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Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 1
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 2
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Sentence
A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense. A sentence has two main parts –
a) Subject & b) Predicate
A subject denotes the person or thing about which something is said. Whereas a predicate is what is
said about the person or thing denoted by the subject.
Subject Predicate
The travelers learn a lot of things by travelling.
Journalists are always busy with preparing news.
Indeed, a sentence has two main basic parts- a) subject b) verb
Structure of Sentence
Five basic structures of English Sentence are given below:
Structure Example
Subject + Intransitive verb The newly admitted boy in our school can swim.
Most of the birds in the African regionfly very
high in the sky.
Subject + Transitive verb +
Direct Object The authority of Citi group has hiredsome new
sophisticated employees.
Every theme song made for the world cup
conveyssome ideas.
Subject: + Linking Verb +
Subject Complement The CEO of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limitedisa
very gentle man.
Liquidity crisis in the banking system is transitory.
Subject + Transitive Verb +
Indirect Object + Direct
Object
Knowing the result of Job recruitment test, his
parentsboughthima nice red car.
The pitcherthrewthe catchera curve ball.
Subject + Transitive verb +
Direct Object + Object
Complement
General people of Dhaka North City
Corporationmadehimchairman.
The British Queendeclaredhimthe knight.
COMPONENTS OF SENTENCE
1. SUBJECT
The subject is the agent of the sentence
Every sentence in English must have a subject.
In the case of commands, the subject [you] is understood
The subject may be a single noun or a noun equivalent or a pronoun.
Tea is delicious
Walking in the morning is good for health.
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 3
„There‟ & “here” can act as a pseudo subject where the true subject appears after the verb
There was a fire in that building last month.
Here are many shirts in the table.
Subject may be impersonal
It is raining. (Here „It‟ is an impersonal subject)
2. VERB
Verbs generally express action or a state of being. It is such a word that tells or asserts something
about a person or thing.
A verb may tell us-
What a person or thing does: Ferdous laughs. The bell rings.
What is done to a person or thing: Ferdous was bitten. The window was broken.
What a person or thing is: The cat is dead. The glass is brittle.
Please Note:
Every sentence must have a verb. The verb may be a single word. For Example- Fahim drives too
fast. On the other hand, the verb may be a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more
auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main verb. It is also called verbal
phrase. For example- Tareq is going to Cox-Bazar tomorrow. Here Auxiliary -is; main verb –going&
Verbal phrase - is going
3. OBJECT
The object of a verb is created, affected or altered by the action of a verb, or appreciated or sensed by
the subject of the verb. An object is always either a noun or a pronoun.
He wrote the book. ('book' is the object, created by the action of writing)
I saw the film. ('film' is the object, sensed by the subject seeing it)
Alternatively, if the verb can be asked a question with “What” or “Whom”, the answer, unless it‟s the
subject itself, will always be the object of the sentence.
He plays violin well. [“What” does he play well? – Violin (object)]
We should respect our teachers. [“Whom” should we respect? – Teachers (object)]
A sentence can have more than one object.
I submitted the report to my teacher.
They sent hima postcard.
Types of object
Indirect object is called personal object. The indirect object is an animate object or object to whom or
for whom something is done. Normally in a sentence, indirect object comes before direct object. An
indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"
He writes me a letter. (Here me is indirect object)
Direct Objectis called impersonal object. The direct object can be a thing and is first receiver of the
action. And usually direct comes after the indirect object. He writes me a letter. (Here a letter is
direct object). A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Direct object can be placed before the indirect object but for this a preposition is required.
He bought his son a bike => He bought a bike for his son
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 4
Please Note:
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the
event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words
an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
Class Practice 01:
Decide whether the words in bold are subjects, direct objects or indirect objects
1. Shaila sent her friend an email.
2. Himel will help you with your housework.
3. Where did you put the books?
4. Tonmoy gave them a bag full of money.
5. Alice bought a book on architecture.
6. I need your help.
7. He offered her coffee.
8. My father bought us a new flat
9. John sold me his bike
10. I wish you good luck
4. COMPLEMENT
A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence
complete. A complement is NOT an object of the sentence. A complement can be either noun or
adjective.
