Learning Learning

Operant Operant

ClassicalClassical

CognitiveCognitive

Learning is …Learning is …

A change in behavior that results from a A change in behavior that results from a previous experience previous experience

( behavior can be observable or a thought)( behavior can be observable or a thought)

Factors that affect LearningFactors that affect Learning(part of cognitive learning(part of cognitive learning))

FeedbackFeedback - must be descriptive rather than evaluative, - must be descriptive rather than evaluative, timely, timely, welcome, welcome, UsefulUseful specificspecific

AttentionAttention

Focusing on the correct thing Focusing on the correct thing

Practice Practice

Doing something over and over againDoing something over and over again

Mental Practice Mental Practice

Going over something in your mindGoing over something in your mind

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

A learning process in which something that had not previously produced a particular response (NS) becomes associated with something that produces the response(UCS).  As a result, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that the unconditioned stimulus produces.

Classical Cond. examplesClassical Cond. examples

1)    Learning to feel upset at the sight of flashing police lights in your rearview mirror

2)    Learning to feel anxiety when you hear the sounds at the dentist’s office

3)    Feeling tender emotions when you hear a song that was associated with your first romance

Operant conditioningOperant conditioning

Learning in which the consequence that Learning in which the consequence that followsfollows a behavior increases or a behavior increases or decreases the likelihood that the decreases the likelihood that the behavior happens againbehavior happens again

Cognitive LearningCognitive Learning

Learning which involves mental processes Learning which involves mental processes such as attention and memory may be such as attention and memory may be learned through observation or imitationlearned through observation or imitation

may not involve external rewards may not involve external rewards

(remember there are factors that affect (remember there are factors that affect this)this)

What type of learning?What type of learning?Completing an algebra problemCompleting an algebra problem

Increased heart rate when going to the dentistIncreased heart rate when going to the dentist

Getting hungry everyday at 12:00Getting hungry everyday at 12:00

Leaving class when the bell rings Leaving class when the bell rings

Showing up late for class, getting a detention Showing up late for class, getting a detention and not showing up late againand not showing up late again

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning What is it?What is it?

Have you been classically conditioned?Have you been classically conditioned?

How can we classically condition someone?How can we classically condition someone?

Can you put it into the formula?Can you put it into the formula?

What are the important CC experiments?What are the important CC experiments?

Neutral StimulusNeutral Stimulus

NS- (Neutral NS- (Neutral stimulus) something stimulus) something that causes a that causes a sensory response sensory response but doesnbut doesn’’t produce t produce the reflex being the reflex being testedtested

Conditioned StimulusConditioned Stimulus

CS (Conditioned CS (Conditioned stimulus) formerly stimulus) formerly the NS that now has the NS that now has the ability to elicit the ability to elicit (trigger) the (trigger) the response that was response that was previously elicited previously elicited (triggered) by the (triggered) by the UCSUCS

Unconditioned stimulusUnconditioned stimulus

UCS (unconditioned stimulus) the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) the stimulus that triggers or elicits a stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological responsephysiological response

Conditioned ResponseConditioned Response

CR- the response that is elicited CR- the response that is elicited (triggered) by the CS This response is (triggered) by the CS This response is similar to the ucrsimilar to the ucr

Unconditioned ResponseUnconditioned Response

UCR- an unlearned involuntary UCR- an unlearned involuntary physiological response that is elicited, or physiological response that is elicited, or triggered by, the unconditioned stimulustriggered by, the unconditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning FormulaClassical Conditioning Formula

NS + UCS NS + UCS UCR UCR

CSCS CR CR

http://www.spike.com/video-clips/0jnov0/the-office-the-jim-trains-dwight

Put the mint experiment into the Put the mint experiment into the formulaformula

Complete ReviewComplete Review

PavlovPavlov’’s experiments experiment

PavlovPavlov’’s dogs s dogs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=relatedv=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=related

Generalization- a stimulus similar to the Generalization- a stimulus similar to the CS triggers a response similar to the CRCS triggers a response similar to the CR

Discrimination- when an organism learns Discrimination- when an organism learns to make a response to some stim uli but to make a response to some stim uli but not othersnot others

Extinction- when the conditioned response Extinction- when the conditioned response dies outdies out

Adaptive Value- usefulness of traits Adaptive Value- usefulness of traits that increase the survival of that increase the survival of humans or animalshumans or animals

