Learning

and behavior modification

Learning and behavior modification

عبده على أشرف عبده دكتور على أشرف دكتورالمساعد النفسية الصحة المساعد أستاذ النفسية الصحة أستاذ

Learning and behavior modification

technique •

Definition:• Learning is to gain experience from the outside world, all of you in a primary

school phase, different experiences of fear and reluctance to move from social life to school life.

• Do remember the social experiences at this stage? Can you described the first day that I went to the elementary school?

• Known learning depending on the definition of Campbell as Kimble (relatively permanent change in behavior is a result of enhanced experience).

• Based on this definition, learning is linked to a number of important scientific issues are:

• 1 - learning something inferred indirectly through changes in behavior can be observed.

• 2 - there is a correlation between performance and learning might occur in the position of learning without teaching performance

• 3 - The behavioral changes caused by training or experience.• 4 - illustrates the definition of learning Kimble Campbell always relative to the

conduct is so educated, and are learning through interaction with the environment, either formal (university - school) or home (informal).

Introduction

• The learning feature and the ability of almost characteristic of the human being from all other creatures, in spite of its presence in some other organisms.

• Learning refers to a dynamic process occurring in the human being and is the behavioral change and experience and is inferred from the external behavior of stainless Note the measurement.

• Learning can be viewed as a dynamic process reflected in behavioral changes among the individual experiences and in order to achieve a balance between the individual and the environment surrounding it.

• Definition of learning• Difficult to find the definition of clear and specific to the learning process is due to two reasons.• Note this is not possible to process directly.• Differing views about the nature of this process.

• Scientists know some of the learning in terms of external behavior, while others are known in terms of capacity or cognitive processes.

• It can be inferred definition of the theme of learning.

• Learning is a vital process dynamic that is reflected in all changes in a relatively fixed patterns of behavioral and cognitive processes that occur in individuals as a result of their interaction with the physical and social environment.

Learning characteristics

First: the learning process involving the semi-permanent change in behavior or experience and takes three forms are:

Behavior or the acquisition of new experience.Abandonment of what behavior or experience.Modification in the behavior or experience.

Second: The learning process occurs as a result of individual interaction with the physical and social environment.

Third, learning is an ongoing process not linked to a specific time or place.

Fourth: The cumulative learning process gradually.

Fifth: The learning process that includes all the desired behaviors and experiences and those that are not desirable.

Sixth: The learning process may be directed to a specific destination, and may be an occasional unintended.

Seventh: The learning process that includes all the changes and the resulting relatively fixed by factors of experience, practice and training.

Eighth: learning multiple aspects of a comprehensive process, it not only on the behavioral aspects or specific expertise, but includes all changes in the behavioral manifestations of mental, emotional, social, motor, linguistic and moral.

Measurement of learning

• Learning is measured and judged by observing the external performance played by the individual.

• Range of means and methods of measurement depending on the type of learning, learning Movement measured by means different from the means used to measure cognitive learning or social, for example.

• There are a number of criteria that are used to measure the extent and quality of learning, including:

• Speed: the time it takes for an individual to learn a skill or a particular behavior.

• Resolution: to do the job behavior or the fewest number of errors.• Skill: the ability to adapt to different roles.• Number of attempts needed to learn: The number of attempts that a person

needed to learn a specific task or behavior

Factors of learning• First maturity.• All changes sensory, neurological, and physical that occur on the organism and controlled by genetic scheme. For

example, to learn speech and can not speak unless the maturity of the organs of speech.• Second: The standby.• The case of psychological and physical preparedness so that the individual is able to learn the job experience or

what. It is clear that there is a correlation between factors of readiness and maturity and training.• Baptized all of the world Piaget and Janneh ready to link age-time.• Baptizing Thorndike ready to link the status of preparedness and psychological mood experienced by the

individual.• The Brunner explained that he is ready availability of mental representations of the individual regardless of age

level he has.• Third: motivation.• State of tension or a lack of internal disturbed by internal and external factors, so that works to generate certain

behavior at the individual and direct this behavior and maintain its continuity and the continuation of Would that even be reduced motivation.

• Contribute to motivation in the learning process in terms of:• Generating behavior for learning.• Directing behavior towards the source of learning.• Procedures and use appropriate means to achieve learning.• Maintaining the sustainability and continuity of learning behavior to happen.• Fourth, training and experience.• Most important factor in the learning process, contributing to raise the readiness and motivation of individuals to

learn.• Includes a number of attempts and the time it takes for an individual to learn the task.

Relationship Developmental and learning education

Defines Developmental as a change qualitative and quantitative occur to the human from the moment of conception until the moment of death, and growth is the physical changes, psychological, mental and motor and emotional, social, prevail the child through the stages of life different, and each stage of the growth acquires a pattern of learning.

