LEADERSHIP MODELS

The Trait ModelThe Behavior ModelFiedler’s Contingency Model House’s Path Goal Theory Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership

HOUSE’S PATH-GOAL THEORY

How leaders motivate employees to accomplish designated goals.

Leader’s Style Employee Characteristics

Work Setting

Goal: To increase employee performance and satisfaction

EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION

People are motivated when they believe…

EFFORT OUTCOMERESULTS

More effort will lead to positive

results

These results will lead to a

rewardThe reward is

valuable to me

MOTIVATIONAL ROLE OF LEADERS

Leaders must demonstrate that1. Efforts will produce positive results 2. Results will lead to favorable rewards3. The rewards are valuable

BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY

Leadership generates motivation when:1. The rewards are attainable and meaningful

BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY

Leadership generates motivation when:2. The path to goals is clear and easy to navigate

BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY

Leadership generates motivation when:3. The style of leadership matches the situation

DIRECTIVE LEADER

Acts in an authoritative manner, giving employees specific

directions and clear expectations

Gives strict expectations

Creates clear rules and regulations

Sets performance goals and behavior standards

SUPPORTIVE LEADER

Cares about employees’ well-being; has a friendly and approachable demeanor

Provides emotional

support

Makes work environment

pleasant

Treats employees as equals

PARTICIPATIVE LEADER

Invites employees to share in the decision-making process

Consults with

employees

Seeks ideas & opinions

Respects ideas

ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED LEADER

Challenges employees to perform at the highest level possible

Sets high standards and goals

Seeks continuous improvement

Shows confidence in employees’ ability to

achieve goals

WHICH TO CHOOSE?

Most effective leadership style depends on two groups of contingency variables:

environmental factors individual factors

Goal: choose the style of leadership which will be most effective in specific situations and

with specific types of employees.

SITUATIONS AND PREFERRED LEADER BEHAVIORS

Leader Behavior Task Characteristics

Employee Characteristics

Directive:Provides structure

• Ambiguous • Complex

• Stubborn, dogmatic• Unknowledgeable• Unclear, less-skilled

Supportive:Provides nurture

• Repetitive, mundane• Unchallenging• Stressful, frustrating

• Unsatisfied• Need affiliation• Need human touch

Participative:Provides involvement

• Ambiguous• Unclear

• Qualified and able • Prefer to have control• Appreciate giving input

Achievement-Oriented:Provides challenges

• Challenging• Complex

• High expectations• Need to excel

CONCLUSION: PG THEORY MAIN POINTS

Pave a clear path toward goal achievement

Choose the most appropriate style of leadership

Effective leaders: