madiba and politics
Madiba’s increasing involvement in the political arena led to him to join the ANC in
1944 where he helped to form the ANC Youth League or ANCYL. He rose through
the ranks of the ANCYL. In 1949 the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy
by implementing the Programme of Action. In 1952 he was chosen as the National
Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with his deputy Maulvi Cachalia. This
was a joint campaign between the ANC and South African Indian Congress of civil
disobedience against six unjust laws of the South African Government.
At the end of 1952 Madiba was banned for the first time, and arrested in 1955 in a
countrywide swoop which led to the marathon treason trial of 1956 in which 28
accused, including Mandela, were acquitted in 1961.
The Sharpeville incident in which 69 unarmed people protesting the pass laws were
killed by the police led to South Africa’s first state of emergency and the banning of
the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress. Nelson Mandela was one amongst
thousands of detainees during the state of emergency. He vividly describes the
stench and appalling conditions in prison in his book, Long Walk to Freedom.
Nelson Mandela spoke at the All-in African Conference days before the end of the
Treason Trial. The Conference resolved to submit in writing a request to Prime
Minister Hendrik Verwoerd for a non-racial national convention. They warned
Verwoerd that should he not agree, there would be a national strike against South
Africa becoming a republic. After being acquitted in the Treason Trial, Mandela went
underground, spearheading national strikes and helping to establish Umkhonto
weSizwe, the military ‘Spear of the Nation’.
Using an adopted name, David Motsamayi, Nelson Mandela secretly left South
Africa and travelled Africa where he received military training in Morocco and
Ethiopia. He also visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. When
returning to South Africa to brief ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his visits,
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
10
he was arrested at a roadblock and charged and convicted with leaving the country
illegally and inciting workers to strike.
Madiba in prison
Madiba began serving a five-year sentence in the Pretoria Central Prison after which
he was transferred to Robben Island where he did hard labour. Later he was taken
back to the mainland, where Mandela joined ten others on trial for sabotage in 1963,
in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. While facing the death penalty, he gave
his now famous ‘Speech from the Dock’ on 20 April 1964.
In words now immortalised, he concluded:
“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against
black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic
and free society in which all persons live together in harmony
and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope
to live for and to achieve. But if needs be,
it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
Nelson Mandela
On 11 June 1964, Nelson Mandela and seven other accused were sentenced to life
imprisonment. Madiba was sent to Robben Island once again, where he spent 27
years.
The political winds started changing and in 1982 he was transferred to Pollsmoor
Prison in Cape Town. Here Madiba initiated talks with Justice Minister Kobie
Coetsee. Later he initiated talks about an ultimate meeting between the apartheid
government and the ANC.
During this time, he was truly living up to his name Dalibhunga, given at the
traditional Xhosa rite of passage into manhood, which means “creator or founder of
the council” or “convener of the dialogue”.
Madiba and his health
During his imprisonment Madiba was also hospitalised for prostate surgery and was
later diagnosed with tuberculosis. Even during his hospitalisation, Madiba continued
initiating talks with the government about a transition to democracy. After more than
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
11
three months in two hospitals he was transferred to a house at Victor Verster Prison
near Paarl where he spent 14 months of imprisonment. His health didn’t keep him
from doing what he felt he was called for.
Nelson Mandela died at the ripe old age of 95.
Madiba Released
Four months after the release of his Rivonia comrades and nine days after the
unbanning of the ANC and PAC, Mandela was released from the gates of the Victor
Verster prison on 11 February 1990. This epic scene with Madiba holding Winnie
Mandela’s hand up high is now immortalised, not only in the history books of the
world, but also in the film, Mandela.7
This blockbuster film by director Justin Chadwick premiered in London on 5
December 2013, the day Madiba died.
Madiba and the ANC
Over time Madiba held numerous positions in the ANC that included: ANCYL
secretary in 1948; president of the ANCYL in 1950; ANC Transvaal president in 1952
and deputy national president in 1952. However, becoming ANC president in 1991
placed Madiba in a very powerful and influential position. True to his nature, he used
this power and authority wisely.
Madiba as President of South Africa
Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically elected president of
South Africa, on 10 May 1994. The world watched closely while holding their breath
for what was to come. Nelson Mandela surprised everyone. Peace, freedom and
winning the International Rugby World Cup in 1995 was just the beginning of a new
South Africa.
The seeds of a new era of peace and freedom, not only for South Africa, but for all
African countries and nations world-wide, had been sown.
It now is up to us to cultivate this legacy.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
12
Madiba prevents retaliation
Madiba quickly laid all fears of retaliation, anarchy and a bloodbath in South Africa to
rest. He personally set the tone for peaceful co-existence and laid the foundation for
a new democratic South Africa. By setting an example of embracing everyone with
love, kindness, forgiveness and acceptance, he inspired others to follow suit. For this
he received the nickname Tata, meaning ‘father’ as his love, generosity and
kindness was reciprocated by all.
Madiba now became the father of the new South African nation.
As president, he set out to unite a hurting, divided country and her people. The Truth
and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) provided an opportunity for venting, healing,
forgiveness and amnesty. Using sport to spearhead his healing policy, he embraced
rugby as the sport of the white apartheid regime.
By embracing and supporting Springbok Rugby, the Springbok rugby captain
Francois Pienaar and the Springbok rugby team, he contributed to them winning the
Rugby World Cup in 1995, inspiring not only the country but the whole world to
embrace unity and each other. The Madiba Magic became evident.
This inspired many filmmakers to tell the story like only Hollywood can. Invictus,
Mandela and other films followed.
Madiba and the global community
Diplomatic ties all over the world, including countries with opposing views, were
formed under the flag of the ‘Madiba Magic’. He arranged meetings between
opposition groups while facilitating difficult negotiations in his commitment to bring
people together and spearhead talks about peace and prosperity for all.
The Madiba Magic worked wonders in and outside the boardroom or political arena.
It also touched people on a very personal level. This was clearly visible at Madiba’s
memorial service when President Barak Obama of the USA shook hands with the
Cuban President, Raúl Castro, brother of the former president of Cuba, Fidel Castro.
Although many reeled at this gesture, it sent a silent message of being gracious and
courteous in all circumstances that touched the hearts of the people.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
13
One of Madiba’s most iconic speeches was his address to the nation on national
television and his denouncement of violence.8
He also inspired a democratic election – an iconic move that stunned the world that
was silently expecting anarchy and a bloodbath in South Africa. On 27 April 1994
South Africa embarked on a new path with the first free and democratic election
based on ‘one man –one vote’.
This laid a new foundation for generations to come.
Madiba, honors, awards and accomplishments
There is a comprehensive list of awards, honors and other recognitions bestowed on
Nelson Mandela.9 He received more than two hundred and sixty awards over four
decades and is honoured by the United Nations on Mandela Day. One of the most
significant accolades was The Nobel Peace Prize that he shared with former
President FW de Klerk in 1993.
In contrast to the history of other presidents in Africa, Madiba was only president for
one term, as he predicted he would be. In this single term he accomplished more for
his country, for Africa and the World than others who had clung to power for
decades.
Madiba and his magical presence
Madiba made a lasting impression on all those he met. The question is:
Madiba was a tall and stately man who walked upright and with purpose. He
attributed his athletic physique to his love of sport, and training as a boxer. Although
he was kindly spoken, he radiated power and authority in everything he did and said,
while his presence had a magical influence on individuals and crowds alike.
This was evident when he made an appearance at the 2010 Soccer World Cup at
the side of his wife Graça Machel Mandela.
What was the ‘Madiba Magic’ and how was it created?
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
14
His voice was very distinct and we can still remember the Madiba quality of his
speeches.
Most of all – he had an infectious sense of humour that brought a smile to faces
every time he shared one of his anecdotes.
Personal attributes
Personal attributes such as credibility, authority, influence, charisma, consistency,
impartiality, unconditionality, fairness, honesty, truthfulness, integrity, powerful,
steadfast, persistent, persevering, loyal, open, patient, communicative, giving,
committed, loving and caring, can all be used to describe Madiba as an individual.
These are also attributes we can develop as part of our self-development and self-
mastery program.
Not alone
At the same time, it is important to note that Madiba had some help along the way.
He didn’t need to do at all by himself – and neither do we.
Friends, family members, teachers and even strangers all have a direct and/or
indirect influence on our lives. The more conscious we are of these connections, the
more these contributions can benefit our progress.
The importance of the influence and contributions of Madiba’s support systems,
family, friends and teachers on his Long Walk to Freedom can never be
underestimated. We too can learn from this …
Support systems, friends and teachers
“Where you stand depends on where you sit.”
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela had a widespread support system that grew over time. He made
time to sit down and talk to different groups of people that included friend and foe.
Here he could soundboard his own thoughts, ideas and plans.
At the same time, he took guidance, advice and help from those who shared his
struggle for freedom. He also found sustenance for his heart and safety for his soul
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
15
in the company of his closest friends and family. He found the necessary teachings
in books, and Madiba read extensively. He was also trained in different fields of
politics and warfare by friends in other African countries.
For long periods, he needed to walk his path to freedom in total isolation. In this
silence and aloneness, he invariably needed to befriend himself while connecting to
his compassionate self, his soul and his real, authentic Self. 10
The question is:
We find the answer in Madiba’s quote above. We are formed and sculpted by those
with whom we sit down and communicate with.
The influence of others
“I like friends who have independent minds because
they tend to make you see problems from all angles.”
Nelson Mandela
While certain groups in Madiba’s life provided the necessary emotional support,
others provided the physical and/or political support. They were there for him when
the he needed them and the going got tough.11 This included the many friends and
connections Madiba made within other political parties and even the opposing forces
of the Apartheid Regime.
In his later years, Madiba made many friends in Africa and on the international front.