• Example: If we went to the amusement park for children: Compare then among children in the age of 4 years and children in the age of 10 years, you will find a difference in verbal and motor behavior and emotional among them.

• The relationship between learning and education.• Each of the learning and teaching concepts interactive, and refer to the process of interaction

and exchange:• learning: (a relative is a permanent change in behavior resulting from experience and

interaction with the environment).• As for education: (is the set of activities carried out by the teacher in order to change this

later).• And look more specifically the process of education of learning and a private school where

there is a shared environment enables the teacher to provide content knowledge by using appropriate methods.

• Table shows the comparison between the concepts of learning and teaching

Theories of learning

Thorndike's theory:Born Edward Lee Thorndike ((Edward Lee Thorndike

On August 13, 1847 and his death was in August 9, 1949 Thorndike American scientist born in the state Illemsberg Masashostis married and had children Elisebut Mulnon five children. Received his Ph.D. under the title of intelligence from Columbia University in New York in 1889.

Theory of names

• This theory is sometimes called many titles such as Thorndike theory as a link tag Edward Lee Thorndike

• Last name of the theory of neural connections and the reason or exciting alarm transmission from the outer surface of the organism to the parties and then to the neural nerve centers and therefore to the brain, nerves and end up with a certain response.

• Theory of trial and error and the reason is to determine the number of attempts and learn animal by deleting errors and attempts to strengthen the right during the repetition. And the theory of the link and that the learning process of forming connections between stimuli and responses.

Concepts of the theory of trial and error

1 - interesting: Is anything being exposed to the organism, whether originating internally or externally, or is any event or topic works to bring about behavior.

2 - Response: is muscle or endocrine behavior or verbal or emotional, social or mental received by the organism to stimuli.

3 - the link: Link dramatic response.4 - standby: It means the ability to acquire patterns of knowledge

or skill.5 - Impact: the case of saturation or discomfort associated with

successful or failed to respond.

Thorndike experiments

• The experiments on several species of animals such as chickens, "chicks", cats, fish ....

• Result of experiments that the animals are unable to understand the mental processes, for example, if animals understood the problem to know the solution in a short time. And realized that the animals gradually learned through trial and repetition.

• Thorndike and used his experiences in several organs such as mazes and cages and the funds of the problem and we will mention one of the following experiments, which reached from which to interpret the learning

Conditions that take them into account in his experiments

• It should also be corridors to allow freedom of movement, and allows the glass barrier to fish movement. If the conditions of the experiment allow the animal movement

• The fifth condition: the animal to feel support, must feel support the organism so that the face specific response to "get enhanced"

• Condition VI: recording responses and results in digital form, ie, record the number of movements or the wrong time it takes to reach the solution.

One of the experiences of Thorndike

• Put hungry cat in a cage iron closed, his door opens and closes by catcher, come into contact when the cat opens the door and get out of it * can be placed outside the cage, food consists of a piece of meat or a piece of fish. * Can be aware of cat food outside the cage through the senses of sight and smell. * If successful in the cat to come out of the cage to get the food out of * are the first attempts to conduct the cat inside the cage with great Scrabble and biting random. * After the success of the cat in the open cage door and access to food and eating it leaves him free outside the cage and without food for three hours and then come back to the cage to come out again

The laws of the theory

• 1-Law of readiness:• Although Thorndike was talking about preparedness in

relation to the nervous system, and the readiness of this device to respond or not readiness it, and its relation to saturation and narrow at the animal but the meaning of psychological preparedness is being prepared or the tendency to work ,that the animal be a certain response "in the sense that prepared under the influence of incentive to perform a specific job "

• If it is not ready to respond to the results in any case will not be satisfactory, but it is causing distress and thus not expected to strengthen the Association in such a case between the stimulus and response which is not expected to learn

2-The law of effect

Between Thorndike in its law that the link between stimuli and responses increase if accompanied by the case of saturation, as if the full cat in the experiment that we have mentioned his need for food through his arrival to him after he succeeded in the response brought out of the cage but if the response was wrong as response wrong that we have mentioned, namely in the inability of the cat out of the cage and survival in the case of hunger to the difficulty of arriving in the food, this prevents the strengthening of the response.

Secondary laws

• Law of belongingاالنتماء:• According to this law strengthens the link between the exciting and the

correct response and the response was correct when more belonging to the status or position. For this you can find us hasten to reply to the head low of similar to the bottom of the head of our side is not responding words that are less authentic or further from the situation or the situation interesting.

