LEARNING

LEARNING

• Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience• Associative Learning: learning that two events happen together (Example: A

bell rings, it is time to eat)• Operant conditioning: learning to associate a response (our behavior) in turn

for positive/negative consequences (Example: Dog sits in order to receive a treat)

PAVLOV

• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) did several experiments in which classical conditioning or the linking of two events take place.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

SKINNER

• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) did experiments following the law of effect where rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUwCgFSb6Nk

REINFORCEMENTS

• Positive reinforcement: increasing behaviors by the use of a positive stimuli such as food. It is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

• Negative reinforcement: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. It is something removed after a response therefore it is not punishment.

PUNISHMENT

• An event that decreases the behavior that it follows• Positive punishment: Administers an aversive stimulus (Examples: spanking,

a parking ticket)• Negative punishments: Withdraws a desirable stimulus (Examples: time-out

from privileges, revoking of a drivers license.

MOTIVATION

• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic• Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own

sake• Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised

rewards or avoid threatened punishment

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• Learning by observing others• Modeling: the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

• Bandura’s Experiments: Albert Bandura is famous as being the pioneer researcher for observational learning

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg

• Bystander Effect:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIvGIwLcIuw

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylZHJG1tt-U