Very important friends shared his imprisonment on Robben Island, including Walter
Sisulu, Mandela's lifelong friend, confidante and mentor. Ahmed Kathrada of the
South African Communist Party was convicted in the Rivonia Trial.
Kathrada was also imprisoned on Robben Island for 25 years. He was a dedicated
friend of Mandela and part of a committee which helped Mandela during his months
underground.
What is the importance of our support
systems, friends and teachers?
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
16
Other friends on Robben Island included Neville Alexander, Fikile Bam, Strini
Moodley and later Tokyo Sexwale. George Bizos was Mandela’s lifelong lawyer,
friend, and a constant visitor throughout the prison years.
Madiba and Helen Suzman
During Madiba’s stay on Robben Island he received a visit from Helen Suzman,
member of the liberal Progressive Party and the lone voice opposing the Nationalists
in Parliament. Mrs. Suzman was one of the few, if not the only parliamentarian, who
took any interest in the plight of political prisoners at that time.
At that time, it was a very progressive stance for a woman – especially, a woman in
politics.
During this meeting, Madiba had the opportunity to voice the needs of prisoners to
her, asking for better food and clothes, study facilities and the right to newspapers
and magazines.12
Madiba and the opposition
Madiba also made connections with the opposition that included people like Dr Neil
Barnard, the former head of the South African Intelligence Service who helped
arrange secret talks with Mandela on behalf of the government. Minister of Justice
Kobie Coetsee became an important connection as Coetsee initiated secret talks
between the government and the imprisoned Mandela. Christo Brand was a warder
on Robben Island when Mandela was imprisoned on the island. He later became
Mandela's warder at Pollsmoor Prison. Jack Swart became personal chef to Mandela
when he was moved from Robben Island to Victor Verster Prison in 1988. The most
prominent connection with the opposition was of course the connection between
Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk, then president of South Africa and a co-
recipient with Mandela of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
Madiba and his clan chief
Madiba also had his clan chiefs to report back to and rely on for guidance and
support. This included Mandela’s uncle, Chief Mtirara, another Chief Mtirara and
Chief Joy who remembered him as a young boy.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
17
Political friends included Wolfie Kodesh who, during the first months of Mandela
going underground in 1961, hid him for nearly eight weeks in his one-room bachelor
apartment in a white suburb of Johannesburg. Joe Matthews, who knew Mandela
since their days at the University College of Fort Hare, was a leader with Mandela in
the ANC Youth League. Govan Mbeki was a lifelong comrade and sometime ANC
adversary who also played Devil’s advocate while keeping everyone on their toes.
Family and friends
Family friends of the Mandela’s included the Meer family. Fatima and Ismail Meer
were anti-apartheid activists and have been close to Nelson, Winnie and the
Mandela family for decades. At Mandela's request, Fatima wrote his authorized
biography, Higher Than Hope.13
Madiba and journalists
A few journalists had the privilege of inside information on this rare human being,
including Anthony Sampson, a British journalist, who knew Mandela when he was
editor of the South African magazine Drum. He is also the author of the 1999
authorized biography, Mandela.
Richard Stengel collaborated with Mandela on his autobiography, Long Walk To
Freedom, taping approximately 75 hours of interviews and conducting over 30
others. He was with Mandela in South Africa for most of 1993, and during the
election of 1994. Stengel is a Senior Editor at Time Magazine.
Madiba and women in his life
Madiba also had various women friends and confidantes like Amina Cachalia She
remembers fondly how Madiba learnt to love Indian food at a very late stage.14 Rica
Hodgson, also a friend of Madiba’s, devoted her life to the struggle for democracy.
She received the Order of Luthuli in Bronze for her services to the liberation
movement.15
Another special woman in Madiba’s life was Zelda le Grange16,
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
18
an Afrikaans speaking white woman who was appointed as his personal assistant.
Zelda’s appointment as the personal assistant to the President of South Africa after
the years of Apartheid was one of the silent, but significant symbols of Madiba’s
unconditional love, compassion and acceptance of all involved. His deep
understanding of human nature and the processes of life can only be perceived as
inspiring – even divinely inspired. Zelda helped, assisted, protected and diligently
served Madiba until the day of his death. Her book Good Morning Mr Mandela has
opened a deeper understanding of his heart, mind and soul while giving us a glimpse
into their exceptional journey together.17
Someone who played a prominent part in Madiba’s life was his personal chef,
Xoliswa Ndoyiya. Her published cookbook contains his favorite recipes for dishes
that included sour milk (amasi) and his favorite oxtail stew.18 Desré Buirski19,
Madiba’s personal tailor was also responsible for creating the special Madiba look by
designing the now well-known Madiba silk shirts. Other prominent women friends
who influenced Madiba’s life included Adelaide Tambo and Jessie Duarte.
The most influential person was of course Winnie Mandela who was said to be his
alter-ego while Mandela was in prison.