Types of complement
Subject complement: It describes the subject and completes the sentence.
He is Adnan.
They seem happy.
The house is to let.
Object Complement: It describes the object and completes the sentence.
We elected him chairman.
The jury found him guilty.
Class Practice 02:
Decide whether the words in bold are subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, Subject
complement or object Complement:
Pablo(a) was extremely intelligent(b). He grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert horse
rider(c) before reaching his 18th birthday. His sister, Paula(d) was a good dancer(e). After our
disagreement on the first day of university, they(f) both became my friends(g) for life. We used to
play together every afternoon. My father(h) once bought a dog(i) for me(j). Paula named my dog
Lucy(k). Thinking about them always makes me (l)sad(m).
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 5
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE (ACCORDING TO PURPOSE)
Assertive sentences
Assertive sentences most commonly function as statements. They can be affirmative or negative.
They make statements about how things are or how they are not. The usual word order is subject (s) +
verb (v) + …..
I saw them last week.
Some courses don’t begin until March.
Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences most commonly function as questions. Interrogative sentences can be
affirmative or negative. The usual word order is:
(wh-word) + auxiliary or modal verb (aux/m) + subject + verb + …. Note of Interrogation (?)
Or
auxiliary or modal verb (aux/m) + subject + verb + …. Note of Interrogation (?)
What are you doing?
Does she play tennis well?
Didn’t I work for you?
Exception: Who/What + verb + object + Note of Interrogation (?).
Who entered the room?
Who said it?
What happened here?
Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences most commonly function as commands, instructions or orders. The subject is
not usually included in an imperative clause and the base form of the verb is used. Imperative
sentences can be affirmative or negative. Negative imperatives are made with auxiliary verb do + not.
Don’t be late
Let’s go.
Do not keep it in the microwave for more than two minutes.
Sometimes you (subject pronoun) can be with an imperative clause to make a command stronger or to
strengthen a contrast.
Don’t you ever read my letters again.
Optative Sentences
The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. is called an optative sentence. This kind
of sentence generally starts with „may‟ and „wish‟. Sometimes, „may‟ remains hidden.
May you two live long enough to see your grandchildren.
May God bless us all.
May you become successful enough to buy love.
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 6
Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are most commonly used to express surprise or shock. In writing an
exclamation mark is used. Exclamatory sentences usually have one of the following word orders:
What + noun + subject + verb
or
How + adjective or adverb + subject + verb
What a lovely sister you are!
How beautiful that house was!
NOUN
Noun can be used as/in:
Subject or object of a sentence Cooperation is a must for a good governance in a country. Perseverance makes you successful. I enjoyed seeing his bravery. I wanted to know the destination.
Object of Gerund, Participle or Infinitive To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all. Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment. Planned conspiracy must be protected. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Lone word after Preposition She is fond of money, not fame. I’m afraid of cruelty in a battlefield. She had no faith in imagination.
Lone word after Articles (a, an, the)
The poor are not always poor in mind.
A thing of beauty is joy forever.
She wrote an essay which emphasizes on humanity.
Lone word after adjective
She chose that apartment for its excellent interior decoration.
I rebuked her for such a bad behavior.
Between “The + of”
The beauty of Marlene Monroe charmed all.
The greatness of Czar becomes a history.
Class Practice 03:
1. Publishers of modern encyclopedias employ hundreds of -----------------.
A. specialists and large editorials staffs.
B. specialists and largely editorials staffs.
C. specialists and large edits staffs.
D. special and large editorials staffs.
E. specialists and large editorial staffs.
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 7
2. Many kinds of vegetables ----------------.
A. are growth in California's Imperial Valley
B. are grown in California's Imperial Valley
C. are grow in California's Imperial Valley
D. are growth in California Imperial Valley
E. is growth in California's Imperial Valley
3. ----------------- collected two blades of grass to cover the hidden treasures.