Taste Aversion- associating a Taste Aversion- associating a particular sensory cue with getting particular sensory cue with getting sick and therefore avoiding it in the sick and therefore avoiding it in the futurefuture

Baby Albert ( and Watson)Baby Albert ( and Watson)

The Little Albert Experim#E641A

Copy these notes Copy these notes SB- (Spontaneous behavior) a SB- (Spontaneous behavior) a

voluntary or non-reflexive actionvoluntary or non-reflexive action

C- (Consequence) positive or C- (Consequence) positive or negative results of a behaviornegative results of a behavior

R- (Response)- a unit of behaviorR- (Response)- a unit of behavior

S- (stimulus) something in the S- (stimulus) something in the environment that causes a responseenvironment that causes a response

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Learning that takes place when Learning that takes place when a spontaneous behavior is a spontaneous behavior is reinforced or punishedreinforced or punished

Classical conditioning deals with Classical conditioning deals with reflexive, physiological reflexive, physiological behaviorsbehaviors

What type of conditioning?What type of conditioning?

a voluntary or non-reflexive actiona voluntary or non-reflexive action

a unit of behaviora unit of behavior

positive or negative results of a behaviorpositive or negative results of a behavior

something in the environment that causes a something in the environment that causes a responseresponse

Operant conditioning in a Operant conditioning in a formulaformula

Spontaneous behavior->ConsequenceSpontaneous behavior->Consequence

Stimulus->ResponseStimulus->Response

Identify if it is a stimulus or a Identify if it is a stimulus or a responseresponse

1. _____ A flashing light 1. _____ A flashing light

2. _____ Answering this practice exercise 2. _____ Answering this practice exercise 3. _____ A stop sign 3. _____ A stop sign

4. _____ An ant crawling on your arm 4. _____ An ant crawling on your arm

5. _____ Vomiting 5. _____ Vomiting

6. _____ Coughing 6. _____ Coughing 7. ____ Laughing 7. ____ Laughing 8. ____ Screaming 8. ____ Screaming 9. ____ A feather tickling your arm 9. ____ A feather tickling your arm

  

Put the following in the Operant Put the following in the Operant Conditioning formulaConditioning formula

Joe looked under the seat in a Dr’s office Joe looked under the seat in a Dr’s office and found $100. Whenever he is in that and found $100. Whenever he is in that office, he check under the seat cushionsoffice, he check under the seat cushions

Jim took out his packet without Mrs. Jim took out his packet without Mrs. Anderson asking him to. He received Anderson asking him to. He received candy. When he goes into her room, he is candy. When he goes into her room, he is always the first to have his packet out always the first to have his packet out

ThorndikeThorndike’’s law of Effects law of Effect

ThorndikeThorndike’’s Law of Effects Law of Effect - behaviors followed by positive - behaviors followed by positive

consequences are strengthened , while consequences are strengthened , while behaviors followed by negative behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakenedconsequences are weakened

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8v=BDujDOLre-8

Did we prove Thorndike’s Law Did we prove Thorndike’s Law of effect?of effect?

Explain.Explain.

Give another real life example to defend Give another real life example to defend his Law of Effecthis Law of Effect

Operant conditioning focusOperant conditioning focus

Rather than looking at what comes before Rather than looking at what comes before a behavior a behavior ( the antecedent) ( the antecedent)

We should look at what follows the We should look at what follows the behavior ( the consequence) behavior ( the consequence)

SkinnerSkinner’’s Operant conditionings Operant conditioning

Operant responseOperant response

- a meaningful unit of behavior that can be - a meaningful unit of behavior that can be measured and is modified by its measured and is modified by its consequences consequences

What do you need to know for What do you need to know for your quizyour quiz

SB/C/R/S- term matchingSB/C/R/S- term matching Be able to put things into the Operant Be able to put things into the Operant

conditioning formulaconditioning formula The difference between Operant and The difference between Operant and

classical conditioningclassical conditioning The law of effectThe law of effect The focus of Operant conditioningThe focus of Operant conditioning

ShapingShaping

- a procedure in which an - a procedure in which an experimenter successfully reinforces experimenter successfully reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior ( the operant the desired behavior ( the operant response) response)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&NR=1v=I_ctJqjlrHA&NR=1

Pigeons playing ping pongPigeons playing ping pong

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4v=vGazyH6fQQ4

Superstitious behaviorSuperstitious behavior

A behavior increases in frequency A behavior increases in frequency because it is accidentally paired with a because it is accidentally paired with a reinforcerreinforcer