Unfortunately, it is very well known that Winnie later became a political embarrass-
ment and liability to Madiba. A kinder way of putting this is to say that, sadly, their
marriage was unable to withstand the terrible stresses to which it, and they, were
subject. As their political views diverged, so did their relationship, causing Mandela
to seek a divorce. His perceived soul mate, Graça Machel arrived late in his life – at
the age of eighty. She played a prominent part towards the end of his life and
contributed to a peaceful retirement and contentment in his last days.
Religious, tribal and political influences
Where religion was concerned, Madiba describes how he only attended church
every Sunday because it was part of the fabric of life. He gave his personal views,
and states that:20
“Religion was a ritual that I indulged in for my mother’s sake and
to which I attached no meaning”
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
19
However, Madiba had many religious friends and mentors influencing has life,
including Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Archbishop Tutu was a major anti-apartheid
voice in the 1970s and 1980s and participated in the worldwide 'Free Mandela
Campaign.’ He chaired the TRC and also received The Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.
Over time various tribal and political leaders had a significant influence on Madiba’s
thinking. This included people like Walter Sisulu, Albert Luthuli and Oliver Tambo.
Walter Sisulu was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African
National Congress (ANC). In 1943, together with Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo,
he joined the ANC Youth League and was not only a lifelong friend, but also a
mentor to Madiba.
Mandela consulted Chief Albert Luthuli on various issues relating to the ANC’s
changing role. However, Albert Luthuli had a moral commitment to non-violence.
Under his leadership non-violence was an inviolate principle not to be changed as
conditions warranted.21 However, Mandela disagreed with this view, and, with or
without the knowledge of Luthuli, he spearheaded the military wing of the ANC,
known as Umkhonto weSiswe or MK.22
Oliver Tambo was not only a friend and confidant, but also a colleague. Mandela and
Tambo joined forces by opening their legal offices, Mandela and Tambo, in
Chancellor House in central Johannesburg. Here they served the black community
together by bringing new hope, dignity and help to the suffering of many black
people.
However, some of the most important influences on Madiba’s life and thinking were
the philosophical influences of people like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Tolstoy
and others.
Philosophical influences
It is well known that Madiba was well educated and read extensively. While in prison
he also had time to internalise the teachings, philosophies and religious dogma he
obtained from the wide range of books he read. We will later see how this time of
silence, reading and contemplation influenced his thinking and sculpted his life to
make him the man he was destined to become.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
20
Madiba especially found consolation in and guidance from the following persons and
readings:
Mahatma Gandhi
The respect and reverence Madiba had for Mahatma Gandhi and the work he did is
well documented. In Gandhi, Madiba found someone who echoed the journey of his
soul to freedom. Although they lived at different times, their philosophy towards life,
equality and freedom resonated with the universal principles of quality living and
freedom for all.
Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in Gujarat, Western India, on 2 October 1869,
Gandhi was raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat. He is known
worldwide for leading India to independence. He also inspired movements for civil
rights and freedom across the world by employing nonviolent civil disobedience in
India and South Africa. He is especially known as an activist for the independence of
British-ruled India.
His mother, Putlibai Gandhi and father, Karamchand Gandhi were from the Gujarati
ethnic group and about 1.21 billion people speak Gujarati worldwide.23 His father
was described by Gandhi as ‘a lover of his clan, truthful, brave and generous’.24 Both
his father and grandfather served as the Chief Minister (Diwan) of Porbandar,a
coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat and Gandhi’s birthplace His mother,
Putlibai, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died
giving birth.25
Gandhi received his schooling in British-ruled India, primary school, Alfred High
School and later Samaldas College. In 1888 he travelled to London and attended
University College where he studied law and later trained as a barrister at the Inner
Temple. His time in London was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother
upon leaving India, in the presence of a Jain monk, to observe the precepts of
abstinence from meat, alcohol and promiscuity.26
Gandhi arrived in South Africa at the age of 24 and spent 21 years in the country. He
was a legal representative for the Muslim Indian Traders in Pretoria and later
developed his political views, ethics and political leadership skills because of the
socio-political circumstances in the country. He personally experienced the dire
consequences of Apartheid. This was a turning point in Gandhi's life that shaped his
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
21
social activism and awakened him to social injustice. After witnessing racism,
prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, Gandhi began to question his
place in society and his people's standing in the British Empire. It is said that when
he, initially a shy introvert, returned to India in 1914, he was proficient at public
speaking, fund-raising, negotiations, media relations, and self-promotion.27 On
returning to India, Gandhi was ready to take his place on the political and social
platforms of the world. He assumed leadership of the Indian National Congress in
1921.
Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South
Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.28 Civil disobedience
is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a
government, or of an occupying international power. Civil disobedience is commonly,
though not always, defined as being nonviolent resistance.29 It is one form of civil
resistance. In one view (in India, known as ahimsa or Satyagraha) it could be said
that it is compassion in the form of respectful disagreement. Gandhi was imprisoned
at various times in South Africa and India.
Gandhi initially set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to
protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. He also led nationwide
campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and
ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving self-rule or Swaraj.
He led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom
across the world. Gandhi had a vision of a free India based on religious pluralism.