A. The Garden B. The Gardening
C. Gardening D. The Gardener
E. Gardens
4. For -------------- who have very little money, Sivler or bonds are good option.
A. investor B. the investors C. a investor
D. an investor E. the investor
5. _______
the seal to move her pups.
A. The disturb caused B. The disturbed caused
C. The disturber caused D. The disturbance caused
E. The disturbing caused
COUNTABLE NOUN AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
1. Countable noun can be either singular or plural. Uncountable noun does not have any gender
but it always takes singular verb unless used with countable noun.
Honey tastes sweet.
Two spoons of honey were prescribed by doctor
2. Some determiners precede both countable and uncountable none whereas some precede only
the former:
Countable Uncountable Singular Plural the the boat the boats the water a /an a boat some (some boat) some boats some water no no boat no boats no water this/ that this boat this water these/those these boats Countable Uncountable Possessive our boat our boats our water Numbers one boat two boats a lot of a lot of boats a lot of water many/few many boats much/little much water all all the boat all (the) boats all (the) water each/ every every boat Number of A/the number of
students
Amount of A large amount of water
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 8
3. Use of Some:
i) Some + singular noun shows an undefined person/thing/situation
Some idiot dropped a milk bottle.
The flight was delayed for some reason.
ii) Some + day/Time means a undefined future time
I will be doctor some day
Come and meet me some time
iii) Some + noun can also show the intensity or strong feeling about something
This was some lecture
iv) Some shows approximation when used with numerical word
Some twenty people attended the meeting.
4. Learn the following uncountable nouns and consider the countable forms given in the
parenthesis:
accommodation laughter (uncount)
laugh(s) (count)
research scenery(uncount)
sight(s) (count)
English (the language) equipment leisure rubbish
advice land lightning rice
applause evidence (uncount)
fact(s) (count)
clue(s) (count)
litter (rubbish) shopping
(uncount)
shop(s) (count)
baggage (uncount)
bag(s) (Count)
fruit(result) (uncount)
Fruit(s) (edible item)
(count)
Luck sightseeing
behavior luggage (uncount)
suitcase(s) (count)
fun thunder(uncount)
storm(s) (count)
bread furniture machinery stuff
camping (uncount)
camp(s) (Count)
gossip (uncount)
rumor(s) (count)
money
(uncount)
Dollar(s)
(count)
clothing (uncount)
clothes (Count)
cash (uncount)
coin(s) (count)
permission (uncount)
permit(s) (count)
news transport
(uncount)
vehicle(s) (count)
toast health pay (= wages) traffic
countryside harm help damage
crockery homework pollution violence
cutlery housework Progress weather
travel (uncount)
journey(s)(count)
housing (uncount)
house(s) (count)
Proof work (uncount)
job(s)(count)
education jewellery (uncount)
jewel(s) (count)
rain knowledge
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 9
Please Note:
a. Damage means “loss or injury to a person or property”. It is an uncountable singular
noun and has no plural form.
The cost of the damage to the US caused by Hurricane Ike was huge
Damages means “money claimed by, or ordered to be paid to, a person as
compensation for loss or injury”. It is an uncountable plural noun and has no singular
form.
The Claimant wishes to sue Acme for damages for its failure.
b. Work can be countable: a work of art, the works of Shakespeare.
c. We cannot use clothes in the singular or with a number. We can say some clothes but
NOT four clothes. We can say four garments or four pieces of clothing.
5. According to usage a noun can be either countable or uncountable:
Countable Uncountable
They had a nice carpet in the living-
room. We bought ten square meters of carpet.
The opposition threw stones at the
police. The statue is made of stone.
buy a (whole) chicken put some chicken in the sandwiches
peel some potatoes eat somepotato
a glass/some glasses of water someglass for the window
a daily paper (= newspaper) some writing paper
aniron (for ironing clothes) iron (a metal)
atin of beans tin (a metal)
a bedside light (= lamp) the speed of light
I‟ve been here lots of times. (=
occasions) I haven‟t got much time.
an interesting experience (= an event) experience in the job (= length of time doing it)
a small business (=company) do business (= buying and selling)
I heard a noise. constant traffic noise
He led a good life. Life isn‟t fair.