ReinforcementReinforcement

1. A consequence occurs 1. A consequence occurs afterafter a behavior a behavior and INCREASES the chance that the and INCREASES the chance that the behavior will happen againbehavior will happen again

RewardReward

Not the same thing as a reinforcerNot the same thing as a reinforcer

Does not necessarily increase the chance Does not necessarily increase the chance that the behavior will happen againthat the behavior will happen again

Reinforcer or rewardReinforcer or reward

Joe hits a home run and gets a new bat Joe hits a home run and gets a new bat

( his home run hitting does not increase) ( his home run hitting does not increase)

Jim is given candy in class for raising his Jim is given candy in class for raising his hand- he raises his hand more oftenhand- he raises his hand more often

Helen falls out of her seat in class- everyone Helen falls out of her seat in class- everyone laughs. She does this everyday. laughs. She does this everyday.

PunishmentPunishment

3. Punishment3. Punishment

- consequence - consequence followingfollowing the the

behavior behavior decreasesdecreases the likelihood that the likelihood that the behavior will happen againthe behavior will happen again

Write 3 scenariosWrite 3 scenarios

One where a person is being reinforcedOne where a person is being reinforced One where a person is being rewardedOne where a person is being rewarded One where a person is being punishedOne where a person is being punished

Highlight the part of the scenario which Highlight the part of the scenario which shows if they are being rewarded, shows if they are being rewarded, punished or reinforcedpunished or reinforced

Types of ReinforcersTypes of Reinforcers

a. Primary a. Primary

- something such as food or water - something such as food or water something innately satisfyingsomething innately satisfying

b. Secondary b. Secondary

- any stimulus that acquired it- any stimulus that acquired it’’s s reinforcing power through experience ex. reinforcing power through experience ex. Stickers, grades, moneyStickers, grades, money

Read page 221Read page 221

Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement

Schedules of reinforcementSchedules of reinforcement

a. Continuous reinforcementa. Continuous reinforcement

every occurrence of the operant response every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcementresults in delivery of the reinforcement

b. b. Partial ReinforcementPartial Reinforcement- refers to a situation in - refers to a situation in

which which responding is reinforced only some of responding is reinforced only some of

the timethe time Fixed- set, doesnFixed- set, doesn’’t changet change Variable –changesVariable –changes Ratio- numbersRatio- numbers Interval-timeInterval-time

Ratio SchedulesRatio Schedules

1. Fixed Ratio1. Fixed Ratio- reinforcement occurs only after a fixed reinforcement occurs only after a fixed

number of responsesnumber of responses- Results in fast rates of work (factory workerResults in fast rates of work (factory worker))

2. Variable ratio2. Variable ratio- a different number of responses is needed a different number of responses is needed

before reinforcement occursbefore reinforcement occurs- - - results in consistent response (gamblingresults in consistent response (gambling))

Interval schedulesInterval schedules

3. Fixed Interval3. Fixed Interval- a reinforcement occurs after a - a reinforcement occurs after a

predetermined amount of timepredetermined amount of time- - Rapid responding near time for Rapid responding near time for

reinforcementreinforcement

Variable Interval- the time in which

reinforcement occurs changesslow and steady responding

Identify the scheduleIdentify the schedule

Someone who works at a fast food Someone who works at a fast food restaurantrestaurant

A Pigeon pecks at a key, it increases the A Pigeon pecks at a key, it increases the rate of pecking at the end of a 2 minute rate of pecking at the end of a 2 minute period and then increases again at the end period and then increases again at the end of the next 2 minute periodof the next 2 minute period

Slot machines Slot machines

Think back to the candy and name activity.Think back to the candy and name activity. 1. Was it continuous or partial 1. Was it continuous or partial

reinforcement?reinforcement?

2. Explain how reinforcement would look 2. Explain how reinforcement would look for each of the reinforcement schedulesfor each of the reinforcement schedules

Complete schedules of Complete schedules of reinforcement worksheetreinforcement worksheet

Psychology CarnivalPsychology Carnival Identify how your game would be played Identify how your game would be played

based on 2 different schedules of based on 2 different schedules of reinforcementreinforcement

1. Identify your game1. Identify your game 2. Identify your reinforcement schedules2. Identify your reinforcement schedules 3. Explain how your game would work 3. Explain how your game would work

according to themaccording to them

ReviewReview

Reinforcement- the behavior increasesReinforcement- the behavior increases

Punishment- the behavior decreasesPunishment- the behavior decreases

Reward- no change in behaviorReward- no change in behavior

Write 3 scenerios Write 3 scenerios

One where a person is being reinforcedOne where a person is being reinforced One where a person is being rewardedOne where a person is being rewarded One where a person is being punishedOne where a person is being punished