He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and
India. Gandhi attempted to practice nonviolence and truth in all situations, and
advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential
community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand
spun on a charkha – a traditional spinning wheel. He ate simple vegetarian food, and
fasted for long periods as a means of both self-purification and social protest.
On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi at the age of 78. He is
commonly, though not officially, considered the Father of the Nation in India, and
known as Bapu, meaning ‘daddy’ a more endearing form of ‘father’. He is also known
by various names including the Sanskrit name, Mahatma, meaning ‘high soul’ or the
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
22
‘venerated one’. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as Gandhi Jayanti, a
national Indian holiday, and is celebrated world-wide as the International Day of
Nonviolence.
Mahatma Gandhi also had various spiritual, academic, political and social teachers
that included people like Tolstoy. Gandhi himself had specially been influenced by
The Kingdom of God Is Within You, a nonviolent classic written by Christian
anarchist Leo Tolstoy.30
At the same time he inspired upcoming leaders that included Martin Luther King and
Nelson Mandela; and today we find American President Barak Obama echoing these
sentiments.
Another influential person in Madiba’s life was Martin Luther King.
Martin Luther King
Michael King Jr. was renamed Martin Luther King by his father in honor of the
German evangelist, Martin Luther. Also known as MLK, he was born in 1929 and
was assassinated at the age of 39. He is known worldwide as an American
clergyman, activist, humanitarian and leader in the African-American Civil Rights
Movement.31 Martin Luther King is best known for his inspiring quotes, letters and
speeches, and for his prominent role in the advancement of civil rights using
nonviolent civil disobedience.32
King’s message was clear. His vision was for change that was more revolutionary
than mere reform. He focused on systematic flaws of racism, poverty, militarism and
materialism, and stated that the reconstruction of society itself was the real issue to
be faced. He organised and led marches for African Americans’ right to vote,
desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were
successfully enacted into law in the United States.33
As a clergyman his faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment to love your
neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for
them and blessing them. His non-violent thought was also based in Jesus’ injunction
from the Sermon on the Mount to turn the other cheek, and in his teaching of "putting
your sword back into its place".34
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
23
Like Tolstoy and Gandhi, King was also imprisoned at various times. In his letters
from jail he urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist"
love. King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) put into
practice many of the principles of the Christian Left and applied the tactics of
nonviolent protest with great success.35 In his speech I've Been to the Mountaintop,
he states he just wanted to do God's will.36 On October 14th 1964 King received the
Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.
Thoreau's essay On Civil Disobedience37, which King read in his student days,
inspired King in his refusal to cooperate with an evil system. Gandhi seemed to have
influenced him with certain moral principles, and Gandhi himself had been influenced
by the book The Kingdom of God Is within You, a nonviolent classic written by
Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy. All three men, Tolstoy, Gandhi, and King were
influenced by Jesus' teachings on non-violent resistance to destructive or evil force
and to overcome evil with the good
In turn Madiba was also influenced by the teachings of Tolstoy.
Tolstoy
Count Leo Tolstoy was born in 1828 into the Tolstoy family of Russian nobility.
Tolstoy's parents died when he was young and he and his siblings were brought up
by relatives. As a renowned novelist, his message of nonviolence and reform was
reflected in his short stories, plays and essays, of which War and Peace and Anna
Karenina are the most well known.38 He is equally known for his complicated and
paradoxical persona and for his extreme moralistic and ascetic views. Today he is
noted as a moral thinker and social reformer.
Not being a very arduous student Tolstoy left university in the middle of his studies in
law and oriental languages at Kazan University and joined the army with his elder
brother. Here he began to write. On a European visit in 1860, Tolstoy was inspired
by the book Les Miserable’s and met up with the author, Victor Hugo, who radically
influenced his thinking.39 The award winning film Les Miserable’s captured much of
this history
While in Paris in the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a spiritual awakening after
witnessing a public execution that lead to an intense moral crisis. In a letter to his
friend Vasily Botkin, he expressed his new evolving spiritual and political views.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
24
He wrote: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but
above all to corrupt its citizens ... Henceforth, I shall never serve any government
anywhere”.40
Later in life, Tolstoy became a fervent Christian anarchist and anarcho-pacifist. This
influence still spills over into our modern-day situation and global leadership
challenges.
Madiba was also a student of these iconic leaders. By studying their literature, he
also discovered who he, as an authentic human being, was while respecting the
humanity of others. Inevitably, he was prepared for his great task, firstly in South
Africa, then Africa that spread globally while fulling his universal calling.
Madiba was prepared by going through his own personal ‘curriculum of life’.
By understanding these teachers, we also get a clearer vision of Madiba’s path and
the steps included in his Long walk to freedom. This also reveals the impact of
exposure to such literature.
Madiba was an ardent reader and books played a very important part in his life.
Books
“One of the things that made me long to be back in prison
was that I had so little opportunity for reading,
thinking and quiet reflection after my release.”