Class Practice 4:
1. He doesn't have (many/much) money. 2. I would like (a few/a little) salt on my vegetables. 3. She bought (that/those) cards last night. 4. There are (less/fewer) students in this room than in the next room. 5. There is (too much/too many) bad news on television tonight. 6. I do not want (these/this) water. 7. This is (too many/too much) information to learn. 8. A (few/little) people left early. 9. Would you like (less/fewer) coffee than this? 10. This jacket costs (too much/too many).
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 10
Home Practice
1. ------------ are playing amicably. A. Boys B. The boy C. The boys D. A boy E. Much of the boys 2. Developing ---------------- needs a lot of knowledge of the environment. A. the strategy B. a bit strategy C. strategical D. strategically E. a strategy 3. A dolphin six ———————— length can move as fast as most ships. A. foot in B. feet in C. foot of D. feet of E. foots of 4. Price level depends on --------------- level prevailing in the market. A. consume B. the consumption C. a consumption
D. lots of the consumption E. a lots of consumption 5. They represented ------------------ against the verdict. A. hundreds of arguments B. hundreds of argument C. hundreds of arguments D. hundreds of argument E. a hundreds of argument
6. ———— partners can usually sell their mutually owned property without consulting each
other unless they have agreed to a separate contract.
A. A big businesses B. The Businesses C. Business D. One business E. For business
7. A desert receives less than twenty-five ——— of rainfall every year.
A. centimeter B. a centimeter C. centimeters D. of centimeters E. a cetremeters
8. —— at 212 degrees F, and freezes at 32 degrees F.
A. Waters boils B. The water boils C. Water boils D. Waters boil E. A water
9. It is generally believed that an M. B. A. degree is good preparation for a career in ————
A. a business B. business C. businesses D. one business E. a businesses
10. Unemployment compensation is money to support an unemployed person while he or she is
looking for —.
A. job B. a job C. works D. a work E. the job
11. Fire-resistant materials are used to retard ——— of modern aircraft in case of
accidents.
A. a damage to the passenger cabin B. that damages to the passenger cabin
C. damage to the passenger cabin
D. passenger cabin's damages E. a damages to the passenger cabin
12. Accounting, in general, refers to a combination ———— both science and arts.
A. for branches of B. of the branches of C. of the branches for
D. of the branch of E. of branch of
13. According to estimates by some botanists, there are ———— of plants.
A. seven thousand type B. seven thousand type‟s C. type of seven thousand
D. types seven thousand E. sevens thousand types
14. A good -------------------------- makes trade deal much more flexible.
A. affiliate B. affiliates C. affiliation D. affiliated E. affiliating
15. ———— is not a new idea.
A. The planning of cities B. Cities to plan them C. Plan cities
D. To planning cities E. Plans cities
Choose the Correct Sentence/s (16-20).
16. A. A greater number of conveyance media were introduced by the company. B. A greater number of conveyance expense was incurred by the committee. C. A greater amount of expense was incurred by the committee. D. A greater number of expense was incurred by the committee. E. Both A or C can be correct.
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 11
17. A. The supervisor offered us any of these type of topics out of the population. B. The supervisor offered us any of this types of topics out of the population. C. The supervisor offered us any of these types of topics out of the population. D. The supervisor offered us any of these types of topic out of the population. E. The supervisor offer us any of these types of topics out of the populated. 18. A. Teacher gave a lot of homework to us. B. Teacher gave us a lot of home works C. Teacher gave us a lots of home works D. Teacher gave us a lots of homework E. Teacher gave to us a lot of home works 19. A. Planting trees is a custom that much people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. B. Planting tree are a custom that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. C. Planting trees is a customary that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. D. Planting trees is a custom that many people engage in to celebrate Arbor Day. E. Planting trees is a custom that many people engage in to celebration Arbor Day. 20. A. When the Red Cross brought fooding, the situation was mercifully improved.
B. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was mercifully improved. C. When the Red Cross brought food, the situated was mercifully improved. D. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was mercifully improvement. E. When the Red Cross brought food, the situation was merciful improved. 21. No, I prefer to wear tank tops. I only have ____ dress shirts.
A. a lots of B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above
22. May I borrow ____ books about economics from you? A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above
23. I wash all my clothes, but I only iron ___ of them. A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above
24. I tried on ____ pairs of high heels, but I bought a pair of sneakers. A. the little B. much C. a few D. a little E. None of the above
25. I only carry ____ money and my glasses in my handbag. A. many B. few C. a D. a few E. a little
26. I love swimming very ____. A. many B. few C. a many D. much E. a much
27. I have ___ scarves. I like to wear them when it's cold outside.
A. a few B. much C. many D. A or C E. None 28. I have got ____ friends abroad, not many.
A. the little B. much C. a plenty of D. a little E. a few 29. I don't like to wear a lot of jewelry, but I put on____ make-up every day.
A. many B. few C. a little D. much E. a few 30. I don't have ____ pairs of pants.
A. the little B. much C. many D. a little E. a much 31. I bring ____ water when I go shopping.
A. many B. few C. a little D. a much E. a few 32. How ---------- money do you have?
A. many B. few C. a D. much E. a many 33. How -------- jewelry do you have?
A. many B. few C. a D. a much E. much 34. How ____ does that cost?
A. many B. few C. a D. much E. None of the above
35. How -------- do you swim in a training session? A. many B. few C. a D. very much E. much
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 12
36. Do you wear ____ blouses? A. the little B. much C. many D. a little E. less
37. Do you have ____ denim in your closet?
A. many B. few C. a D. much E. None of the above
38. Do you carry ____ things in your purse? A. many B. much C. a few D. a little E. much many
39. Are all your undershirts dirty? No, there are ____ left in my closet. A. the little B. much C. few D. a little E. a few
40. How much have you earned? Not a lot, only ____. A. a lot of B. few C. many D. a little E. a many
41. There's no need to hurry. We've got ---------time. A. plenty of B. many C. little D. few E. a few
42. I've had -------to eat. I don't want any more. A. a much B. many C. plenty D. few E. None of the above
43. We didn't spend ----------- money. A. much B. many C. a lot of D. A or C E. a much
44. Do you know ----------- people? A. much B. many C. a lot of D. B or C E. None of the above
45. I don't go out -------------. A. much B. a lot C. plenty D. A or B E. lot
46. We spent ------------- money. A. a many B. many C. a lot of D. few E. much
47. He goes out ----------. A. a lot B. much C. little D. a little E. a much
48. -------------- People drive too fast. A. Much B. Little C. Many D. Few E. None of the above
49. —— ten species of deer have been identified. A. As many B. As many as C. As much as D. Much as E. Many as
50. There are —— dangerous drivers. A. a very lot of B. a very many of C. very much of D. a lot of E. very many of
Writing
1. Translate the following into Bangla.
In an attempt to promote the widespread use of paper goods rather than plastic and thus reducing non-
biodegradable waste, Government decided to ban the production and sale of disposable plastic goods for which
substitutes made of paper exist. Government argues that since most paper is entirely biodegradable, paper
goods are environmentally preferable. Although biodegradable plastic goods are available, Government
believes paper goods to be safer for the environment, so the reopening of the laid-off Newsprint Mills at
Khulna and laying-off the industrial units producing non-biodegradable plastic products should be the next
logical step expected from the government. The part of the population working in those industries can be re-
employed in Newsprint Mills and several other paper Mills.
2. Write three arguments refuting/weakening/countering/against the statement below.
Since more students failed in the H.S.C examination in 2017 than in 2016, it can be said that the HSC
questions was harder in 2017 than in 2016.
3. Argument
A high Gross Domestic Product does not necessarily represent high level of happiness. Therefore, we need
different measure such as Gross Domestic Happiness as in Bhutan to measure real economic well-being. Do
you agree? Write your arguments….
Learn Today Lead Tomorrow 13