Highlight the part of the scenario which Highlight the part of the scenario which shows if they are being rewarded, shows if they are being rewarded, punished or reinforcedpunished or reinforced

Positive and Negative Positive and Negative ConsequenceConsequence

Positive- consequence (reinforcement or Positive- consequence (reinforcement or punishment) is addedpunishment) is added

Negative- consequence (reinforcement or Negative- consequence (reinforcement or punishment) is taken awaypunishment) is taken away

Identify the termIdentify the termconsequence is addedconsequence is added

consequence is taken awayconsequence is taken away

behavior increasesbehavior increases

behavior decreasesbehavior decreases

No change in behavior or behavior and No change in behavior or behavior and consequence are not linkedconsequence are not linked

Positive- consequence is addedPositive- consequence is added Negative- consequence is taken awayNegative- consequence is taken away Reinforcement- behavior increasesReinforcement- behavior increases Punishment- behavior decreasesPunishment- behavior decreases

Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

- consequence is ADDED which - consequence is ADDED which increases the likelihood that the behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur againwill occur again

Sue studied for an exam and received an Sue studied for an exam and received an A. A.

B- B- C-C- Will Sue study more often?Will Sue study more often?

Reinforcing PennyReinforcing Penny’’s behaviors behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHkv=JA96Fba-WHk

Identify Penny’s Behavior and the Identify Penny’s Behavior and the consequenceconsequence

Is this positive reinforcement?Is this positive reinforcement?

Which is an example of positive Which is an example of positive reinforcement?reinforcement?

Steven rarely smiled. His mom started Steven rarely smiled. His mom started giving him M&Ms when he would smile. giving him M&Ms when he would smile. Steven smiled more often.Steven smiled more often.

Steven rarely smiled. His mom started Steven rarely smiled. His mom started giving him M&Ms when he would smile. giving him M&Ms when he would smile. Steven enjoyed the M&MSteven enjoyed the M&M’’ss

Which one is an example of Positive reinforcement?Which one is an example of Positive reinforcement?

A. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom A. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom played with the other children. Workers at the played with the other children. Workers at the preschool began praising and admiring Martha preschool began praising and admiring Martha more than they had before. As a result of this more than they had before. As a result of this procedure, Martha's level of procedure, Martha's level of cooperative playcooperative play with the other children increased. with the other children increased.

B. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom B. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom played with the other children. Workers at the played with the other children. Workers at the preschool began praising and admiring Martha preschool began praising and admiring Martha when she engaged in when she engaged in cooperative playcooperative play with with other children. As a result of this procedure other children. As a result of this procedure Martha's level of cooperative play with the other Martha's level of cooperative play with the other children increased. children increased.

Complete positive reinforcementComplete positive reinforcement

Review worksheet with Phoenecia and Review worksheet with Phoenecia and disruptive students disruptive students

With a partner…With a partner…

Write an example of positive reinforcementWrite an example of positive reinforcement

Remember- positive reinforcement Remember- positive reinforcement means..means..

The consequence is added and the The consequence is added and the behavior increasesbehavior increases

Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement

- consequence is - consequence is taken awaytaken away which which increasesincreases the likelihood that the behavior will the likelihood that the behavior will happen againhappen again

ExampleExample

Sue studies so she does not get yelled at by Sue studies so she does not get yelled at by her parentsher parents

B-B- C-C-

Why is this negative reinforcement?Why is this negative reinforcement?

Negative Reinforcement continuedNegative Reinforcement continued

a. Avoidancea. Avoidance

- preventing the onset of a stimulus- preventing the onset of a stimulus

b. Escape b. Escape

- stopping the unpleasant stimulus- stopping the unpleasant stimulus

Was Sue using escape or avoidance?Was Sue using escape or avoidance?

((Sue studied so she didn’t get yelled at by Sue studied so she didn’t get yelled at by her parentsher parents) )

Escape or Avoidance?Escape or Avoidance?

Sue studied so she didn’t get yelled at by Sue studied so she didn’t get yelled at by her parentsher parents

Is this negative reinforcement?Is this negative reinforcement?

I had a headache so I took Tylenol. The I had a headache so I took Tylenol. The headache went away. Whenever I get headache went away. Whenever I get headaches, I take tylenol. headaches, I take tylenol.