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was a prolific reader. At school, he read widely. While in prison he
had the opportunity and time to read numerous books, even very liberal books that
included novellas by Nadine Gordimer41, publications by Ernest Hemmingway42, and
books by Tolstoy that included War and Peace and others.43 The Complete Works of
Shakespeare was smuggled to Madiba by a fellow political prisoner Sonny
Venkatrathnam, who chose it as the one book he was permitted when first
imprisoned.44
The Robben Island Shakespeare is a 1970 edition of The Alexander Text of the
Complete Works of Shakespeare – probably the most widely sold and read scholarly
edition of Shakespeare’s texts in the twentieth century.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
25
The volume was covered in colorful, religious Diwali cards, celebrating the Hindu
festival of lights and a gullible warder was convinced that it was Sonny
Venkatrathnam’s bible. When he was transferred to the small single-cell section
where Nelson Mandela, among others, was kept, he took it with him.
He then circulated the book to his fellow prisoners in the single cells, asking them to
mark their favorite passages from Shakespeare with their signature and the date.
Between 1975 and 1978 thirty-three of Venkatrathnam’s fellow prisoners signed the
book, including Nelson Mandela.
Various memoirs and autobiographies45 were also part of Madiba’s quest to grow in
a deeper knowing and understanding while becoming more competent in his
response to the inner calling of freedom. Although not a religious person, Madiba
also read the Bible and even gave Bible classes when he was at the university at
Fort Hare.
Looking back on this path it becomes evident that the time spent in prison was a
valuable tool in Madiba’s personal, social and universal development and
preparation, personal growth and spiritual calling. He never outright attached himself
to any specific religion, because like Hemmingway and others, he was against blind
faith. However, his personal interpretation and implementation of universal truths,
values and principles, as outlined in most of our major religions, shine through in his
clear commitment to Freedom and quality living for all. Like other iconic leaders,
Nelson Mandela didn’t focus on what separates us, but invested his life’s efforts in
what brings us together and unites us as one.
Nelson Mandela walked the path as best he could. Now the baton has been handed
over to us. This is a legacy we cannot ignore – a responsibility we cannot take lightly.
Things most people don’t want to know about Nelson Mandela
The image of Nelson Mandela as a selfless, humble, freedom fighter turned cheerful,
kindly old man, is well established in the West.46
The truth is, Nelson Mandela was also human like the rest of us. He also had more
than a few flaws which deserve attention.
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
26
Nelson Mandela didn’t spend nearly twenty-eight years of his life in prison for
nothing. In many circles Nelson Mandela was branded a ‘criminal’, ‘terrorist’ and
‘cold blooded murderer’. At his trial, he pleaded guilty to 156 acts of public violence
including mobilising terrorist bombing campaigns, which planted bombs in public
places. This included the Johannesburg railway station where many innocent
bystanders lost their lives. As the head of UmKhonto we Sizwe, (MK), the terrorist
wing of the ANC, he signed off on the deaths of many innocent people, including
women and children.
Nelson Mandela also refused amnesty offered to him with the premise of him
renouncing violence. He was also condemned by various leaders for not taking a
stand against violence. Remarks like that from Teddy Taylor MP of the House of
Parliament in the United Kingdom in mid-1980s included: 'Nelson Mandela should be
shot’.
This sentiment was echoed by many other leaders including Margaret Thatcher who
stated:47 'The ANC is a typical terrorist organisation ... Anyone who thinks it is going
to run the government in South Africa is living in cloud-cuckoo land' –Margaret
Thatcher, 1987
None the less, as President of South Africa, Madiba was later accorded the rare
honour of addressing both Houses of Parliament in Westminster Hall. Here
ministers, MP’s and peers paid homage to a world statesman. He rose from
‘criminal’ and ‘terrorist’ to having tea with the Queen. As President of South Africa
Madiba also visited many other countries and international influential leaders.
Inheriting a country with criminally deep socio-economic problems, it was expected
that resources be poured into addressing the imbalances of apartheid. Yet as
President, Mandela invested in military hardware.
His government even slipped into the custom of putting national corporatism, power
and prestige above its people. Since then corruption and political division has
troubled the ANC while the negative publicity surrounding arms deals, still
continue.48
Many people also held it against Madiba that he was friendly with dictators. Despite
being synonymous with freedom and democracy, Mandela was never afraid to lend a
hand to tyrants of the international arena that included General Sani Abacha of
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
27
Nigeria However only after the Nigerian government announced the death sentences
against Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni activists, the President told
Johannesburg's Sunday Independent in two short sentences. "Abacha is sitting on a
volcano,.. And I am going to explode it underneath him".49
Two of the ANC’s biggest donors, in the 1990s, were Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of
Libya and President Suharto of Indonesia. It was noted that not only did Mandela
refrain from criticising their lamentable human rights records; he interceded
diplomatically on their behalf and also awarded them South Africa’s highest honours.
Although Madiba was branded as a womanizer, adulterer, criminal, terrorist or
murderer by many, he was the first to hold his hands up to his shortcomings and
mistakes. In many books and speeches, he goes to great length to admit his errors.
