Learning

Chapter 7

What is the purpose of learning?

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Associative Learning

Learning to associate one stimuluswith another.

CONDITIONING = LEARNING

Classical Conditioning

Meat Powder Salivation

Meat Powder SalivationTone

SalivationTone

I. Classical ConditioningA. Acquisition

Pixie Powder Salivation

Pixie Powder SalivationPavlov

SalivationPavlov

While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times. Each time he cringed in pain. George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist.

The drill hitting a nerve A. Unconditioned stimulusB. Unconditioned responseC. Conditioned stimulusD. Conditioned response

Every time a psychology instructor enters the classroom, she goes straight to the board to write an outline on it. Unfortunately, she has long finger nails and each time she writes the outline, her nails screech on the board, making students cringe. After a few weeks of this, students cringe at the sight of the teacher entering the classroom.

Sight of the teacher A. Unconditioned stimulusB. Unconditioned responseC. Conditioned stimulusD. Conditioned response

LaToya was viciously bitten by a chihuahua. Now when she sees chihuahuas, she’s frightened.

Being frightened by chihuahuas now A. Unconditioned stimulusB. Unconditioned responseC. Conditioned stimulusD. Conditioned response

I. Classical ConditioningA. AcquisitionB. ExtinctionC. Spontaneous recovery

D. GeneralizationE. Discrimination

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Stimulus Generalization

Famous Experiment

• “Little Albert”– John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=0FKZAYt77ZM&feature=related

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Operant & Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US).

Operant conditioning, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-

WHk

Operant ConditioningI. Operant Conditioning

A. Law of Effect

B. Shaping

C. Reinforcement

1. Types

a. Positive

b. Negative

Positive Negative

Reinforcement Add good Remove bad

Punishment Add badRemove

good

Shaping

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DWbV5VKZxc

Davidson College

A. Positive Reinforcement

B. Negative Reinforcement

C. Positive Punishment

D. Negative Punishment

1. When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn’t make rude noises that often anymore.

2. Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now he’s acting up even more.

3. Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this month. She’s studying even more now.

4. Ray came home past his curfew, so he was not allowed to drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed a curfew since.

A. Positive Reinforcement

B. Negative Reinforcement

C. Positive Punishment

D. Negative Punishment

5. Maria put in extra hours at work helping her boss finish a major project. She received a big bonus for her contributions. She’s now looking for other ways to contribute at work.

6. When Thuy and Gurpreet were running around the living room, they crashed into the Playstation, breaking it. They now carefully walk through the living room.

7. Chandler’s girlfriend, Monica, keeps bugging him to take her dancing. He finally agrees, and she quits bugging him. The next time she starts bugging him, he quickly agrees to do whatever it is. (Chandler’s behavior is changing.)

8. Monica’s boyfriend, Chandler, gives in when she starts bugging him about something. Now whenever she wants something, she just starts bugging him. (Monica’s behavior is changing.)

Reinforcement Schedules

Intrinsic vs External Motivation

• Why do you want to do a good job learning psychology in this class?

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Learning by Observation

© H

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©H

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Mirror Neurons

Reprinted with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004) © 2004 AAAS.

Observational Learning: Modeling

– Albert Bandura• Bobo Doll

Experiment

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Observational Learning ACTagainstViolence.org

What impact is television having on people?