What is the What is the

B-B- CC

Is this escape or avoidance?Is this escape or avoidance?

B taking tylenolB taking tylenol C- headache goes awayC- headache goes away

My behavior of taking tylenol has My behavior of taking tylenol has increasedincreased

If I take the tylenol before I have a If I take the tylenol before I have a headache I am ….headache I am ….

If I take it when I have the headache I am If I take it when I have the headache I am ……

Is this Neg. reinforcement?Is this Neg. reinforcement?

Sue and Dave got into an argument and Sue and Dave got into an argument and Sue ran out of the room and slammed the Sue ran out of the room and slammed the door. The fight is over. Now whenever door. The fight is over. Now whenever Dave starts to raise his voice, she leaves Dave starts to raise his voice, she leaves the room.the room.

B-B- C-C- Escape or avoidanceEscape or avoidance

B- leave roomB- leave room C- fight is overC- fight is over

Sue leaves the room more often to end Sue leaves the room more often to end fights. fights.

How is this negative How is this negative reinforcement?reinforcement?

http://blogs.cornell.edu/http://blogs.cornell.edu/gp08ha1115/2010/04/04/the-simpsons-gp08ha1115/2010/04/04/the-simpsons-negative-reinforcement/negative-reinforcement/

PunishmentPunishment

A consequence is added or taken away A consequence is added or taken away which which decreases decreases the likelihood that the the likelihood that the behavior will happen againbehavior will happen again

Positive PunishmentPositive Punishment

- a consequence is a consequence is addedadded which which decreasesdecreases the the likelihood that the behavior will occur againlikelihood that the behavior will occur again

Positive punishment examplePositive punishment example

ex. Your sister comes home late and your ex. Your sister comes home late and your parents tell her she must watch your little parents tell her she must watch your little brother the following weekend. Your sister brother the following weekend. Your sister never comes home late again. Your sisternever comes home late again. Your sister’’s s behavior… behavior… B- B- C- C- Babysitting was added and this made her Babysitting was added and this made her not come home late againnot come home late again

Negative PunishmentNegative Punishment

Consequence is Consequence is taken awaytaken away which which decreases decreases the likelihood you will do the the likelihood you will do the behavior againbehavior again

Negative PunishmentNegative Punishment

Sue stayed out late and lost her car privileges. Sue stayed out late and lost her car privileges. She never stayed out late again.She never stayed out late again. B- B- C- C-

Car was taken away which decreased the Car was taken away which decreased the likelihood that she would come home late again. likelihood that she would come home late again.

Practice questions in packetPractice questions in packet

Come up with your own Come up with your own examplesexamples

Negative reinforcement- escapeNegative reinforcement- escape

Negative reinforcement- avoidanceNegative reinforcement- avoidance

Positive punishmentPositive punishment

Negative punishmentNegative punishment

Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcementescape or avoidanceescape or avoidance

Changing the radio station when there is a Changing the radio station when there is a song you do not likesong you do not like

Putting on a blanket in my classroom Putting on a blanket in my classroom before you get coldbefore you get cold

Eating breakfast so you are not hungry in Eating breakfast so you are not hungry in schoolschool

Review punishment vs Review punishment vs reinforcement wkstreinforcement wkst

Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory

- people learn through watching, modeling people learn through watching, modeling and imitating and imitating

- rewards are not necessaryrewards are not necessary

Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura

BOBO Doll experimentBOBO Doll experiment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzgv=lCETgT_Xfzg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdh7MngntnI&p=5EF67686C4E463FD&v=vdh7MngntnI&p=5EF67686C4E463FD&playnext=1&index=51playnext=1&index=51

Things involved in the SCTThings involved in the SCT

AttentionAttention

- watch what the model does- watch what the model does

Memory Memory

- retaining information- retaining information

ImitationImitation learning to do something by watching someonelearning to do something by watching someone

MotivationMotivation

there must be a reason to imitate the there must be a reason to imitate the behaviorbehavior

Using the white board, Identify Using the white board, Identify something you have learned something you have learned

that supports the SCTthat supports the SCT

Attention- what did you focus onAttention- what did you focus on

Memory- what did you need to rememberMemory- what did you need to remember

Motivation- what motivated you to do itMotivation- what motivated you to do it

Apply the Social Cognitive Apply the Social Cognitive TheoryTheory

Using the SCT, explain why people bully Using the SCT, explain why people bully othersothers