It is important to now see what the great man himself has said all along; that he’s just
as flawed as the rest of us, and should not be put on a pedestal.
For your consideration
Although Madiba was just a man, doing what he felt needed to be done for the time-
frame he was in – his aim was always to contribute to the ‘good of the people’ – all
people. In essence, he was just a human being like the rest of us…
Deep down the question is: What about our current leaders?
Most important – What about you and I?
How many of us have heard this inner calling? How many will respond to this inner
call? How many will wake-up, stand up and bring their personal part to the table?
“There was no particular day on which I said, henceforth I will devote myself to the liberation of my people; instead,
I simply found myself doing so, and could not do otherwise.”
Nelson Mandela
From autobiography: “Long walk to freedom”
What is your contribution towards the good of the people – the liberation of people –
of all people? What will our legacy be?
What will your legacy be?
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
28
How do we bring about change?
You and I can change: Negativity to positivity; ignorance to wisdom; poverty to
abundance; hate to acceptance; resentment to cooperation; illiteracy to
enlightenment; mindlessness to knowing and understanding; pain to pleasure; hurt to
healing; deprivation to fulfillment; fear to freedom; lost to found; the absence of love
and compassion to compassion and caring.
This is what Nelson Mandela did … now it is our turn …. The baton has been
handed to us…
However, the only one you can change is your self…. so …
Let each one of us start with our Self … It’s easy … and it’s fun!
What do we need to do?
We can be of service to all people – by starting with self.
It’s time to hit the reset button – it’s time to start something totally new.
We can even start a whole new freedom charter – a Real Me Revolution50…
You need to take a stand and say: It’s time to begin with your self!
The best time is to start now
ooo0ooo
In celebration of Nelson Mandela Day on 18 July we bring you the Self-Mastery
Master-Class of 67-minutes of service-to-self:
Learning to think like Nelson Mandela – 10 Steps to live and lead like a pro
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Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
29
SEVEN STEPS TO SECURING THE MADIBA MAGIC IN LIFE AND LEADERSHIP
Life always produces the right leaders at the right time for the right purpose. They rise to the occasion, make an indelible mark on the fabric of life and leave us with new hope, inspiration, compassion and vision. Such a person was Nelson Mandela. The ‘Madiba Magic’ has left no-one untouched!
However, over time, the magic fades as their influence and fundamental principles get diluted. The challenges are: How do we secure the ‘Madiba Magic’ in our personal lives? How do we create a new leadership platform that will secure a safe transition into the next generation? How do we, like our icons, contribute to quality living and freedom for all?
The research of this book spanned many years and the completion of the manuscript was inspired by Madiba’s funeral. It outlines the seven major steps in securing the fundamentals of the ‘Madiba Magic’ in our personal lives and leadership.
Here you will encounter a new level of awareness, a new mindset and guidelines and information used by these icons. It also includes practical skills and tools for everyone who is serious about claiming their personal freedom while securing a quality life for all.
You are invited to join this journey and adventure!
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Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
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POWER TOOLS FOR POWER LEADERS – YOU PERSONAL DIARY
There is a new awakening and a wave of positive energy currently flooding the globe. People are taking back their personal power and are accepting the fact that we are responsible for the quality of our lives. Many are becoming conscious of their true potential and aware of their authentic self.
A new kind of leader is also emerging as Authentic Leaders
In order to lead at a time like this, we need a new mindset with new skills and tools. We need a whole new manual and toolkit for successful living and quality leadership.
Power Tools for Power Leaders provides a daily skill and tool you can use to raise your
awareness and stay on track 365 days of the year.
It includes the information you will need to identify where you, and others, are coming from.
At the same time, your diary is a place you can plan your life …step for step … day for day and be inspired with every step.
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Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
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Brenda is committed to the development of a new generation of successful, innovative, inspired, thinkers and leaders. She presents workshops nationally and internationally, lectures at various universities and as author she has published various books.
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Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
33
RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS
The life of an iconic leader 1 Mandela, Nelson, R. (1994). The long walk to freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson
Mandela. Illustrated. London: Little, Brown & Company. . 2 See website: http://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/names.(accessed 15 Jan 2014)
3 Mandela, Nelson, R. (1994). The long walk to freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson
Mandela. Illustrated. Little, Brown & Company. London. p10. 4 Mandela, Nelson, R. (1994). The long walk to freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson
Mandela. Illustrated. London: Little, Brown & Company. 5 Nelson Mandela’s Children Fund Website: http://www.nelsonmandelachindrenfund.com
6 See interview with Cachali. Website:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/cachalia.html 7 The film Mandela was released on 27 November 2013 and premiered in London on 5
December 2013, the day Madiba died. 8 For speeches see website: http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/index.html
9 See website for list of awards, honoraryy degrees, doctorates, etc:
Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed 10
Also termed. Higher Self, real self, authentic self in literature 11
See Website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/ 12
See: Long walk to freedom. p.134 13
Meer, Fatima. (1990). Higher than hope. The authorised biography of Nelson Mandela.