• The law of polarizationاالستقطاب:• According to this law, the links are going in the direction that had been

formed in a manner easier than walking in the opposite direction if I learned the meanings of German words in English, so remember the German word first and then given a meaning England after that, it is easy for you to respond to the German word mentioning the meaning of English together with the English sense of the word in German.

Learning conditioning theory Ivan Pavlov

• Theory starts from the assumption that there is a major natural stimuli, we respond to them automatically.

• Pavlov's experiments in conditioning• Focused on the role of pairing in learning.• Data:• A dog is hungry.• Neutral stimuli and natural stimuli.• Results:• There is no response.• A normal response.• conditioning response.

General concepts in the theory of conditioning

• 1-Interesting natural: Is there any behavior that can occur in an organism in a manner Involuntary, and is called like this is exciting conditioning .

• 2-Interestingly neutral: it is exciting or event that has no effect in the behavior of the individual and which can develop about it behaved according to the principle of association.

• 3-Interestingly policeman: a dramatic event or be neutral in origin and be able to make a conditional response caused by an exciting natural to associate a certain result by the number of times.

• 4-Response to natural (non-conditional): It is the educated involuntary response caused by certain natural stimuli.

• 5- conditioning response: a response to the sexy cop educated as a result of natural stimulus associate.

Social learning theory

Learning theory of Bandura noted, the concept of learning to note:

This assumes the form of learning that man is a social being affected by the trends of others and their feelings and their actions and behavior, which can be taught them behavioral models through observation and imitation. The note refers to the possibility of learning influenced by reward and punishment as allowances or indirectly

Social learning theory

Bandura suggests three noteworthy effects of learning, namely:1 - learn new behaviors: The image and symbolic representations that are

available through the press, books, film, television, legends and folk tale, are important sources of models, and serve as the living model, where the tradition after the learner observable and vulnerability.

2 - and stop editing: Note may result in some behaviors that characterized their performance to avoid punishment. The punishment of a teacher to his disciples at the sight of others.

3 - Facilitation: Different behavior for the process of facilitating the process of editing it. deals with responses to the educated frustrate and restricted, which rarely occur because of forgetfulness, and Turk. The editing behavior, deals with the responses frustrate rejected by the environment or consider it as a negative behavior.

behavior modification technique

• Enhancementالتعزيز:• Technical and works to strengthen the desired behavior and increase the occurrence in the

future and has several types we will look to the most important of which are:

• * Enhanced the negative السلبى by removing the exciting painful hated the child : التعزيزafter the occurrence of unwanted direct behavior

• * Enhanced the positive االيجابى the emergence of exciting after a certain behavior :التعزيزdirectly increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future in similar positions.

• * Enhanced Social االجتماعى stimuli normally provided directly after the behaviorالتعزيزoccurs psychosomatic and praise, attention and kissing, and others.

• Modeling النمذجة:• Note the child for positive behavior of others and imitate him by offering different models of

positive behavior of the child to learn the correct child who suffers from a fear of cats in front of him when he presents for a child not afraid of cats Fikldh.

•

behavior modification technique

• Fireاالطفاء: This means that we ignore the unwanted behavior of the child until finally weakens

and stops working on some children drew the attention of his mother's tears, for example, which has no reason but the desire of the child to carry, for example, and when this ignores the behavior of the child, it gradually turns off

• Exclusionاإلقصاء : Means to reduce or stop unwanted behavior move boosters positive for a specific

period immediately after the occurrence of that behavior has several types: including isolation means to isolate the child in a private room unavailable, the enhancement to the palm of a child from unwanted behavior, and interact with them and make it look to them and watching them as they do what they desire from him and focus on others or prevent the child from continuing to perform a particular activity when the unwanted behavior or Ctoqifa raised his hand and other

behavior modification technique

• Correct mistakes األخطاء : تصحيح When a child's work is unacceptable behavior is directed to correct his mistake himself for

example, when water is poured must clean the place and so on• Mutual cessation المتبادل :الكف Meaning the palm of two types behavior interrelated because of overlap and bring a response

compatible replace non-compliant response is useful in cases of urination Alrda palm of sleep and waking until urination occurs

Gaining and keeping the urine usually wake up any sleep to stop the palm of intertrigo stop sleeping and keeping interchangeably.

• Saturation اإلشباع : Give the child a large amount of the enhanced same short period of time even lose the value of the

enhanced and the importance of example, a child who invokes the presence of disease in order to absent for the school to attend the exam required of his family admitted the hospital three or four days when the increased number of days in the sense that parents have to introduce the child to the hospital for as long as from that request found that the child change his behavior and paid for it.

• stimulus change المثير :تغيير Some negative behaviors occur certain environmental conditions, so we resort to change and

modify environmental conditions in which they occur. Hunters who like two children arguing next to each other, separated by another child.