London: Hamish Hamilton Publishers. 14
For interview with Cachalia, see website:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/cachalia.html 15
See website: http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7936 16
Zelda le Grange. See website: http//www.zeldalagrange.com 17
La Grange, Zelda. (2014). Good morning, Mr. Mandela: A Memoir. New York: Allen
Lane Publishers: Penguin Book Group. 18
Xoliswa Ndoyiya & Anna Trapido. (2011). Ukutya Kwasekhaya: Tastes from
Nelson Mandela's Kitchen. Johannesburg: Real African Publishers. 19
Buirski, Desre. 2014. Mandela's Shirts and Me. Amazon Digital Services. 20
Mandela, Nelson, R. (1994). The long walk to freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson
Mandela. Illustrated. London: Little, Brown & Company. p. 11. 21
Ibid. p 88. 22
Ibid. p 89 - 99 23
Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. California:
University of California Press. 24
Johnson, Richard L. & Gandhi, M. K. (2006). Gandhi's experiments with
truth: Essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Lexington
Books. p. 3. 25
Guha, Ramachandra (2013).'Middle Cast, Middle Rank'. Gandhi Before
India. India: Penguin Books Limited. 26
Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. California:
University of California Press. pp. 20-21. 27
Guha, Ramachandra (2013). Gandhi Before India, Vol. 1, Ch. 22, Allen Lane. . 28
Morella, J. (1976). "The justifiability of violent civil disobedience", Canadian
Journal of Philosophy (Canadian Journal of Philosophy) 6 (1): 35–47. 29
Zones, Stephen (1999). Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical
Perspective. Blackwell Publishing. 30
Tolstoy, Leo. (1894). The Kingdom of God Is Within You. Christianity not as a mystic
religion but as a new theory of life. Translated by Constance Garnett. New York:
Public domain. Amazon/Kindle. 31
Downing, Frederick L. (1986). To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage
of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mercer University Press. 32
Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance.
Greenwood Publishing Group. 33
Jackson, Thomas F. (2006). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr.,
and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press
Learning to Think like Nelson Mandela… A glimpse in the life of an iconic leader
34
34
Reference to The Holy Bible: Matthew 26:52. 35
Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. London:
Rowman & Littlefield. 36
Ibid. 37
See: Thoreau, Henry David. (2010). Resistance To Civil Government: On Civil
Disobedience and other Essays. Warfield Press, LLC. 38
Tolstoy, Leo. ( 1893). The Kingdom of God is within you. NY: Penguin Classics.
Tolstoy, Leo. (1869). War and peace. New York: Penguin Classics.
Tolstoy, Leo. (1877). Anna Karenina. New York: Penguin Classics. 39
Hugo, Victor. (2013). Les Misérables. Unabridged Edition. Signet Classics. 40
Wilson, A.N. (1988). Tolstoy. New York: Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. p. 146. 41
Gordimer, Nadine. (2012). Burger’s daughter. London: Bloomsbury Paperbacks.
Gordimer, Nadine. See all her novellas: http://www.amazon.com/books/ 42
Hemmingway, Ernest. (2002) For whom the bell tolls. Scribner Publishing. 43
See his list of books on website: http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute 44
See: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/06/world/the-smuggled-shakespeare-book/ 45
See the other books, memoirs, biographies and autobiographies, Madiba read.
- Cleaver, Eldridge. (1999). Soul on Ice. New York: Delta Publishers.
- Rockerfeller, David. (2011). Memoirs. London: Random House Paperbacks.
- Morrison, Lionel. A century of black journalism in Britain. (out of print)
- Frasier, Malcolm & Simmons. The political memois. (out of print)
- Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Council of Europe. (out of print)
- Nasser Al-Bader, Atiq. Dearest. (out of print)
- West, Cornel. (2005) Democracy Matters. Penguin Books. London.
- Tobias, Philip. (2013). Into the past. A memoirs. Picador Africa.
- Gandhi, Sonia.(1992) Rajiv. South Asia Books.
- Steinbeck, John.(2001). Grapes of Wrath. Penguin Books. New Ed Edition.
- Nehru, Jawaharla. (2004) Glimpses of World History. Penguin Books.
- Most books by Gandhi.
- Books by Tolstoy
- The Holy Bible: King James Version. (2006). London:Cambridge University Press. 46
See: http://thebackbencher.co.uk/3-things-you-didnt-want-to-know-about-nelson-mandela/ 47
See: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-terrorist-to-tea- with-the-queen- 48
See Sunday Times: http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2014/09/28/sunday-times-arms-deal-allegations-against-zuma-nothing-new-says-
presidency 49
See: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-guns-for-nigerian-dictator 50 See website: http://www.realmerevolution.com
NOTE:
Unless stated otherwise - All quotes are taken from the Autobiography of Nelson Mandela:
Mandela, Nelson, R. (1994). The long walk to freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Illustrated.
London: Little, Brown & Company.
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